INDEX 1.CERTIPICATE ZACKNOWLEDGEMENT ZAMIOF PROJECT 4INTRODUCTION ' 5.APPARATUS REQUIRED 6.Circuit diagram 7. THEORY 8.PROCEDURE FOLLOWED 9, CONCLUSION 10.PRECAUTIONS 11. BIBLIOGRAPHYCERTIFICATE This is to eertify that this "Physics investigatory project” on the topie “To study the IR BASED SECURITY SYSTEM" has been successful ly completed by "SANJALK’ "GOKHL KRISHNAN" "“SHADRACH ROSHAN.R" of class XU-CLEVER under the guidance of "Mrs. SWEDHA.R” particular fulfilment of the eurrienlum of Central Board of Secondary Edueation {CBSE} leading to the a ward of annual examination of the year 2024-2025. laterual External Examiner ExaminerACKNOWLEDGEMENT | have taken efforts in this project. However,it would not have been possible without the kind support aud help of many individuals. | would like to thank my principal Mes.ISWARIVA.M and the school for providing me with Facilities required to do my project. lam highly indebted to my pliysies teacher, Mrs.SWEDHAM, for hee invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the stages of this project work. My thanks and appreciation also go to my fellow classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing the project aud to the people whio have willingly helped me out with their abilities.Aim 70 HAKE INFRARED SENSOR BASED SECURITY SYSTEM USING SOME PRINCIPLES ANP COUMPONENTS OF PAYVSICS:. Introduction Rapid growth in world population with incommensurate employment opportunities and Pressures of a more complex society, the incidences of famman intrusten and burglaries and crime in private and public places are on the increase. Heightened security concerns at homes, banks, shopping malls, schools, offices, etc. have led to continued search for different and improved security gadgets. Such concerns are apparent in the form of installations of remote cameras, the presence of security guards and other moniloring devices and alarm systems which are in constant use. However, many such devices and services are relatively costhy and usually require a high and steady power supply for their operation. An infrared sensor security alarming system which has been constricted and tested, offers the advantages of low cost and low power consumption in its operation. Notso lorgago an alarm was @ rare sight, however Now almost every house hes an alarm of some kind. One common kind of security system is an infrared home securily system. These are so popular because they are easy to install without having to drill holes and lay cables. Infrared radiation is invisible to the funnan cye but ean be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The sensors are set at the door (entrance point) and/or some supervised area and an alarm is triggered whenAn intruder passes within its range of coverage to Notify/alert the people/security personnel Infrared science and technology has been, since the first applications, mainly dedicated to security and Surveillance especially in military field, besides Specialized techniques in thermal imaging for medical diagnostic and building structures and recently in Energy savings and aerospace context. Till recently the security applications were mainly based on thermal Imaging as surveillanee and warning military systems, in all these applications the advent of room Temperature, mare reliable due to the coolers Avoidance, low cost, and, overall, completely integrable With Silicon technology FPAs, especially designed and tailored for specific applications, smart sensors, has Really been impacted with revolutionary and new ideas And system concepts in all the infrared fields, especially For security applications. Lastly, the advent of reliable Infrared Solid-State Laser Sources, operating up to the Long Infrared Wavelength Band and the new emerging techniques in’ For Infrared Sub-Millimeter Terahertz Bands, has opened wide and new areas for developing New, advanced security systems. A review ofall the Items with evidence of the weak and the strong points of Each item, especially considering possible future Developments, will be reported and discussed. Literature ReviewResistor: Resistor is a kind of passive clement which has 2 terminals. Ttis used in a cireuit in order to limit the current Mow to an adjacent electronic device. The current flow isdirecily Proportional to the voltage that is given across the terminals of the resistor. There are mainly 2 types of resistors: Diode: This a device with two terminals and unidirectional which means it permits the Mow of current in only one direction when itis furwurd biased. Hence in it Mow of current is in one woy only and block the other way for the current flow (whenReversed biased), AC current can be converted into DC with the help of diode unidirectional behavior. (+) (-) Anode Cathode Capacitor: Electric charges are being stored by these two terminal components which is passive by nature. A dielectric medium is used which is used to separate two conductors. It started at the time when the potential variation occurs in the conductors polarizes the dipole ions ta hald the charge in the medium which is diclectric. SA There are wo varieties of capacitor available: I, ceramic capacitor 2. Eleetrolyte capacitor. Polarized capacitor- Capacitor marked with und 4+ sign, They are mainly used to hold the charge. And before troubleshooting these capacitors carefully discharge them as they hold charges there is a risk of shock,Non-polarized capacitor- Capacitors which do not have any polarity marked over it, They are mainly used to remove the noises appeared while converting AC into DC. Transistor: Transistor is a semiconductor device which can act as an amplifier er a high-speed switch depending on the biasing situation. We Used a bipolar junction transistor. It's A 3-pin device. This semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A yollage or current applied to one pair of the transistot’s terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals, Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Transistor is a three- terminal electronic device used to amplify weak input sivnals, A transistor consists of two PN junction diode connected back to back. Transistor are of different type such as bipolar junction transistor, Field effect transistor and photo transistor. They are mostly used in clectrical appliances duc their smaller size and light weight. In addition, they possess less pawer hence have greater eMiciency. Infrared Sensor: An infrared sensor consists of two parts: 1, Transmitter 2. ReceiverThe transmitter is a LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 40 KI Lz. Such LEDs are & wally made of gallium arsenide or aluminum ium ursenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used us sensors, The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human ¢cye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common LED. Tao overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit. TR Receiver. Le ™,) co * EMITTERVVVVVV ZV VV VV Requirements A9V BATTERY BATTERY CAP Integrated circuits PNP TRANSISTOR INFRARED TRANSMITTER AND ECEIVER LIGHT EMITTING DIODE SMALL RESISTANCE BUZZER CONNECTING WIRE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR DIODE — RECTIFIER AND ZENERCircuit DiagramTRANSMITTER CIRCUIT FOR IR SYSTEM Theory Principle of operation: The complete block diagram of the security ularming system is shown. The regulated low voltage power supply produces § VW for IR transmitter and receiver, amplifier, switching circuit, nigger cincunt (one shot mubtivibrator), driver circuit and buzver (sounder) The anode of the tansnider and receiver (detector) are connected to the 5 V power supply und cathodes are connected to the ground. When the bias voltage is applied to the security alarm circuit, the transmitter emits the Infra. Red ray (IR). This ray receives the receiver {detector} and produced an output signal. The output signal of the receiver is very weak to drive the buzzer and need to amplify. Then this signal ts coupled to the amplifier by a coupling expacitor, The amplificr amplifies the weak signal four times to operate the output device (e.g. speaker}aaa cial INFRARED SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION CIRCUIT Transmitter: Transtniticr circuit uses 7478 [4 1C, which is Schunitt Trigger 1C. Schmitt Triguer is used to generate signal of different frequencies. Here [C 74LS814 generates 40 KHz signal which is transmetted by IR LED. Signal resistor R2, capacitor CL & Diade DI isused forevact 40 KE signal, Adjust Pl for maximum range, Red LEDshows that powersupply is on when the brightress of LED decreases change the battery for proper power operations. Rasta 1. lyse ve « tome CPt Evie Ream cr. ane108 RERUN ~ TRL 05-2aerw ee. po JOEL 1 -2NzzA, RIK Li Red LED 12mwesc aee ee eee eag genes Receiver: Receiver circuit operated at $V D.C. and itderives power supply circuit, Here we use 9V DC, battery. IC LM7805 convert 9V D.C, to regulated SV D.C. Instead of SY battery, we can use transformer which converts 2304 ac to 12V ac ts converted in to de by diode DI & D2. Then it is filtered by capacitor CI and IC3 convert it in to regulated $V de. IR reeciver module detect 40 KHz signal that is transmitted from transmitter circuit. When transmitter is ON TR sensor gets 40 KHz signal and its output is low, when someone breaks the IR sensor does not get signal and is output goxs to high level. This output level is fed to Schmitt Trigger [C2 at pin 1. Quipat is available at pin 8 of [C2 that is used to dive the transistor. Green LED shows the ON. Ouiput is available means buzzer is ON for approximately 10 sccands. After 10) second circuil reset automatically and il is ready to detect other abject, Ri 220k C1 lornprday DL D2.D- INew7 R2 kG CL OAC. Optio Da reap an Ra rok ec) «100 pray Ras Ko Co 1D BF SOV Priv. wet -74Lsos Tam wrest LI ~ Grows LED WC3- LAT HOSSymbols |e RATEFRY DIODE LIGHT ESMETIING DIODE SPS TRASSISTOR PSP TRANSISTOR © © YW vm WW RESISTOR —+$ = AC POWER SUPPLYProcedure Connectthe Battery to The Switch Using Battery Capto on-off The Power Supply to The Circuit. Connectthe Switch toSmall Resistance Which Will Stop Uneven Power Supply. Conncetthe Resistance to Infrared Transmilter in Series. WhenCurrent Will Reachthe Transmitter, Will Send Infrared Ray: Whichis invisible to Naked Eyes. The Transmitter Is Forward Biased and The Receiver Is Reverse Biased. On the Other Side the Infrared Receiver Will Receive The Rays. The Receiver is connected ta PNP TRANSISTOR Then Transistor is connected to the Burzer and LED in seriesTheCircuitIsCompleteWhenTherelsSendingandReceivingof IRRays. WheneverThere!s Interruption Between IRRays Transistorand Receiverthe CurrentStarts Flowing Through the Transistor Then the Burzer Starts Beepingand The Led Starts Glowing.Result The result of this circuit depends on the continuity of the infrared beam. If there is a continuous beam towards the receiver there will be no alarm. The interruption of the beam will result in an intruder alarm. Precautions » The PCBandthe components tobe soldered must be free of dirt orgrease.> Use 15 to25 watt soldering iron for general work involving smal] joints. » Donot move thecomponents until the molten soldier, at the joint is cooled. » Mountthecomponents attheappropriateplaces before soldering. > Followthecircuitdescriptionand component details and their identification. » Do not sit under a fan while soldering. > Power supply should be 9V D.C.Bibliography http://www .electsoschemeticscom/6239/invisible-slara/ https //nwe.electroschematics.com/S457fentry-alarms Ritpi//www.academia.edu/5072782/Experiment_l_INVISIOBLE_INTROOER_ ALARM AIM f {Wer electroschematlescom/OU24/infrared-beam—-break- detector/ potpi//www.electronicahub.org/aecurity-alarm-circuit/ hetp: //www.electronics-tutorials.«s/opamp/cpamp_1-hem Attpr//en.wiklpedia.org/wiki/Operaticnal amplifier httpi//en.wikipedis.org/wiki/Transisto 4 httpr//fen.wikipedia.org/wiki/TranaiatorfTranslator ag a switch bhrtpi//wwe elect roschemeticos.com/6239/invisible-alern/ fe