KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

PUSHP VIHAR
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
(2024-25)
To study IR based security system
GUIDED BY: Uzma Ma’am
SUBMITTED BY: Mayank Maurya
CLASS: XII ‘A’
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify master ayank aurya a
student of class XII ‘A’ have completed his
project work under the guidance of subject
teacher Mrs. Uzma Akhtar during acadmic
year 2024-25 from Kendriye Vidyalaya
Pushp Vihar in partial fulfillment of
physics practical examination conducted by
CBSE.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel proud to present my Investigatory
project in Physics on the topic “To study
the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends” .This project
wouldn’t have been feasible without the
proper and rigorous guidance of my
Physics teacher Mr.S. Uzma Akhtar who
guided me throughout this project in
every possible way on a step by step basis
and ensuring that I completed my project
with ease. His suggestions and
instructionshave served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the
project. I hope that this project will prove
to be a breeding ground for the next
generation of students and will guide
them in every possible way.
 CONTENTS

1. Certificate
2. Introduction
3. Theory
4. Activity
◊ Aim
◊ Apparatus required
◊ Procedure
◊ Result
◊ Precation
5. Bibliography
INFRARED SENSOR
BASED SECURITY
SYSTEM

The objective of this project is to study infrared

based security system and it’s working to catch
any thief.
 INTRODUCTION
Rapid growth in world population with incommensurate
employment opportunities and pressures of a more complex society,
the incidences of human intrusion and burglaries and crime in
private and pu6licplaces are on the increase. Heightened security
concerns at homes, banks, shopping malls, schools, offices, etc.
have led to continued search for different and improved security
gadgets.
Such concerns are apparent in the form of installations of remote
cameras, the presence of security guards and other monitoring
devices and alarm systems which are inconstant use. However,
many such devices and services are relatively costly and usually
require a high and steady power supply for their operation). An
infrared sensor security alarming system which has been
constructed and tested, offers the advantages of low cost and low
power consumption in its operation.
Not so long ago an alarm was a fairly rare sight, however now
almost every house has an alarm of some kind. One common kind
of security system is an infrared home security system. These are so
popular because they are easy to install without having to drill
holes and lay cables. Infrared radiation is invisible to the human
eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose.
The sensors are set of the door (entrance point) and/or some
supervised area and an alarm is triggered when an intruder passes
within its range of coverage to notify/alert the people/security
personnel.

Infrared science and technology has been, since the first

applications, mainly dedicated to security and surveillance
especially in military field, besides specialized techniques in
thermal imaging for medical diagnostic and building structures
and recently in energy savings and aerospace context. Till recently
the security applications were mainly based on thermal imaging as
surveillance and warning military systems. In all these
applications the advent of room temperature, more reliable due to
the coolers avoidance, low cost, and, overall, completely integrable
with Silicon technology FPAs, especially designed and tailored for
specific applications, smart sensors, has really been impacted with
revolutionary and new ideas and system concepts in all the
infrared fields, especially for security applications. Lastly, the
advent of reliable Infrared Solid State Laser Sources, operating up
to the Long Infrared Wavelength Band and the new emerging
techniques in Far Infrared Sub- millimeter Terahertz Bands, has
opened wide and new areas for developing new, advanced security
systems. A review of all the items with evidence of the weak and
the strong points of each item, especially considering possible
future developments, will be reported and discussed.

Historical introduction
Infrared, as part of electromagnetic spectrum, was discovered by
Sir William Herschel as a form of radiation beyond red light. These
“calorific rays” renamed infrared rays or infrared radiation (the
prefix infra in Latin means “below”) were mainly devoted to
thermal measurement and for a long time the major advances were
due to infrared thermal imaging based on radio metric
measurements.
The basic laws of IR radiation (Kirchhoff’s law, Stefan-
Boltzmann’s law, Planck's law, and Wien’s displacement law)
have been developed many years after the discovery of IR
radiation. In 1859, Gustave Kirchhoff found that a material that
is a good absorber of radiation is also a good radiator. Kirchhoff’s
law states that the ratio of radiated power and the absorption
coefficient (1)is the same for all radiators at that temperature, (2)
is dependent on wavelength and temperature, and (3) is
independent of the shape or material of the radiator. Ifa body
absorbs all radiation falling upon it, it is said to be “black.” For a
blackbody the radiated power is equal to the absorbed power and
the emissivity (ratio of emitted power to absorbed power) equals
one.
In 1884, L. €. Boltzmann, staring from the physical principles of
thermodynamics, derived the theoretical formula of Black Body
Radiation Law, stated empirically in 1879 by J. Stefan’s, by
developing the Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law

where W is the radiation power, T is the absolute temperature, O

and is the Stefan Boltzmann’s constant.
In 1901, Nobel Prize Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck developed
the Planck's law which stated that the radiation from a black
body at a specific wavelength can be calculated from

I(v)dv = 2hY 3 /C 2 (hv/kT)-1

where1(v)dv is the radiation power emitted per unit of surface
and solid angle unit, in the frequency interval (v7v+ dv), T is the
Absolute temperature, c is the speed of light, and h is the Plank's
constant. Soon after Wilhelm Wien (Nobel prize 1911) established
the Wien’s Displacement Law taking the derivative of the Plank's
law equation to find the wavelength for maximum spectral
radiance at any given temperature
IR detectors’ development, even after the discovery of infrared
Radiations by Sir H.Herschel in 1798, was mainly based on the
use of the thermometers/bolometers which dominated IR
applications till the 1st World War, although in 1821 J. T. Seebeck
had a ready discovered the thermoelectric effect. In the area of
bolometer/thermometers L.Nobili had fabricated the first
thermocouple in 1829, allowing in 1833 the multi element
thermophile development by Macedonio Melloni, who was able to
show that a person 10 meters away could be detected by focusing
the thermal energy on the thermophile. In 1878 Langley invented
the bolometer, a radiant-heat detector that was declared sensitive
to diffrences in temperature of one hundred thousandth of the
degree Celsius. Composed os two thin strips of metal, a wheatstone
bridge, a battery, and a galvanometer, this instrument enabled him
to study solar irradiance (light rays from the sun) far into its
infrared region and to measure the intensity of solar radiation at
various wavelengths. Langley’s bolometer was a device the
thermal radiation from a cow from 400 meter away.
THEORY
SYMBOLS
 ACTIVITY
AIM: TO MAKE A INFRARED SENSOR BASED
SECURITY SYSTEM USING SOME PRINCIPLES
AND COMPONENTSOFPHYSICS. MATERIAL
REQUIRED: 1. A 9V BATTERY
2. BATTERY CAP
3. ON-OFFSWITCH
4. PNP TRANSISTOR
5.INFRARED TRANSMITTER AND
RECEIVER
6. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
7. SMALL RESISTANCE
8. BUZZER
9. CONNECTINGWIRE
PROCEDUREAND W0RKING:-
1. CONNECT THE BATTERY TO THE SWITCH
USING BATTERY CAP TO ON OFF THE POWER
SUPPLY TO THE CIRCUIT.
2. CONNECT THE SWITCH TOA SMALL
RESISTANCE WHICH WILL STOP UNEVEN
POWER SUPPLY.
3. INFRARED TRANSMITTER IN SERIES.
THEY CONNECT THE RESISTANCE TO
INFRARED TRANSMITTER IN SERIES.
4.WHEN CURRENT WILL REACH THE
TRANMITTER IT WILL SEND INFRARED RAYS
WHICH WE CANNOT SEE WITH NAKED
EYES.
5. THE TRANSMITTER IS FORWARD
BIASED AND THE RECEIVER IS REVERSE
BIASED.
6. ON THE OTHER SIDE THE INFRARED
RECEIVER WILL RECEIVE THE RAYS.
7. THE RECEIVER IS CONNECTED TOA PNP
TRANSISTOR, THEN THE TRANSISTOR IS
CONNECTED TO THE BUZZER AND LED IN
SERIES.
8. THE CIRCUIT IS COMPLETE WHEN THERE
IS SENDING AND RECEIVING OF IR RAYS.
9. WHENEVER THERE IS INTERRUPTION
BETWEEN IR RAYS TRANSISTOR AND
RECEIVER THE CURRENT STARTS FLOWING
THROUGH THE TRANSISTOR THEN THE
BUZZER STARTS BEEPING AND THE LED
STARTS GLOWING.
RESULT:
FINALLY OUR PYROELECTRIC INFRARED
SENSOR BASED SECURITY IS READY TO USE
AND STOP BURGLAR.
PRECAUTION:-
1. CONNECTIONS SHOULD BENEAT,
CLEANAND TIGHT.
2. RESISTORS OF SMALL RESISTANCE
SHOULD BE TAKEN.
3. WHILE COMPLETING THE CIRCUIT WE
SHOULD REMEMBER OF CATHODE AND
ANODE TERMINAL OF LED, TRANSMITTER
AND RECEIVER.
4. ALL THE COMPONENTS MUST BE
CHECKED WHETHER THEY ARE WORKING
OR NOT.
5. DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTER
AND RECEIVERSHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN
THE RANGE OF IR RAYS.
 FINAL INFRARED
SENSOR BASED
SECURITY SYSTEM
CIRCUIT

NOW OUR SECURITY SYSTEM IS READY TO

STOP BURGLAR ENTERING OUR HOUSE
 BIBLOGRAPHY
1. Websites
• www.google.com
• www.hindawi.com
• en.wikipedia.org
2. Books
• Pradeep’s New Course physics
• NCERT class xii