HKDSE Physics Notes

Section A: Heat Gases

Temperature, Heat Internal Energy
(Unit - )

1.
A
Relationship between Kelvin scale and Celsius scale: θ T

2. Relating temperature with the length of the liquid in thermometer:

3. Relating temperature with the resistance of resistance thermometer:

4. Finding power of the heater: P V I

5. Relationship between Energy, Power and time: E P t
6. Energy transfer during heating and cooling: E mcΔT
7. Heat Capacity: E CΔT
8. Linear equation: y mx c
∆
9. 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
∆

10. kWh J

Name: ___________________________________ Class: ____________( )

0
1. Temperature
(i) Meaning of temperature

Temperature is the measurement of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.

(ii) Fixed points tix ¥ Fry #ak LEE

4 Anti Ai too 48 x

scale
Upper fixed point: Iti 49k celsius
HEEL # HI o

boiling point of pure water (steam point) at normal

Eff EE pressure ,
E ¥7
atmospheric pressure ← 5¥ A pressure b
p r m
p EEE NE NE
o

Lower fixed point:

melting point of pure ice (ice point) at normal atmospheric pressure

(iii) Temperature scales

Celsius scale (θ):

Steam point of water 100°C Ice point of water 0°C

Kelvin scale (T):

Steam point of water K Ice point of water K

Temperature difference ΔT: 1K 1°C

-1273
-273

Change of unit: θ 273 T ← Oc → K or K→ E

Absolute zero (0 K,-273 °C): Lowest temperature, average KE of molecules has a minimum value.

2. Thermometers:
(i) Requirement of a thermometer

The thermometer is a device with some measurable physical properties which change with
t
temperature. T leads to those properties
t
Physical properties that can be used to measure temperature:

.÷÷÷÷:
(a) liquid volume
inle
(b) gas volume or gas pressure
÷
(c) resistance
tt t3.y t , Ahthtka
. . .
.
.. in .
FedEx . .

Example of a common thermometer: the liquid-in-glass thermometer

T
Ea if EEE # gas
AE Ba 7th I Ea Ians Tt
,
x

Fap FA
blab gas EEE FIE glass tube
1
 EA.AE#F4xYFIhMEEFEEt Tt Vt lt
(ii) Calibration of a liquid-in-glass thermometer jet Calibration

Liquids expand and contract uniformly with temperature. (ΔV ∝ ΔT) V π r2 l V∝l

¥¥k¥E HIE graph ¥¥sEaf¥l=¥yf¥L

not
length touching
at 0% water
to
IFE steam

T
melting
ice
𝒍 𝒍 ← oEEOEFa4¥Ee
𝒍 𝒍
-

oooocfa.hn#Ee0-Too=h-ho-
#
Example: When a mercury thermometer is immersed in melting ice and then in steam, the lengths of the
mercury thread in the stem are respectively cm and cm. When the thermometer is put in a
water bath, the length of the thread is cm, What is the temperature of the water bath?

← Fist . THE
boo -
lo
← 982¥ Subtext
= 22-2
0.45
% =
← Yf 3¥ Answer A- unit
0=4.58
(iii) Other types of thermometer Q7p9
Rotary thermometer

- make use of thermal expansion and contraction of solid with temperature

- the bimetallic strip becomes more curved when temperature increases, as the two metals have
different expansion

←
Expand
more
,

become
longer
think 'EE¥AEE ,
2
IEEE curve
 Resistance is affected by temperature
Resistance thermometer

- make use of the change of resistance with temperature

- the resistance of metal increases when temperature increases

tB¥*I¥¥'*←*¥*
- variation of resistance R with temperature θ

Thermistor thermometer
Rob semiconductor 𝑹 𝑹 .

-thermistor is made of semiconductor semiconductor ,

O O 𝑹 𝑹
izz Et # P'Here
-resistance of thermistor decreases when temperature increases .it#....l.38tHH
Example: The graph below show how the electrical resistance R of three different circuit elements change
PP with temperature θ. Which of the circuit elements can be used to measure temperature?

r r
x

Example:

Ftir gas →
=ztrILok ,

hE4YktmphE¥÷EiokFIE
glass
-

liquid in -

E)
-

The Figure above shows an air column trapped by a small mercury thread inside a uniform
capillary tube. The set-up is heated by a water bath. The length of the air column L is measured
at various temperature θ. Some of the results are tabulated below:

Assume that length L increases linearly with temperature θ throughout. Estimate the length of
the air column when the temperature indicated by the thermometer is C. ( marks)

Gift
soar
tg÷T=E4
:{I :c !
Foo -_
. So-64
74mm
in
.

3
3. Heat
(i) Definition of heat Q

Heat is the process to transfer energy as a result of temperature difference between two bodies.

The amount of energy that is transferred from high to low temperature is called heat.
heat up cold objects
Unit of heat: J (joule) I .

heating 4th BE A hot objects €

Energy stored inside a body cannot be called heat but internal energy. Aifb # K

(ii) Direction of heat flow

Heat always flows from high temperature region to low temperature region by heating.

hotter ,
faster,
KE
ET EN more

bonds distance between particle t

t
4. Internal Energy
breaking pE

(i) Definition of internal energy E

EET th '¥F¥ hit objects store
heating y ,

Internal energy E is the total energy stored inside the material of a body. (Heat cannot be stored) -

Etty store
internal

Unit of internal energy: J (joule) q energy

In Molecular Theory,
-
µ distance
a

Internal energy total kinetic energy of the molecules total potential energy of the molecules

[average kinetic energy depends on temperature] [KE ∝ T

[average potential energy depends on state of matter] [ Eg > El > Es ]

Total number of molecules in the body depends on the mass of the body.

Factors affecting the amount of internal energy stored in a body:

(a) mass (b) materials (c) temperature (d) state

4
Example: Which of the following descriptions about internal energy are correct?
( ) Different masses of water at the same temperature have the same amount of internal

¥
energy.
( ) A copper block has greater internal energy when it is hot than when it is cold.
( ) Water at C has greater internal energy than a block of ice of the same mass at C.
Example: A bottle of . kg water and a bottle of . kg water have been stored in a refrigerator for a
few days. Which of the following statements are correct?
( ) The temperatures of the two bottles of water are equal.

¥
( ) The average kinetic energy of the water molecules in the two bottles is equal.
( ) The total potential energy of the water molecules in the two bottles is equal.
-
(ii) Change of internal energy different mass

← At '#aK¥i
The internal energy of a body can be increased by RT unchanged during
change of state changeof
state
or
- heating Q

- doing work w

When a body is heated without change of state, then

f if there
change
is

- its temperature must increase of temperature / state .

- the average kinetic energy of the molecules must increase

- the average potential energy of the molecules remains unchanged

5
Example: Which of the following statements about heat is/are true?

¥
( ) Heat is used to describe the total energy stored in a body.
( ) Heat is used to describe the energy transferred from one body to another as a result of a
temperature difference between them.
( ) A body's internal energy is increased when it is heated.
Example: When two objects are in contact, there must be heat transfer from the object with more
(T/F) internal energy to the one with less internal energy. F i

The internal energy stored in an object increases with its temperature. T

Example: What physical properties does the temperature of an object represent?

¥
( ) A measure of the degree of hotness of the object.
( ) A measure of the internal energy of the object.
( ) A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.
(iii) Measurement of energy transfer by a joulemeter

P unchanged
tr
A heater can give out heat at a steady rate when connected to a power supply.

A heater should not be switched on if it is not heating anything.

A joulemeter can measure the heat given out by the heater.

The heater should get energy from the power supply through a joulemeter.

Procedure of measurement:

( ) Connect the joulemeter, the heater and the power supply.

( ) Record the initial reading E1 and the final reading E2 on the joulemeter before and after heating.

( ) The energy supplied by the heater is found by ΔE = E2 - E1.

5. Power Qcd
Pcw ) =

t
(i) Definition of power
W Is = -551
-

Power is the rate of transfer of energy.

Unit of power: watt (W) W J s- A

A heater of greater power can give out a certain amount of energy in a shorter time.
6
(ii) Electric power supplied to a heater

Electric power given to an electric heater is given by:

P V I, where V is the voltage given to the heater and I is the electric current through the heater

Procedure to find the electric power:

( ) Connect a voltmeter in parallel across the heater to measure the voltage V across the heater.

( ) Connect an ammeter in series with the heater to measure the current I through the heater.

( ) Power of the heater is then found by P V I

V I
Example: A heater is connected to a voltage supply of V. The current given to the heater is . A.
F- ?
(a) Calculate the electric power given to the heater.
F- VI
= 8×2.4
p = 19.2 W
E t
(b) Find the amount of electrical energy supplied to the heater in . minutes.
p= E
t
Espe

19.2 =
z÷x6o
F- = 28803
(iii) Measure the power of a heater by use of a joulemeter

Connect a joulemeter to the heater from the power supply.

Measure the initial reading and the final reading of the joulemeter.

The difference of the two readings gives the energy E supplied by the heater.

Measure the time taken t by use of a stop-watch.

The power of the heater is then found by 𝑃

(iv) The unit of kilowatt-hour

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is another unit of energy which is much larger than J.

kWh is the energy given out by a kW heater in hour. E- Pt

1 kWh 1000 W x 3600 s 3600000 J 1kWh = 1000 4) too) (60)
I =
3600000 ]
1J -
kWh
360 oooo
A kilowatt-hour meter is used to measure the energy given out by a heater in kWh.

7
 From the graphs ,
6. Specific heat capacity
when DT and mA ,

(i) Definition of specific heat capacity c

QA

FE 7¥ 5- Q,
5¥ Bks Fa k¥3 OT Ne m

material
Ff the
-
m tf 07 , FA abt
tank's material Eti
5¥ As hit
a Q ,

Rt baby Q
Specific heat capacity of a substance is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the

substance through 1°C.

𝑸
𝒄 , where unit of c : J kg-1 °C-1
𝒎∆𝑻

Relation between heat transferred Q or internal energy changed E with the change of temperature ΔT:

𝑸 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻 or 𝑬 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻 where ∆𝑇 𝑇 𝑇

(ii) Factors affecting the specific heat capacity of a substance

Specific heat capacity of a substance depends on:

- material of the substance

- state of the substance

Different materials have different specific heat capacity.

Different states of the same material have different specific heat capacity.

e.g. water: c J kg- C- ice: c J kg- C-

Specific heat capacity of a material is not affected by the following factors:

- mass

- temperature

- shape

- types of container

8
Example: Which of the following pairs of objects have different specific heat capacities?
A. kg of water and kg of water mass X
O
B. kg of liquid naphthalene and kg of solid naphthalene stater shape X
C. a rectangular block of aluminium of mass kg and a cylindrical block of aluminium of mass kg
D. kg of oil in a glass container and kg of oil in a metal container container X

Example: If there is no heat flow between two bodes when they are in contact, then the two bodies must
R
have the same
happen if there is
only temperature
0
A. temperature difference .

B. Internal energy.
C. specific heat capacity.
D. specific latent heat of vaporization.
Q
Example: An equal quantity of heat is supplied to each of the following substances and the corresponding
rises in temperature are recorded. Which of the following substances has the smallest specific

¥5
same
heat capacity? C
M OT W
Edita #
Substance Mass (kg) Rise in temperature ( C) MOT MOT Eth , c.

10
A. P .
12.5
B. Q .
12
C. R .
O
D. S . 13.5

(iii) Relation between heat supplied and gain of internal energy

The heat supplied by a heater of rating power P in a time interval t is:

𝑄 𝑃𝑡 or 𝐸 𝑃𝑡 ← EE
t
Assume that there is no heat lost to the surroundings.

heat supplied gain of internal energy

𝑷 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻

Heat lost to the surroundings includes:

- heat lost to the surrounding air

- heat lost to the apparatus (the container, the stirrer, the thermometer, ... )

supplied 8%45417
'

E
'

If there is heat lost to surrounding, then

Edell'xEioss
-

d-
𝑷 𝒓% 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻 or 𝑷 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻 𝑬𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔

where r is the heat loss percentage and Eloss is the heat loss
9
 m c
Example: A heater supplies energy to a liquid of mass . kg and specific heat capacity J kg- C-
contained vessel of negligible heat capacity. Assume that the heat exchange with the
surroundings can be neglected. If the temperature of the liquid rises from C to C in s,
the power of the heater is OT t
P pf=mcoT
PC = 0.54000700 -

lo )

17=1200 W

p m c
Example: A heater of power W supplies energy to a liquid of mass . kg and specific heat capacity
J kg- C- contained in a vessel. The initial temperature of the liquid is C. The heater is
e
switched on for minutes. Calculate the final temperature θ of the liquid, if of heat supplied
TOT r
by the heater is lost to the surrounding air and the apparatus.
Ptcl -

r%)=mcDT
) ( 0--15 )
25014×6074-6%171.60500
23.6°C O -

A
3 Sig .tig take
m a t
Example: A copper wire of . kg is initially at the room temperature of C. A heater takes s to raise
OT
the temperature of the copper wire by C. If the total energy lost to the surroundings is
F-loss J, calculate the rate of energy supplied by the heater. Given at the specific heat capacity of
C-
copper is J kg- C- . ( p
Pe = MOOT + Floss
PG5O)= 0.81385×500 ) -18500

p
-

-
650W
i. the rate of energy supplied by the heater 13650W .

Example: In a hotel, the hot water in the central storage tank is supplied to the radiator in a room for
warming. The temperature of hot water ion ill the central tank is kept at C. In a time a hourst
m kg of water is circulated to the room. During the transfer, of the energy is lost. When the
water leaves the room, the temperature drops to C. OT E supplied -_ moot
Specific heat capacity of water is -
J kg C . (-
E= ? diet tho
(a) Find the heat given out by the hot water to the room during this time.
heat
loss
supplied
the
F- = MCDTCI 18%
-

) to
room

(85-50) Cl 18%)
75014200)
-

a-

9.0405×1073=9.04×1073
=

10
 p =?
(b) Estimate the average power output by the hot water to the room.
E- PE
9.0405×102 =p (4×60×60)
17=6280 W

7. Heat capacity
(i) Definition of heat capacity C

Heat capacity C is the energy E required to raise the temperature of a body through 1°C
←
15¥48 A substance,
.

A- the substance ETS body 'Et4¥3QEr4tlE

M¥45813
.

C # FETA day body As Ibn IEE

of substance 2155

J
substance
E body

Unit of heat capacity: J °C-1 or J K-1.

(ii) Heat capacity of a body

Relation between Heat capacity C and Specific heat capacity c

𝑪 𝒎𝒄

Factors affecting the heat capacity of a body:

- material and state of the object (affecting c)

- mass (m) of the object

Example: An electric kettle is connected to the mains supply. Given the following data:
mass of water in the kettle . kg m
initial temperature of water in the kettle C OT
specific heat capacity of water J kg- C- C
heat capacity of the kettle J C- C F- ?
If the temperature of the water becomes C after . minutes, estimate the electrical power
supplied to the kettle, assume the kettle and the water are always at the same temperature. State
one more assumption.
Pt = moot + CDT
PGS XEO) 1.24200765-20 ) t Goo (68-20)
=

P = 1690W

Assumption heat loss to the surrounding

: is
negligible .

11
 C- me

Example: Which of the following can increase the heat capacity of a copper block?

¥
( ) Increase the mass of the block.

nEoq÷÷Ad}a=¥i÷¥E¥
E - COT
( ) Increase the temperature of the block.
x ( ) Change the shape of the block.
Example: A training pool B is located next to the main pool A. The training pool B has a smaller area and is
shallower. If the pools are under the sunlight at the same time, which of the following statements
about the rise in the water temperature of the two pools is correct? Assume that the initial water
temperatures of the pools are the same.
O
A. The water temperature of training pool B rises faster because it is shallower.
B. The water temperature of training pool B rises faster because it has a smaller surface area.
C. The water temperature of main pooI A rises faster because it is deeper.
D. The water temperature of main pool A rises faster because it has a larger surface area.
Example: Two liquids X and Y are heated by two different heaters. The energy supplied, the liquids' masses
G- ET
'
and temperature rises are recorded as follows.
Liquid X Liquid Y C×=24oo0_ eye 25
Energy supplied / J
Mass / kg . .
20--120 = 720
.

Temperature / C
Which of the following statements are correct?
G- a- ¥ ,
( ) The heat capacity of X is larger than that of Y.
if ( ) The specific heat capacity of X is larger than that of Y. Galton 4=3600
× ( ) The heat capacity of X determined remains the same if the experiment is repeated by doubling
the mass of X. G- me mA , CA
,

8. Specific heat capacity of water

Heating balloon with water
(i) High value of specific heat capacity of water

Water has an exceptionally high value of specific heat capacity of c 4200 J kg-1 °C-1

i.e. J of energy is required to increase kg of water by a temperature of C.

Since the specific heat capacity of water is very high, therefore

- water stores more energy for the same temperature rise.

- water shows a smaller temperature rise when given the same amount of energy.

(ii) Applications of high specific heat capacity of water

Water is used as the coolant in a car radiator.

Since human bodies contain large amount of water, it results in the

damping of temperature changes in the bodies,

i.e. The body temperature changes slowly even when the surrounding temperature changes sharply.
12
 Temperature difference between winter and summer (or day and night) near the coastal area of

similar latitude and altitude is smaller compared with that of inland area,

i.e. Coastal area has cooler summer and warmer winter

Example: Water is used as a coolant in motor car engines because
A. water has a low specific heat capacity.
O
B. water has a high specific heat capacity.
C. water has a low specific latent heat of vaporization.
D. water has a high specific latent heat of vaporization.
Example: The watery fluids in human bodies help to maintain their body temperatures even when the
(T/F) surrounding temperature changes sharply. T
The watery fluids in human bodies have a high specific heat capacity. T
9. Measurement of the specific heat capacity of water
(i) Procedure of the experiment.
c of water

c of aluminium

Water measured with mass m is put into a polystyrene cup.

A heater connected to a power supply through a joulemeter is put into the water. The energy supplied

Q is recorded by the joulemeter.

A thermometer is put into the water to record the change of temperature ΔT.

𝑸
The specific heat capacity c is then found by 𝒄
𝒎∆𝑻

(ii) Precautions of the experiment

A stirrer should be used to stir water before taking readings to ensure that the water has uniform

temperature.

Polystyrene cup should be used:

- to reduce heat lost to the surroundings since polystyrene is a good insulator

- to reduce the heat absorbed by the cup since the specific heat capacity of polystyrene is negligible
13
 A lid should cover the cup to reduce heat lost to surrounding air.

The heater should be completely immersed into water but do not touch the bottom of the cup.

The thermometer should not touch the heater.

Allowed for the water to reach the final maximum temperature after the heater is switched off.

(iii) Deviation of the result

Since there is heat lost to the surroundings, the value of the specific heat capacity measured in the
f. i. CT
←
𝑸 Q=mcOT + Floss
experiment would be higher than the actual value. (By 𝒄 )
𝒎∆𝑻

The reason is that the energy supplied by the heater is greater than the energy actually absorbed by

the water.
P M
Example: A W immersion heater is used to heat . kg of water, which is being stirred by a stirrer. After
t minutes, the water temperature increases from C to C. What is the estimated energy loss
in this period? Ecosse ? DT c
(Neglect the heat capacity of the beaker) Given: specific heat capacity of water J kg- C-
Pt -_mC0Tt Eioss
10013×607=0 .5C42oo ) (30-25)-1 Floss
F- loss '

- Hoo ]

Example: A student performs an experiment with the setup

in the below Figure to measure the specific heat
capacity of a liquid X. The joulemeter in the
figure is used to measure energy consumed by
the immersion heater.

The increase in the reading of the joulemeter (E)

for an increase of temperature of C for different mass (m) of liquid X is recorded in the Table
below. y=mxtC E=mcoT E=¢0T)m
E / kJ . . . .
m/kg . . . .
(a) State the importance of using a "well insulated" container in the experiment.
To reduce heat lost to the
surroundings .

14
(b) (i) Plot a graph of E against m in the following figure. A scale of cm to . kJ and . kg is
used.
Elk ]
"

t
x

5 -

x
4 -

f -

O #÷%TYkg
Two axes labelled with correct units Correct scales used y = m X t C

Points correctly plotted Best fitted line drawn E CLOT ) X t F-loss

=

(ii) Using the graph plotted in (b)(i), find the specific heat capacity of liquid X.
slope 0¥ =
= I = 24500

Slope = ¥ = COT
= c (I O )
24500
' I
24505kg
- -

(iii) Estimate the heat absorbed by the apparatus.

Heat absorbed by the apparatus 0.4 KJ
(iv) If the experiment is repeated with liquid Y with a smaller specific heat capacity than liquid X
and the increase in temperature is also C, sketch a graph of E against m you would expect
to obtain in the above figure, and label it as L. ( marks)
15
Example: A student uses the experimental set-up shown in the above figure to find the specific heat
capacity of a metal. The cylindrical metal block is heated by an immersion heater of unknown
power.
The following results are obtained:
Mass of metal block kg M
Initial temperature of metal block C
Final temperature of metal block C
307
Energy supplied by the heater G- ? J E
(a) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal. ( marks)

E = me OT
12300 = It (41-29)
too I Ft heat loss
kg c=¥of-
=
1025 J
- -

t
(b) The value obtained in (a) is found to be higher than the actual specific heat capacity of the
metal. Suggest a reason for this and explain your answer briefly. ( marks)
heat loss the
There is surroundings
to .

energy supplied by
so that the the heater

is greater than the actual

energy absorbed
the metal insulation
by heat loss
. →
→ reduce the
t time of experiment
,

(c) Suggest TWO improvements on the set-up to increase the accuracy of the experiment. ( m)
thermal

1. Surround the metal block with "

insulating material
like cotton wool .

2. Put oil in the holes to ensure

good thermal
contact between the heater ,
thermometer and
the metal .

(d) Is the above method suitable for finding the specific heat capacity of wood?
Explain briefly. ( marks)
No .
Wood is a
poor conductor of heat .

There is no uniform temperature throughout

the wood .

16
Example:

Too =RRo_Ro
Roo -

=
42-102=140151 -

102.00

12=125 I 1 I .

Actual temperature is lower than 60°C .

Since actual temperature

the is lower than 60°C,

energy supplied
the is smaller than the actual value ,
thus ,
the
experimental value of Cw is lower
than the actual value .

cw=E treat
40°C

17
10. Mixture of hot and cold substances
(i) Flow of heat

If bodies with different temperatures are put together, heat would flow from the high temperature

body to the low temperature body until they achieve thermal equilibrium, i.e., same temperature.

(ii) Conservation of energy

Assume no energy loss to the surroundings (surrounding air and apparatus):

Energy lost by the hot body Energy gained by the cold body

Note that the temperature rise of the cold body may not be equal to the temperature drop of the

hot body.
Example: When hot water is mixed thoroughly with cold paraffin in a polystyrene cup, the energy gained by
(T/F) the paraffin is equal to the energy lost by the water. T
When hot water is mixed thoroughly with cold paraffin in a polystyrene cup, the changes in
temperature of the water and paraffin are identical. F
Example: The specific heat capacity of a metal is measured using the following method:

re
look
.

A metal block is first immersed in boiling water for some time. The block is then transferred to a
cup of cold water. After a while, the temperature of the water is measured. The result of the
experiment is as follows:
Mb Mw
Mass of metal block . kg Mass of water in the cup . kg
OTW
Initial temperature water in the cup C OTW Final temperature of water in the cup C
Find the specific heat capacity of the metal (in J kg- C- ). (Given: Specific heat capacity of water
J kg- C- .) Cb
Cw
Mw Cw OTW
Mb Cb OTB =

0.8 Eb Goo-381=0.3 Choo ) (38-23)

Cb =
3813kg
-

IET

18
 Cb =MwCw0#
Mb OTB
Example: Example: The result obtained in the above example is found to be higher than the true value of
the specific heat capacity of the metal. Which of the following is a probable reason?
OA. Some hot water is still adhered to the metal block when the block is transferred to the cold
water. E OTWKK - OTB ha # E

{
-

B. Some energy is lost to the surroundings when the metal block is transferred to the cold water.
OTW C. Some energy is absorbed by the cup.
Eretz D. The temperature of the metal block is still higher than C when the final temperature of the
water in the cup is measured.
075k¥
Example: Yunnan Guoqiao-mixian is a famous Chinese food. Customers ordering the food are served with
the following:
a bowl of hot soup with a layer of oil on the surface,
a dish of thin slices of raw meat, and
a bowl of pre-cooked mixian (noodles)

The meat is first put into the soup. Later, the mixian is also added.
(a) Explain why the meat has to be sliced into thin pieces.
To increase the surface area between the meat and
the for faster heat transfer
soup .

(b) What is the purpose of adding a layer of oil to the bowl? ( marks)
Reduces the heat lost the soup to the
surrounding air .
From

(c) The following data are given: Min

Mass of the soup kg Ms Mass of each slice of meat . kg
Initial temperature of the soup C DTs Specific heat capacity of the soup J kg- C-
Initial temperature of the meat C 07in Specific heat capacity of the meat J kg- C-
For health reasons, the meat has to be heated to a minimum temperature of C. Estimate the
maximum number of slices of meat that can be added to the soup.
State one assumption in your calculation. ( marks)
Ms Cs Els = Mm Cm 07h
I C 42007C 97-82) = ( O 02h ) (3500
.
) ( 82-27)
n =
16.4
i .
maximum number of slices of meat is 16 .

Assumption : No heat lost to the surroundings .

(d) A customer places the mixian into the soup before adding the meat. Explain why this is
undesirable. ( marks)
the soup first
If the miyan is placed into would ,

the
temperature of the soup largely drop ,

the soup is not

enough to cook the meat .

19
11. Temperature against time graph
(i) Features of a temperature - time graph

A temperature-time graph shows the variation of the temperature of a substance with time when the

substance is heated by a heater of constant power.

When the heater is just switched off, temperature still rises for a short period of time since the

heater is still hotter than the substance, heat continues to transfer from the heater to the substance.

A short while after the heater is off, temperature starts to fall since there is heat lost to the

surroundings.

After the power supply is switched off, the temperature rise should not be recorded immediately but

wait until the temperature reaches the maximum value.

After a long time of cooling, the temperature should drop down to the room temperature (R.T.).

(ii) Slope of the temperature - time graph slope

∆
By 𝐸 𝑃𝑡 𝑚𝑐𝛥𝑇, 𝑦 𝑚𝑥 𝑐, 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
∆
I pq=mcbT
⸫ 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
Pac =

For the same power supplied and with the same mass: slope ∝

⸫ A substance with greater specific heat capacity gives a smaller slope of temperature - time graph.

Larger slope (rate of ΔT)

) larger P

) smaller m

) smaller c
20
 Pt = moot
Example: The graph shows the variation of the temperature of liquid with time when the liquid is heated by
in
Pa W heater. The mass of the liquid is kg. Find the specific heat capacity of the liquid. Assume
all the energy given out by the heater is absorbed by the liquid. G- ?

stipe
=
If Emc =

Eo=4I
12003kg tool
-

e. =

Example: Equal masses of liquids X, Y and Z are separately heated. The graph shows the variation of the
energies absorbed by the liquids with their temperatures. Let cx, cy and cz be the specific heat
capacities of X, Y and Z respectively. Which of the following relations is correct?
A. cx cy cz
B. cx cy cz
slope = Inc

O
C. cx cy cz
D. cx cy cz

(iii) Heat exchange with the environment

If a substance is at a higher temperature than the surrounding room temperature, it will lose heat

continuously until it is at the same temperature as the surrounding air.

The rate of heat loss depends on the temperature difference. The greater the temperature difference,

the greater is the heat loss. Thus, the rate of heat loss is not constant.

If a substance is at a lower temperature than the surrounding room temperature (R.T.), it will gain heat

continuously until it is at the same temperature as the surrounding air.

21
Example:

f- my
tr
E -

- me DT

P tf

m = PV = 1000 X 15 =
1500kg
E =
mo OT ( t -

15%7
= 4500 ) ( 4200 ) ( fo -60 ) ( t 15% )
-

= 1 .
071 X 108 J
= I 07 X
,
108 ]

22
 4.5×103

E =
Pt
to 071×108=4.5 X 103 t
i t =
23800 S

= 6.61 h

The rate of heat transfer dropsdecreases

as
the
temperature difference .

23