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Thermal Physics Part 3

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32 views26 pages

Thermal Physics Part 3

paper

Uploaded by

prabalkhandelwal007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thermal Physics

Part 3
Relate the rise in temperature of a body to an increase in
internal energy
When a body is heated, its internal energy will increase because its molecules will
move faster; the amount of thermal energy gained by the body depends on:
1. Temperature rise, θ, which is a measure of the average kinetic energy gained
by each molecule
2. The mass of the body, m, which is proportional to the number of molecules in
the body.
3. The type of the material of the body which is expressed by a constant, called
the specific heat capacity (c).
Specific Heat Capacity (c)

u The amount of heat energy needed to change the


temperature of one kilogram of a substance by one degree
celsius.

u To raise the temperature of mass m of a substance by ΔT


degree celsius, the amount of thermal energy required is

u Q = m c ΔT

u S.I. unit of c : J/kg K


u Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/ kg °C
u The amount of heat energy needed to change the temperature of
one kilogram of water by one degree celsius is 4200 J

u Specific heat capacity of copper = 380 J/ kg °C

u Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J/ kg °C


u The temperature rise ΔT depends on:
1. The mass ‘m’ of the body; the smaller the mass the larger is the
temperature rise. ΔT µ 1/m
2. Material of which the body is made. Objects of same mass, but
different material experience different temperature rise, when
they are supplied with the same amount of heat.
Q = VIt
Q = mc △T
•V is the voltage across the heater
•I is the electric current through the
heater
•t is the time for which the heater is
supplying heat
•△T is the change in the temperature of
the liquid
•c is the specific heat capacity of the
liquid
•m is the mass of the liquid
Readings to be taken to find the specific
heat capacity of the liquid
Ø Voltage across the heater (voltmeter reading)
Ø Electric current through the heater (ammeter reading)
Ø Time for which the heater is on ( using stop watch)
Ø Mass of the empty beaker (using digital balance)
Ø Mass of the beaker with liquid (using digital balance)
Ø Initial temperature of liquid (at the start of the time interval)
(using thermometer)
Ø Final temperature of the liquid (at the end of the time interval)
(using thermometer)
• Readings to be taken to find the specific heat capacity cs of the metal (solid)
ü Mass (M) of the metal piece
ü Initial temperature (T1) of the metal piece (which is equal to the temperature
of water in the water bath)
ü Mass of empty insulated cup
ü Mass of insulated cup with water
ü Initial temperature of the water (T2) in the insulated cup (thermometer
reading before transferring the hot metal piece from the water bath to the
water in the insulated cup)
ü Final temperature of the water (T3) in the insulated cup ( when the
thermometer reading remains constant after transferring the hot metal piece
from the water bath to the water in the insulated cup)

üEquation:
ü M cs (T1 – T3 ) = mass of water x specific heat capacity of
water x (T3 – T2 )
Thermal ( Heat) Capacity (C )

u The amount of thermal energy required to change the


temperature of the whole body through one degree celsius.

u If the temperature of a body of mass m is raised by one degree


celsius, the heat energy required is mc

u Thermal capacity of the body ,C = mc = Q / ΔT


u

u S.I unit : J/K


u To what temperature will a 50 g piece of
glass raise if it absorbs 5275 J of heat and
its specific heat capacity is 0.50 J/g ̊C? The
initial temperature of the glass is 20 ̊C.
u Calculatethe heat capacity of a piece
of wood if 1500.0 g of the wood
absorbs 6.75 x 104 Joules of heat, and
its temperature changes from 32 ̊ C to
57 ̊C.
Melting and Boiling
u The temperature of a solid, or a liquid or a gas, is the measure of
the internal energy possessed by the substance. Hence when heat
energy is supplied to a substance, there will be an increase in the
total energy of the substance which is reflected visibly with a rise
in temperature.
u Heat is a form of energy which transfers between the body and the
surrounding due to difference in temperature between them. The
SI unit of heat energy is joule.
Melting and Boiling in terms of energy input
without a change in temperature
Melting is the process in which the substance changes from solid state to
liquid state at constant temperature. Melting point is the temperature at
which substance changes from solid state to liquid state.
Boiling is the process in which the substance changes from liquid state to
gaseous state at constant temperature. Boiling point is the temperature at
which substance changes from liquid state to gaseous state.
u During change of state, the heat energy given to the system
is used to increase the PE of the molecules

u The KE of the molecules remains the same

u The temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy


of the molecules of a substance.

u Hence temperature does not change during a change of


state.

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