Model Question Paper I

RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PLANTS

Time: 3 Hour Max.Marks: 75

PART A

I. Answer all questions in one word or one sentence. Each question carries 1 mark.
(9*1=9 marks)

1 List any two non-conventional sources of energy M1.01 R

2 Match the followings : M1.02 R

(i) Pelton wheel (a)Medium head

(ii) Francis turbine (b)Low head

(iii) Kaplan turbine (c)High Head

3 Write any two advantages of solar energy M2.01 R

4 Define solar irradiation ? M2.01 R

5 Equation for power output from a wind turbine is____________ M3.03 R

6 The speed at which power conversion stops in wind systems is M3.02 R

called _________

7 List out any two scheme for wind power generation M3.04 R

8 Write any two disadvantages of tidal energy M4.01 R

9 Enumerate types of fuel cells M4.03 R

 PART B

II. Answer any eight questions from the following, each question carries 3 marks.
(8*3=24 marks)

1 Write the classification of small hydel power plants based on M1.02 U

capacity and water head

2 Draw the structure of s solar cell M2.02 R

3 Explain the concept of maximum power point tracking M2.03 U

technique in PV system

4 Draw the block diagram of a Grid connected solar PV system M2.03 R

and label various blocks.

5 Summarize the principle of wind energy conversion with a M 3.01 U

diagram

6 Draw the schematic diagram of a vertical axis wind energy M3.02 R

conversion systems

7 Determine the power in the wind if the wind speed is 20 m/s M3.03 A
and blade length is 50 m .Take air density as 1.23 kg/m3

8 Illustrate electrical power generation using tidal energy M4.01 U

9 Explain the concept of Ocean Thermal Power Generation M4.02 U

10 List any three applications of fuel cells M4.03 R

PART C
Answer ALL questions. Each question carries 7 marks.
(6*7=42 marks)

III With a neat diagram explain vapour dominated geothermal M1.03 U

power plant.

OR

IV Distinguish between dome type and drum type biogas plants. M1.04 U

V Draw a neat sketch of a small hydro power plant and identify the M1.02 U
functions of various parts.

OR

VI With a neat diagram explain flash steam geothermal power M1.03 U

plant.

VII A house has the following electrical appliance usage M2.04 A

● One 18 watt fluorescent lamp used 5 hours per day.

● One 60 watt fan used for 6 hours per day.

● One 150 Watt Television 5 hours per day.

Calculate

(a) Daily solar power requirement

(a) Ah rating of the 12 V Batteries required for 3 days of

autonomy in a solar PV System. Assume 85% battery
efficiency and 60% as depth of discharge.

OR

VIII Calculate(a) the rating of an inverter and (b) number of 350 Wp M2.04 A
solar panels for a Solar PV System for the following load .
Assume power generation factor of a solar panel = 3 and 30 %
losses
 ● Ten 15 Watt CFL used 10 hours per day.

● Ten 60 Watt fan used for 12 hours per day.

● Eight 5w LED light used for 6 hours per day

● Two cell phone chargers 5w used for 5 hours per day

IX Illustrate the concept of solar pond. M2.02 U

OR

X Explain stand-alone solar PV systems with the help of a neat M2.03 U

sketch.

XI State and explain any seven factors to be considered in M3.01 U

selection of sites for wind power plant

OR

XII Classify and explain various types of wind mills M3.02 U

XIII Draw a neat sketch of oscillating water columns in tidal power M4.01 R
generation.

OR

XIV Draw the block diagram of MHD power plant. M4.04 R

 Model Question Paper I-ANSWER KEY

RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PLANTS

Q No Scoring Indicators Split Sub Total
score Total Score

PART A 9

I. 1 Solar Energy, Bioenergy, Tidal Energy, Wind Energy 2* 0.5 1

(Any 2)

I. 2 1 1

(i)Pelton wheel (c)High Head

(ii) Francis turbine (b)Medium head

(iii) Kaplan turbine (c)Low Head

I. 3 Unlimited & inexhaustible energy source. 2* 0.5

No pollution,

Less maintenance,

clean and renewable energy source

(Any 2)

I. 4 It is the solar radiation received on the earth surface

I. 5 1

or

A= Area Swept
 D= 2 r

r= length of blade

V= Velocity of wind

ρ = Air density

I. 6 Cut out speed 1 1

I.7 2* 0.5 1

1. CSCFS (Constant Speed Constant Frequency Scheme).

2. DSCFS (Dual Speed Constant Frequency Scheme)
3. VSCFS (Variable speed constant frequency scheme).
4. VSCF with DO (Variable speed constant frequency
with double output).
5. VSVFS (Variable speed variable frequency schemes).

(Any 2)

I. 8 1. It is an intermittent energy source. 2* 0.5 1

2. It is expensive

3. Power transmission cost is high

4. Negative influence on marine life forms (Any 2)

I. 9 Hydrogen, Fossil fuel, Hydrocarbon fuel (Any 2) 2* 0.5 1

 PART B

II. 1 classification of small hydel power plants 3

Capacity (kW) 1.5

Type
Micro <100

Mini 101-1000

Small 1001-6000

1.5

Head (m)
Type

Ultra low <3

low <30

Medium 30-75

High >75

II. 2 Solar cell 3

Fig-2

labelling -1
II. 3 Maximum power point tracking technique in PV 3+4 7
system.

Figure- 3mark

Explanation- 4 mark

( block diagram can also be accepted )

A MPPT, or maximum power point tracker is an

electronic DC to DC converter that optimizes the
match between the solar array (PV panels), and the
battery bank or utility grid. They convert a higher
voltage DC output from solar panels down to the lower
voltage needed to charge batteries. They take the DC
input from the solar panels, change it to high frequency
AC, and convert it back down to a different DC
voltage and current to exactly match the panels to the
batteries. MPPT's operate at very high audio
frequencies, usually in the 20-80 kHz range. The
advantage of high frequency circuits is that they can be
designed with very high efficiency transformers and
small components.
II. 4 Grid connected solar PV system 3 3 3

Block diagram -2 marks

Labelling - 1 mark
 (Similar block diagrams can also be accepted )

II.5 3 3
Principle of wind energy conversion

Fig -1.5

Explanation-1.5

Kinetic Energy ---🡪 Mechanical Energy ---🡪

Electrical Energy

Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion.

Wind is caused by uneven heating of the atmosphere

by the Sun, irregularities of the Earth’s surface, and
rotation of the Earth.

This wind energy is harvested by using wind turbines

 where A= area swept by the wind

V= velocity of wind

Wind power in an open air stream is proportional to the

third power of the wind speed. The available power
increases eight times when the speed doubles. Wind
turbines connected to grid are efficient at greater wind
speeds.

II. 6 Vertical axis wind energy conversion systems 2 +1 3

Fig-2 mark

Explanation- 1 mark

A drum cut into halves attached to two opposite sides

of a vertical shaft. The wind exerts a force into the
concave and convex drums which are different. Due to
the overlapping two drums the torque increases. An
overlap of about 1/4 drum gives optimum result.

II. 6 Power developed by a wind turbine 3 3 3

Wind speed V = 20 m/s,

Blade length l = r=50 m,

Air density ρ = 1.23 kg/m3.

The area is given by,

A = π × 50 x 50 = 7850 m2
 The wind power=,
1

P = 38622 W

II.8 Electrical power generation using tidal energy. 3 3 3

Fig 2 marks

Explanation - 1 mark

The energy obtained from the rise and fall of tides is 2+1 3
called the tidal energy.

Tidal barrages or dams are constructed across a narrow

opening to the sea. Water rushes into the dam when the
sea level rises. This moves the blades of the turbines
which are attached at the opening of the dam. This
results in the generation of electricity.
 (other tidal schemes can also accepted)

II.9 Ocean Thermal Power Generation. 3 3 3

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a process

or technology for producing energy by harnessing the
temperature differences (thermal gradients) between
ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters.

Energy from the sun heats the surface water of the

ocean. In tropical regions, surface water can be much
warmer than deep water. This temperature difference
can be used to produce electricity

heat-difference is between 20-25°C levels

II.10 Applications of fuel cells 1x3 3 3

(Any three)

1.primary and backup power for commercial, industrial

and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible
areas.

2.They are used to power fuel cell vehicles, including

forklifts, automobiles, buses, trains, boats,
motorcycles, and submarines

3.They have been used to power many space

expeditions
 4.The portability of some fuel cells is extremely useful
in some military applications.

PART C

III Vapour dominated power plant.

Figure – 4 marks

Explanation- 3 marks 4 + 3 7 7

Dry steam plants use hydrothermal fluids that are

primarily steam.

The steam travels to a turbine, which drives a

generator to produce electricity.

The exhaust steam passes through the condenser

The condenser condenses the steam into water

 Condensed steam is injected back into the deep ground

IV Distinguish between dome type and drum type biogas 7*1 7

plants

Any 7 comparison

FIXED DOME TYPE FLOATING DRUM

TYPE

Digester and gas holder, Digester, masonry,

masonry or concrete Gasholder, mild steel or
structure fiberglass

It requires high masonry Low masonry or

skills fabricating skills.

Low reliability due to High reliability,

high construction failure.

Variable gas pressure. Constant gas pressure.

Less costlier More costly due to steel

drum

Gas production per unit High

volume of digester-low

Digestion period-30-60 40-60 days

days

Maintenance-less high

Thermal insulation-good bad

V small hydro power plant 4+ 3 7

Figure - 4 marks

functions - 3 marks

Intake - to divert the flow from the water course and is

likely to incorporate rubbish and fish screens.

Penstock- pipe to convey the water from the intake to

the turbine.

Powerhouse- which houses the turbine and generator

that converts the power of the water into electricity.

Outflow -through which the water is released back into

the river or stream.

Underground cables or overhead lines- to transmit

electricity to its point of use

OR
 VI Flash stream geothermal power plant. 4+3 7

Figure - 4 marks

Explanation - 3 marks

Most common type of geothermal power

generation plants

Fluid at temperatures greater than 360°F (182°C) is

pumped under high pressure into a tank at the
surface held at a much lower pressure,

some of the fluid vaporize, or "flash."rapidly

This vapour travels to a turbine, which drives a

generator to produce electricity.

A house has the following electrical appliance usage 7 7

VII Calculate
 (b) Daily solar power requirement

(b) Ah rating of the 12 V Batteries required for 3

days of autonomy in a solar PV System.
Assume 85% battery efficiency and 60% as
depth of discharge.

(a)Daily solar power requirement 3

= (1 x18 x 5) + ( 1 x 60 x 6) + ( 1 x 150 x 5)

= 1200 Wh/day

(a) Battery sizing

Total Load = (18 x 5) + ( (60 x 6) + ( 150 x 5) = 1200

W

Battery Voltage =12V

Days of autonomy = 3

Battery capacity=
Total watt hour per day used by appliances x (days of autonomy +1)
(nominal battery voltage x battery efficiency x depth of discharge)

=(1200 X 3)/(0.85 X0.6 X12 )

= 588.23

So the battery should be rated 12 V 600 Ah for 3 day

autonomy.
4
 OR

VIII Calculate(a) the rating of an inverter and (b) number of 7 7

350 Wp solar panels for a Solar PV System for the
following load . Assume power generation factor of a
solar panel = 3 and 30 % losses

● Ten 15 Watt CFL used 10 hours per day.

● Ten 60 Watt fan used for 12 hours per day.

● Eight 5w LED light used for 6 hours per day

● Two cell phone chargers 5w used for 5 hours

per day

(a) Inverter rating 3

Total load =(10 x 15 ) + (10 x 60) +(8 x 5)+ (2X 5)=

800 W

Inverter rating shall be greater than 25% of the total

load (for the future load as well as taking losses in
consideration)

Extra power required

=800 x (25/100)

= 200W
Actual rating of inverter
=Total Load + 25% Extra Power

= 800+200

= 1000 Watts

We need 1000W Inverter for solar panel installation

with a total load of 800W

(b) Number of solar panels required 4

Total energy usage =

 (10 x 15 x 10 ) + (10 x 60 x12) +(8 x 5 x 6)+ (2X 5 x
5) = 8990 wh/day

considering energy lost factor (30%)

Watt hr/day = 1.3 X 8990 =11687 wh/day

Panel generation factor = 3

Total Wp of panel = 11687/3 =3895.67 Wp

no of 350 Wp solar panels required=

3895.67 /350=11.13

12 solar panels are required

IX solar pond. 4+3 7

Figure - 4 marks

Explanation - 3 marks

Solar pond is an artificial pond to store solar energy-

dissolved salt is used to create layers of water with
different densities — lower layer stores thermal energy
— thicker middle zone serves as insulation layer -
bottom layer temperature 60 to 90°c — surface
 temperature 38°c - application — space heating —
industrial process heating — power generation

OR

X Stand-alone solar PV systems 4+3 7

Figure- 4mark

Explanation- 3mark

( similar diagram can also be accepted )

4
 Stand-alone PV systems are used in areas that are not
easily accessible or have no access to an electric grid
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controls
of standalone PV system with battery to supply power
to the loads. This system implies battery is an energy
storage element and it can be used as a power source
when PV is insufficient for the same.

XI Selection of site for wind power plant 1* 7 7

(Any seven points )

Selection of site

● Turbines work at the best when they are located

in areas where winds are strong and persistent.

● A site should have high annual wind speed

● To be considered a good location for

wind energy, an area needs to have
average annual wind speeds of at least
12 miles per hour.

● Coastal sites are especially good

● Town centres and highly populated residential

areas are usually not suitable sites for wind
turbines.

● The distance between the turbine and the power

requirement should be less to minimise the
transmission line length and to reduce losses

● The distance of the cabling will also impact the

overall cost of the installation.

● Distance/ access to roads or rails ( to transport

 heavy machinery)

● Nature of ground : suitable for good foundation

for wind turbine

● There should be no tall obstructions for a

radius of 3 km

● Reasonable land cost

● No icing problem

● No blowing dust

OR

Wind mills. 7

XII Classification- 3 mark

Brief description or figures -4 marks

I) Horizontal axis turbine

a) Dutch type Grain Grinding

b) Multi Blade type

c) High speed propeller

2) Vertical Axis Turbine

a) Savonius type

b) Darrius type

c) H Rotor
 Dutch type

XIII Oscillating water columns . 4+3 7

Figure- (3.5 + 3.5 )mark

( similar diagram can also be accepted )

Oscillating Water Columns

 OR

XIV MHD system 7

Figure- 4mark

Labelling 3mark
 Model Question Paper II

RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PLANTS

Time: 3 Hour Max.Marks: 75

PART A

I. Answer all questions in one word or one sentence. Each question carries 1 mark.
(9*1=9 marks)
1 Define Renewable energy? M1.01 R

2 State any two advantages of small hydel power plants M1.02 R

3 State the the purpose of a heliostat? M2.02 R

4 List any two factors considered for installing a solar panel M2.02 R

5 State any two applications of wind energy. M3.01 R

6 Write any two classification of wind energy system. M3.02 R

7 Wind speed at which wind turbine starts delivering shaft M3.02 R

power is called _________.

8 Difference in water level between high tide and low tide of M4.01 R
an area is called ________

9 The process or technology for producing energy by M4.02 R

harnessing the temperature differences between ocean surface
waters and deep ocean waters is called
______________________

PART B
II. Answer any eight questions from the following, each question carries 3 marks.
(8*3=24 marks)

1 Outline the importance of renewable energy sources. M1.01 U

2 List the criterias for selection of site for small hydro power M1.02 R
plants

3 Draw a neat sketch of a fixed dome type biogas plant. M1.04 R

4 List the classification of geothermal resources M1.03 R

5 Explain with a diagram operation of a solar power tower. M2.02 U

6 Classify solar PV systems M2.03 U

7 Compare Horizontal and Vertical axis windmills. M3.02 U

8 Illustrate power generation from tide using single basin M4.01 U

system

9 Explain power generation from wave using buoys with a neat M4.01 U
diagram

10 Outline the concept of ocean thermal energy conversion M 4.02 U

PART C
Answer ALL questions. Each question carries 7 marks.

(6*7=42 marks)

III Draw the schematic diagram of binary cycle geothermal M1.03 U

power plant and explain the operations.

OR

IV Explain the working of floating drum type biogas plant with M1.04 U
 a neat sketch.

V A house has the following electrical appliance usage: M2.04 A

One 18 Watt fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast used 4

hours per day.

One 60 Watt fan used for 2 hours per day.

One 75 Watt refrigerator that runs 24 hours per day with

compressor run 12 hours and off 12 hours.

The system will be powered by 12Vdc, 110 Wp PV module.

Determine the following: -

1.Power consumption demands

2.Size of the PV panel

3.Rating of Inverter

(Assume panel generation factor=3.4 and a 30 % loss )

OR

VI 4 Nos of 12 V, 100 Ah batteries connected in parallel are to M2.04 A

be charged from a solar panel. Calculate the Number of 110
Wp solar panels required for this purpose. Assume charging
current = 1/10 of ampere hour rating

VII Explain grid connected photovoltaic system with a neat M2.03 U

block diagram.

OR

VIII With a neat sketch explain the concept of solar pond. M2.02 U

IX Explain with a neat sketch the working of a horizontal axis M3.02 U

wind mill
 OR

X Explain the Constant Speed Constant Frequency Scheme for M3.04 U

wind power generation.

OR

XI With the help of a block diagram explain basic components M3.02 U

of wind energy conversion system

XII Explain the principle of operation MHD power generation M4.04 U

with a neat sketch.

OR

XIII Summarize the operation of closed cycle ocean thermal M4.02 U

energy conversion with a block diagram
 Model Question Paper II-ANSWER KEY

RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PLANTS

Q Scoring Indicators Split Sub Total

No score Total Score

PART A 1

I. 1 Renewable energy is energy produced from sources 1

that are renewed by nature again & again and their
supply is not affected by the rate of consumption.

I. 2 2* 0.5 1
0. Clean process of power generation

a. Little Environmental Impact

b. Minimum running cost

c. Most cost effective option for power supply

because it does not suffer from the limitation on
account of fuel consumption

d. Projects are helpful in providing drinking water

and irrigation facilities.

e. Can be installed in small streams

(Any 2)

I. 3 A heliostat is a device that includes a mirror, usually a 1 1

plane mirror, which turns so as to keep reflecting
sunlight toward a predetermined target

I. 4 Direction 2* 0.5 1

tilt angle

shading

temp (Any 2)

I. 5 Electricity generation, Pumping, Heating, Farm (Any 2* 0.5 1

2)
I. 6 Horizontal axis 2* 0.5 1

Vertical axis

(Any 2)

I.7 Cut in speed 1 1

I. 8 Tidal range 1 1

I. 9 OTEC( Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) 1 1

 PART B

II. 1 importance of renewable energy sources. 3

(Any 3)

Renewable energy sources are necessary and needed 3

for the following reasons,

• The demand for energy is increasing due to rapid

industrialization and population growth. So the

conventional energy sources will not be sufficient to

meet the growing demand.

• Nonrenewable energy, such as coal and petroleum,

require costly explorations an

potentially dangerous mining and drilling, and they

will become more expensive as increases.

• Renewable energy is reliable and plentiful and will be

cheap once technology and infrastructure

improves.

• Renewable energy includes solar, wind, geothermal,

hydropower, tidal energy and biofuels that

are grown and harvested without fossil fuels.

• Conventional sources cause pollution and degrade the

environment whereas Renewable energy

produces only minute levels of carbon emissions and

therefore helps combat climate change

caused by fossil fuel usage.

• The degree of civilization of any country is measured

by the ability to utilize energy for human

advancements and needs.

II 2. criterias for selection of site for small hydro power 3

plants
 (Any 3)

Site should be close to load centers

Easy access to site for transportation of machineries etc

sufficient Water availability

Required head of water should be maintained easily

II. 3 Draw a neat sketch of a fixed dome type biogas plant. 3

2 3

1
II. 4 classification of geothermal resources 3*1 3

( Any three )

There are four main kinds of geothermal resources:

● Hydrothermal resources

o Vapor-dominated (Dry steam) fields

o Liquid-dominated (Wet steam) fields.

o Hot- water fields

● Geo pressured resources

● Hot Dry Rock resources (Petro-thermal systems)

● Magma resources

II. 5 Solar power tower 3

The solar power tower, also known as 'central tower' 1 3

power plants or 'heliostat' power plants or power towers,
is a type of solar furnace using a tower to receive the
focused sunlight.
1
It uses an array of flat, movable mirrors (called heliostats)
to focus the sun's rays upon a collector tower (the
target).
1
II. 6 Classify solar PV systems 3

1.Grid-tied System

2.Grid –tied System with Battery Backup

3.Off-grid System

II. 7 Compare Horizontal and vertical axis windmill. 3

(Any 3 comparisons)

HORIZONTAL-AXIS VERTICAL-AXIS
WIND MACHINE WIND MACHINE

Axis of rotation is parallel Rotation is

to the ground. perpendicular to the
ground.

All the blades work at a Only one blade works

time. at a time.

Wind turbine works only Wind turbine works in

for specific wind direction. all wind directions.
 More efficiency (Since all Efficiency is less
blades works at a time).

More ground area is Less area is needed ,

needed. (compared to
horizontal axis)

II.8 Single basin system 3

Figure 1,5 Marks

Explanation 1,5 Marks

● Single-basin 3

● single ebb – cycle system

● A barrage (dam) is built across the mouth of

an estuary.

● Sluice gates allow incoming tides to fill the

 basin.

● As the tide ebbs, the water is forced through

a turbine system to generate electricity.

Or

( double ebb cycle system can also be explained )

II.9 Float system. 3

Figure 1,5 Marks

Explanation 1,5 Marks

3 3

● It consists of a special floating device known as

a buoy

● They are mounted on a device that is fixed to

the ocean floor.

● The rising and falling of the waves offshore

causes the buoy to move freely up and down

● As the buoy rises and falls, it converts that

 motion into mechanical energy, which then
drives a generator.

II Ocean thermal energy conversion 3 3

10.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a process

or technology for producing energy by harnessing the
temperature differences (thermal gradients) between
ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters.

Energy from the sun heats the surface water of the

ocean. In tropical regions, surface water can be much
warmer than deep water. This temperature difference
can be used to produce electricity

heat-difference is between 20-25°C levels

PART C

III binary cycle geothermal power plant

Figure - 4 Marks

Explanation - 3 Marks 7

3 7
Here a secondary fluid is used to drive turbine (hence
the name , "binary")

The boiling point of the secondary fluid is much lower

than water

Hot geothermal fluid and this secondary fluid pass

through a heat exchanger

At heat exchanger Heat from the geothermal fluid

causes the secondary fluid to flash to vapour

This vapour travels to a turbine, which drives a

generator to produce electricity.
 OR

IV floating-drum biogas plant 7

Figure 5 Marks

Explanation 2 marks

floating-drum plant
 7

Floating-drum plants consist of an underground digester

and a moving gas-holder.

The gas-holder floats either directly on the fermentation

slurry or in a water jacket of its own.

The gas is collected in the gas drum, which rises or moves

down, according to the amount of gas stored
V A house has the following electrical appliance usage: 7

One 18 Watt fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast

used 4 hours per day.

One 60 Watt fan used for 2 hours per day.

One 75 Watt refrigerator that runs 24 hours per day

with compressor run 12 hours and off 12 hours.

The system will be powered by 12Vdc, 110 Wp PV

module.

Determine the following: -

1.Power consumption demands

2.Size of the PV panel

3.Rating of Inverter

(Assume panel generation factor=3.4)

Solution 2 7

Given data:

PV module ratings, 12Vdc 110Wp

1. Determine power consumption demands

Total appliance use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2

 hours) + (75 W x 24 x 0.5 hours)

= 1,092 Wh/day

Total PV panels energy needed = 1,092 x 1.3

= 1,419.6 Wh/day.

2. Size of the PV panel

2.1 Total Wp of PV panel capacity

needed = 1,419.6 / 3.4

= 413.9 Wp

2.2 Number of PV panels needed = 413.9 / 110

= 3.76 modules

Actual requirement = 4 modules

So this system should be powered by at least 4

modules of 110 Wp PV module.

3. Rating of Inverter 2

Total Watt of all appliances = 18 + 60 + 75 = 153 W

For safety, the inverter should be considered 25-30%

bigger size.

The inverter size should be about 190 W or greater.

OR

VI 4 Nos of 12 V, 100 Ah batteries connected in parallel

are to be charged from a solar panel. Calculate the
 Number of 110 Wp solar panels required for this
purpose .Assume charging current = 1/10 of ampere
hour rating

Battery Voltage = 12 V

No of batteries = 4

Total Ampere hour rating = 4 x 100 =400 Ah

Charging current = 400/10 = 40 A

Total power output required from solar panel = 40 x 12

= 480 W

Number of solar panels required = 480/110 = 4.5

=5

VII Explain grid connected photovoltaic system.

(Si 4
milar block diagrams can also be accepted )

Grid connected PV system consists of a matrix of

PV arrays, which converts the sunlight to DC
power, a power conditioning unit (PCU) that
converts the DC power to an AC power. The
generated AC power is injected into the UG or
utilized by the local loads. In a grid-connected
system, the grid acts as a backup and there is no
need for battery storage unless there is a power
outage problem. The grid-connected system is
connected to the utility grid with two metering
 system. It may be a small roof top system owned
and operated by the house owner or a relatively
3
bigger system, meant for the whole village. It meets
day time requirements without any battery and
surplus power is fed to the grid. During peak hours
and during nights, the energy shortage may be met
from grid

OR

VIII Solar Pond

Solar pond is an artificial pond to store solar energy-

dissolved salt is used to create layers of water with
different densities — lower layer stores thermal energy
— thicker middle zone serves as insulation layer -
bottom layer temperature 60 to 90°c — surface
temperature 38°c - application — space heating —
industrial process heating — power generation

IX Explain with a neat sketch the working of a horizontal 7

axis wind mill.
 7

• It consists of a wind turbine or rotor, windmill head,

tail vane, and WIND supporting structure.

• Horizontal axis wind turbines are of mono blade type

or multi-blade type.

• The rotor blades are made up of metal or composite

materials such as glass-reinforced plastics.

• In this type, the rotor drives a generator through a

step-up gearbox. 3
• The rotor is located either upwind or downwind of the
tower.

• The components are mounted on a bedplate which is

attached to a pintle at the top of the tower.

• The windmill head performs the following functions:

It supports the rotor housing and the rotor bearings.

It also houses control mechanisms such as

transmission systems, coupling, safety devices.

• The supporting structure is designed to withstand the

wind load during operation.

• The rotor blades are continuously flexed by unsteady

aerodynamic, gravitational, and inertia loads when the
machine is in operation.
 • If the blades are made of metal, flexing reduces their
fatigue life with rotors.

• The tower is also subjected to the above loads, which

may cause serious damage.

X Explain the Constant Speed Constant Frequency 7

Scheme for wind power generation.

Constant speed drives are used for large generators that

feed the generated power to the grid. Commonly
synchronous generators (alternator) or squirrel cage
induction generators (IG) are used for power
generation.

If the stator of an induction machine is connected to the

power grid and if the rotor is driven above
Synchronous Speed Ns, the machine delivers a
constant line frequency (f = PNs/120) power to the
4
grid. The slip of the generators is between 0 and 0.05.
The torque of the machine should not exceed max.
Torque to prevent run away (speed continues to
increase unchecked).

Compared to synchronous generator, Induction

generators are preferred because they are simpler,
economical, easier to operate, control and maintain and
 have no synchronization problem. However,
Capacitors (Capacitors bank) have to be used to avoid
reactive volt ampere burden on the grid (Reactive
power required by the Induction Generator can be
supplied by installing the Capacitor)

OR

XI Basic components of wind energy conversion system 7

Wind Turbine :
4
● Converts kinetic energy of wind to mechanical
energy

Mechanical interface

It includes

● Brake : Stops the rotor in emergencies.

● Gear box : Connects the low-speed shaft to

the high-speed shaft and increases the
rotational speeds from about 30-60 rpm, to
about 1,000-1,800 rpm 3
Controller

● It senses the various parameters and

take appropriate control action

● It Protects the turbine from strong wind

 speed operation

Generator :

● Produces 50-cycle Alternating emf .

● Induction generators are often used

XII MHD power generation. 7

Figure- 3 Marks

Explanation - 4 Marks

4 7

Basic principle - Faradays law of electromagnetic 4

induction

In MHD generator electrical energy is directly

generated from hot combustion gases produced by the
combustion of the fuel without moving parts.

Instead of making charges move in a magnetic field via

a rotating armature, a plasma of electrons and positive
ions expands through a nozzle and moves at supersonic
speed through a magnetic field.
 This flow (motion) of the conducting plasma through
the magnetic field causes a voltage to be generated
(and an associated current to flow)

Direction of induced emf is perpendicular to both the

plasma flow and the magnetic field according to
Fleming`s Right Hand Rule.

OR

XIII Describe the closed cycle ocean thermal energy 7

conversion.

Figure- 4 Marks

Explanation - 3 Marks

Ammonia or propane is used as working fluid. The

warm ocean surface water is pumped into the
evaporator to extract the heat from the ocean water. 3
This heat is transferred into the working fluid and
transferred to turbine
4