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Tidal Energy: Mayank Goyal

The document discusses tidal energy and tidal power generation. It begins by describing tides and tidal ranges around the world. It then explains the basic principle of tidal power generation using a pond and sluice gates. Next, it describes the origin and nature of tides due to gravitational forces from the moon and sun. The document outlines different tidal energy conversion schemes including single basin, double basin, and paired basin designs. It concludes by discussing site requirements, advantages, disadvantages of tidal power, and potential tidal power sites in India.

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Mayank Goyal
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222 views31 pages

Tidal Energy: Mayank Goyal

The document discusses tidal energy and tidal power generation. It begins by describing tides and tidal ranges around the world. It then explains the basic principle of tidal power generation using a pond and sluice gates. Next, it describes the origin and nature of tides due to gravitational forces from the moon and sun. The document outlines different tidal energy conversion schemes including single basin, double basin, and paired basin designs. It concludes by discussing site requirements, advantages, disadvantages of tidal power, and potential tidal power sites in India.

Uploaded by

Mayank Goyal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tidal Energy

Mayank Goyal
Introduction
• Oceans cover nearly 71% of the earth’s
surface.
• The level of water in oceans rises and falls
predictably as tides due to the relative
positions of the Sun, Earth and Moon.
• The highest level of tidal water is known as
flood tide or high tide.
• The lowest level is known as low tide or ebb.
• The level difference between high tide and
low tide is known as tidal range.
• The tidal range varies with location. Sites with
tidal range of 5 m or more is considered for
power generation.
• The basic principle used for generation
consisted of a pond filled through sluice (rapid
controlled gates) when tides are high and
emptying it during low tides via a waterwheel,
producing mechanical power.
Origin and Nature of Tides
• Tides are produced by the gravitational
attraction of the moon and sun acting upon
the earth.
• The moon exerts greater gravitational force on
earth as it is much closer to earth than sun.
• Surface water is pulled away from the earth
surface facing the moon and at the same time
solid earth is pulled away from the water on
the side facing opposite to the moon.
• Due to slight difference of periods, the solar tides
moves in and out of phase with the lunar tide.
• When the sun, earth and moon are aligned in
conjunction, the lunar and solar tides are in
phase, producing net tides of maximum range.
These are called spring tides occurring twice per
lunar month at times of both full and new moon.
• When sun-earth and moon-earth directions are
perpendicular to each other, the solar and lunar
tides are out of phase, producing net tides of
minimum range. These are called neap tides that
again occur twice per month at half moon.
Tidal Range Power
• Consider water
trapped at high tide
in a basin of area A,
and allowed to run
out through a turbine
at low tide as shown
in figure.
• The potential energy in the mass of water
stored in incremental head dh above the head
h is:

but
So
Total potential energy stored in basin for tidal
range R will be:
where ρ = density of water
g = Gravitational constant
As the time between consecutive high and low tide is 6 hrs and 12.5
minutes ( = 22,350 seconds), so stored energy can be utilized in this
period.
Assuming average sea-water density of 1025 kg/m3, the average
theoretical power generated in one filling or emptying cycle of the
basin will be:
• Let the minimum head of the basin is r below
which the turbine operation becomes
uneconomical.
Ocean Tidal Energy Conversion Schemes
• The main tidal energy conversion schemes
are:
– Single basin: single effect
– Single basin: double effect
– Two basin: linked basin
– Two basin: paired basin
Single Basin: Single Effect Scheme
Single Basin : Single Effect scheme
• This scheme has only
one basin.
• Power is generated
either during filling or
emptying the basin.
• Two types of
operation cycles are
possible:
– Ebb generation cycle
– Flood generation cycle
Ebb Generation Cycle
• Sequence of Operation
– Sluice ways (Gates) opened during high tide
– Basin is filled
– Sluice ways closed after the basin is filled
– Water is allowed to settle
– Turbine gates are opened and generation starts till
the water level reaches its minimum head.
• Power Generation is intermittent (not
continuous).
Single – Basin: Double Effect Scheme
Single Basin : Double Effect Scheme

• Power is generated during


both high tide and low tide.
• Reversible hydraulic turbines
are used for this scheme.
• Sequence of operation:
– Gates opened during high
tide
– Holding period
– Power generation during
high tide
– Gates opened during low
tide
– Holding period
– Power generation during
low tide.
Two – Basin : Linked Basin Scheme

• In this scheme a single larger basin is divided


into two basins called high basin and low
basin. These basins are separated by means
of a partition barrage.
• The Main Barrage is Built between the Sea and the Two
Basins.
– High basin gets periodically filled during every high tide
from ocean water through sluice Sh.
– Low basin gets periodically emptied by flow to ocean
through sluice Sl during low
– Turbine-generator set(s) are installed in the partition
barrage. Water flows from high basin to low basin is
through turbines. This flow is controlled such that
continuous power is obtained from the plant, without
waiting for tidal sequence. High basin acts as an energy
reservoir.
– The capacities of the two basins should be large enough in
relation to the water flow through the turbines so that
fluctuations in head of water (the difference in levels
between high basin and low basin) during power
generation is minimized.
Two – Basin : Paired Basin Scheme
• In this scheme, power is generated during low
tide and high tide.
• During high tide, high basin is filled by sluice
Sh while low basin is filled via turbine.
• During low tide, high basin discharges via
turbine while low basin is discharged via Sl.
Site Requirements for a Tidal Power Scheme:
A favorable site for tide power scheme should
meet with the following requirements:
– The site should have a large tidal range.
– Capable of storing a large quantity of water for
energy production with minimum dam or barrage
construction.
– To achieve a high storage capacity, the site should
be located in a shore.
– It should be near to a load centre to minimize the
transmission requirements.
Advantages of Tidal Power:
• Tidal power is completely independent of the
precipitation (rain) and its uncertainty.
• Large area of valuable land is not required.
• It is inexhaustible and a renewable source of
energy.
• It is free from pollution.
• When a tidal power plant works in combination
with thermal or hydroelectric system, peak
demand can be effectively met with.
• The net-cost of power generated is quite low.
Disadvantages/Limitations of Tidal Power:
• Due to variation in tidal range the output is not
uniform.
• Since the turbines have to work on a wide range of
head variation (due to variable tidal range) the plant
efficiency is affected.
• There is a fear of machinery being corroded due to
corrosive sea water.
• It is difficult to carry out construction in sea.
• As compared to other sources of energy, the tidal
power plant is costly.
• Sedimentation and silteration of basins are the
problems associated with tidal power plants.
• The power transmission cost is high because the tidal
power plants are located away from load centres.
Potential sites in India
• Gulf of Kutch (Gujarat)
• Gulf of Khambhat (Gujarat)
• Sunderbans Delta (West Bengal)
• Gulf of Cambay (Gujarat)
• Pitts Creek (West Bengal)

As of March 2017, India announced of its 7500 Km long


coastline, where the height of high tide was recorded over
5 mtrs higher than the low tide which can essentially
capture the potential tidal power.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy estimated that
the country can produce 7000 MW of power in the Gulf of
Khambhat in Gujarat, 1200 MW of power in the Gulf of
Kutch in Gujarat and about 100 MW of power in the
Gangetic delta of Sunderbans in West Bengal.
Numerical Example 1
• A tidal power plant of single-basin type, has a basin
area of 24 km2. The tide has a range of 10 m. The
turbine stops operation when the head on it falls below
3m. Calculate the average power generated during one
filling/emptying process in MW if the turbine-
generator efficiency is 75 percent. Density of sea water
= 1025 kg/m3; g = 9.8 m/s2.

Solution:
• Given- A = 24 km2 = 24 x 106 m2; R = 10 m; r = 3 m (the
head before turbine stops operating); η = 0.75; ρ =
1025 kg/m3; g = 9.81 m/s2.
Numerical Example 2
• A single basin type tidal power plant has a
basin area of 2 km2 . The tide has an average
range of 13 m. Power is generated during ebb
cycle only. The turbine stops operating when
the head on it falls below 3 m. Calculate the
average power generated by the plant in
single emptying process of the basin if the
turbine generator efficiency is 0.7. Estimate
the average annual energy generation of the
plant.
Numerical Example 3
Thank You

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