Republic of the Philippines

North Eastern Mindanao State University

Bislig Campus
Maharlika, Bislig City, Surigao del Sur

PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS

A LABORATORY ACTIVITY REPORT

Presented to:
ENGR. ALBERTO E. LASTIMADO, JR., MSENE

Mechanical Engineering Program

College of Engineering
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Bislig Campus

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Subject Course
MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(BES 111/ BES 111L)

Presented by:
Oplas, Bernie A.

SEPTEMBER 21, 2024

Introduction
Properties and Characteristics of Materials are the building blocks of
everything around us. From the clothes we wear to the buildings we live
in, materials play a crucial role in our everyday lives. Understanding the
properties and characteristics of materials is essential for engineers,
designers, and scientists to develop new products, improve existing ones,
and solve real-world problems.

One of the key properties is its mechanical strength. This refers to the
ability of a material to withstand external forces without breaking or
deforming. For example, steel is known for its high mechanical strength,
which is why it is commonly used in construction and engineering
projects. On the other hand, materials like rubber have lower mechanical
strength but are more flexible, making them suitable for applications
where resilience is more important than rigidity.

Another important property of materials is their thermal conductivity. This

refers to the ability of a material to conduct heat. Materials like metals
have high thermal conductivity, which allows them to quickly transfer heat
from one area to another. In contrast, materials like wood have low
thermal conductivity, making them good insulators that help retain heat.
Understanding the thermal conductivity of materials is crucial in designing
energy-efficient buildings, electronic devices, and other products.

Additionally, materials can exhibit different electrical conductivity

properties. Conductors like copper and aluminum allow electricity to flow
freely, while insulators like rubber and plastic resist the flow of electricity.
Semiconductors like silicon have properties in between conductors and
insulators, making them essential in the production of electronic devices
like transistors and diodes. Engineers and scientists must carefully select
materials with the right electrical conductivity properties for specific
applications to ensure optimal performance and safety.
Assessment Task
I. Supply the necessary information of properties and characteristics of
materials.

Physical Summary Importance Applications

Properties
Density Degree of Allows us to Density is
consistency determine what commonly used in
measured by the substances will fields like
quantity of mass float and what construction,
per unit volume. substances will shipping, cooking,
sink when placed and environmental
in a liquid. science
Boiling Point The temperature Provide Method called
at which a liquid estimates of a fractional
boils and turns to chemical’s distillation, or
vapor. vapour pressure differential
distillation, has
been developed for
certain
applications, such
as petroleum
refining
Color The property Color can play an Color is used to
possessed by an important role in organize life and
object of conveying bring order, like
producing information, stop lights, or
different creating certain yellow versus white
sensations on the moods, and even directional stripes
eye as a result of influencing the on the road, or
the way the decisions people when some very
object reflects or make. organized people
emits light. color code
Conductivity The degree to Conductivity is Measure the quality
which a specified useful as a of water in
 material conducts general measure wastewater facility
electricity, of water quality. for treatment –
calculated as the Each water body corrosion
ratio of the tends to have a measurement, etc.
current density in relatively
the material to constant range
the electric field of conductivity
that causes the that, once
flow of current. It established, can
is the reciprocal be used as a
of the resistivity. baseline for
comparison with
regular
conductivity
measurements.
Volume Amount of space It is also known House Cleaning: All
that a substance as the capacity the major
or object of the object. housekeeping
occupies, or that Finding the cleaning tasks
is enclosed within volume of an involve the use of
a container, object can help volume. · Cooking:
especially when us to determine The number of
great. the amount measuring spoons
required to fill
that object, like
the amount of
water needed to
fill a bottle, an
aquarium or a
water tank.
Hardness The quality or Resistance to The application of
condition of being wear by either hardness testing
hard. friction or enables you to
erosion from evaluate a
steam, oil, and material’s
water generally properties, such as
 increases with strength, ductility
hardness. and wear
resistance,
Mass Coherent, Mass is Mass is used in our
typically large important lives in two ways –
body of matter because of two as matter, and as
with no definite major factors energy. Every
shape. affecting how matter that we use
things move in in our day to day
space: inertia lives – food, usable
and gravity. articles, matter that
changes shape and
quality is composed
of mass and
energy. Matter
itself is solidified
energy.
Temperature The degree or Temperature plays
intensity of heat Closely regulated a crucial role in
present in a temperature is medical care (both
substance or imperative for humans and
object, especially normal and animals), food,
as expressed efficient beverages, and
according to a functioning of agriculture.
comparative scale organ systems
and shown by a
thermometer or
perceived by
touch.
Malleability The ability to be Malleability is an These materials
easily changed important can be easily
into a new shape property for shaped and formed
many into the desired
applications that shape, making
involve shaping them ideal for
metals. complex designs
 that require precise
measurements.
Another important
application of
malleability is in
the manufacturing
of electrical wires
and cables.
Odor Distinctive smell, Odors can The natural gas
especially an influence many industry uses odor
unpleasant one. aspects of our to enable
lives, such as consumers to
memory, mood, identify leaks.
and emotion Natural gas in its
native state is
colorless and
almost odorless.
Solubility The ability to be Solubility plays a Sugar cubes added
dissolved, critical role in to a cup of tea or
especially in drug coffee are a
water. effectiveness. common example
of a solution.
Viscosity The state of being Viscosity is a Printing. A viscosity
thick, sticky, and crucial factor in control system
semifluid in determining the measures the
consistency, due friction loss, due thickness of the ink
to internal to the shear used in a printing
friction. energy in a fluid press.
process system
Ductility The quality of Ductility is High ductility is
being pliable and important when critical in
flexible considering applications such
engineering as metal cables and
designs or structural beams.
manufacturing Gold, silver and
processes. platinum are
 ductile metals. So
are most
aluminium alloys.
Length The measurement This can tell you For making or
or extent of how far away the purchasing
something from nearest town is, clothes,shoes and
end to end; the the width of a other wearable
greater of two or fridge or your items we use
the greatest of height. different lengths
three dimensions which are
of a body. appropriate as the
measurements of
our body.
Luster A gentle sheen or Luster is a very Metals with luster,
soft glow, important such as gold, silver,
especially that of property that can and copper, are
a partly reflective help us to used in daily life for
surface. identify minerals jewelry, coins,
kitchen utensils,
decorative objects,
and electronics.
Resistivity Measure of the Resistivity is Saturation and
resisting power of useful in salinity estimation.
a specified comparing
material to the various materials
flow of an electric on the basis of
current. their ability to
conduct electric
currents.
Extensive A property that Extensive If you have a gas in
properties
depends on the properties play a a container, the
amount of matter crucial role in the mass of the gas (an
in a sample classification and extensive property)
analysis of will linearly
different increase as you add
substances, more gas to the
 providing container, thus
valuable insights increasing the
system’s size.
Weight Body’s relative Maintaining a The Monitor Your
mass or the healthy weight Weight app enables
quantity of matter can help you feel the user to set
contained by it, good and have weight goals and
giving rise to a energy to do the monitor the weight
downward force; things you want of 1 or many
the heaviness of a to do. people.
person or thing.
Texture The feel, Texture is We use textures to
appearance, or important in decorate our
consistency of a determining the homes and
surface or eating quality of classrooms. In a
substance. foods and can student’s home and
have a strong learning
influence on food environment, it is
intake and important to
nutrition. choose patterns
that make them
feel a sense of
peace. Using
textures can also
help differentiate
areas of the home.

II. Supply the necessary information of properties and characteristics of

materials.

Mechanical Summary Importance Applications

Properties
Hardness Resistance to Resistance to High-performance
indentation or wear and manufacturing and
scratching. abrasion: Harder performance
 materials are evaluation based
more resistant to on mechanical
scratching and principles will
wear, making include
them suitable for considerations of
applications like residual stress and
cutting tools, surface tension
bearings, and
flooring.
Ductility Ability to be Formability: Ductile materials
drawn into a wire. Ductile materials like steel and brass
can be easily are used to
shaped into manufacture
complex springs of various
components shapes and sizes.
through
processes like
drawing,
bending, and
stamping.
Toughness Ability to absorb Tough materials Tough materials
energy before can improve the can absorb energy
fracturing. performance of from impacts,
products and preventing
systems. For catastrophic
instance, tough failures. This is
polymers are crucial in
used in sports applications like
equipment to helmets, car
enhance bumpers, and
durability and machine
impact components.
resistance.
Strength Ability to resist Engineers Strong materials
deformation consider strength like steel and cast
under load. when designing iron are used to
 products, manufacture
ensuring they machinery
can perform their components that
intended can withstand
functions without heavy loads and
breaking or stresses.
deforming.
Brittleness Tendency to Brittle materials Brittle materials
fracture without like porcelain, like glass,
significant plastic glass, and ceramics, and
certain plastics certain steels are
are excellent used to create
electrical knives, blades, and
insulators. cutting tools due to
their ability to
maintain sharp
edges.
Fatigue Failure of a Fatigue life is a Fatigue analysis is
material under mechanical and essential for
repeated stress. scientific term designing turbine
that relates to blades, which
how long an experience high
object or cyclic stresses due
material will last to the rotating
before motion of the
completely engine.
failing because
of
concentrated ..
Malleability Ability to be Malleable Malleable metals
hammered or materials are like copper, nickel,
pressed into ideal for and zinc are used
shape. manufacturing to mint coins and
processes like medals.
forging,
stamping, and
 rolling, where the
material is
shaped by
applying
pressure
Plasticity Ability to undergo Plasticity allows Plastic materials,
permanent materials to be which are
deformation formed into inherently plastic,
without fracture. complex and are used to
intricate shapes manufacture a wide
that would be range of products,
difficult or including
impossible to packaging, toys,
achieve with electronics, and
brittle materials. automotive
components.
Elasticity Ability to return to Elastic materials
its original shape can absorb
after deformation. energy from
impacts or loads
and release it
without
permanent
deformation. This
makes them
durable and
resilient.
Stiffness Resistance to Stiff materials Stiff materials like
elastic can support steel and aluminum
deformation. heavy loads are used to
without construct vehicle
excessive frames that need to
deformation, be rigid and
ensuring the durable.
structural
integrity of
 buildings,
bridges, and
other structures.
Tensile strength Maximum stress a Materials with Tensile strength is
material can high tensile important for
withstand before strength can materials used in
breaking. withstand towers and masts,
significant loads as they are
without failing, subjected to pulling
ensuring the forces from wind
structural and other
integrity of environmental
buildings, factors.
bridges, and
other structures.
Resilience Ability to store Resilient Resilient materials
and release materials are like foam and
energy elastically. less prone to composite
fatigue failure, materials are used
which occurs due in helmets to
to repeated absorb impacts and
stresses. protect the head.
Wear resistance Ability to resist Wear-resistant Wear-resistant
abrasion or materials can materials like steel
erosion. maintain their alloys and ceramics
integrity and are used in mining
functionality over machinery like
extended crushers, grinders,
periods, reducing and excavators to
the need for withstand the
frequent repairs abrasive conditions.
or replacements.
Strain Deformation of a Strain is used to Strain analysis is
material in determine used in research to
response to material study the behavior
stress. properties like of materials under
 Young’s different conditions.
modulus,
Poisson’s ratio,
and yield
strength.
Hardenability Ability to be Hardenability is a Cutting tools (drills,
hardened through critical factor milling cutters,
heat treatment. when selecting saws) require high
materials for hardenability for
applications that durability and
require a specific sharpness.
level of
hardness.
Shear Force applied The shear Shear analysis is
parallel to the strength of used to design
surface of a materials is a structures like
material. factor to consider bridges, buildings,
when selecting and aircraft to
materials for ensure they can
applications that withstand shear
involve shear forces without
forces. failing
Poisson’s ratio Ratio of lateral Poisson’s ratio is Poisson’s ratio is
strain to axial a fundamental used to calculate
strain. property that the lateral
helps deformation of
characterize the materials under
elastic behavior axial stress, which
of materials. It is crucial for
provides insights designing
into the structures like
material’s buildings, bridges,
response to and machines.
stress and strain.
Density Mass per unit Deviations from Density is
volume. the expected important for
 density of a handling and
substance can transporting
indicate materials, as it
impurities or determines the
contamination. weight and volume
of substances.
Machinability Ease of machining Determines how Machinable metals
a material. easily a material like steel,
can be cut, aluminum, and
drilled, or brass are used to
machined. It’s a manufacture
crucial factor in machine
manufacturing components like
processes, as it gears, shafts, and
affects the bearings.
efficiency, cost,
and quality of
production.
Specific modulus Modulus of Materials with Materials with high
elasticity per unit high specific specific modulus,
density. modulus resist like high-strength
deformation steel and concrete,
under load, are used to build
ensuring that strong and durable
structures bridges while
maintain their minimizing weight.
shape and
function. This is
essential in
applications
where precision
and stability are
critical.
Anisotropy Having different Anisotropy can Anisotropic
properties in affect the composites, like
different processing of carbon fiber
 directions. materials. For reinforced plastics,
instance, are used in
anisotropic aerospace,
materials may automotive, and
require different construction
cutting or industries due to
machining their high strength-
techniques to to-weight ratio and
achieve desired customizable
properties. properties.
Conductivity Ability to conduct High-conductivity Conductors like
heat or electricity. materials are copper and
used in power aluminum are used
lines to minimize in wires, cables,
energy loss and printed circuit
during boards to facilitate
transmission. the flow of
electrical current.
Creep Time-dependent Understanding Creep testing is
deformation creep is essential essential for
under constant for selecting evaluating the
stress. appropriate long-term
These properties materials for performance of
are essential in applications turbine blades,
selecting where long-term which operate
materials for load-bearing is under high
various required. temperatures and
applications, as Materials with stresses.
they determine a high creep
material's resistance are
suitability for preferred in such
specific tasks. cases.
Slip Act of sliding Slip can lead to Slip is essential for
unintentionally for work hardening, drawing wires and
a short distance. where a material tubes from metal
becomes rods.
 stronger and less
ductile as it is
deformed. This is
a common
phenomenon in
metals and alloys

III. Supply the necessary information of properties and characteristics of

materials.

Chemical
Properties Summary Importance Applications
Flammability This refers to a * Safety: Highly * Fireproofing:
substance’s flammable Materials with low
ability to ignite substances pose flammability are
and burn. Highly a fire hazard and used in applications
flammable must be handled where fire safety is
substances catch with care in critical, such as
fire easily and storage, building insulation,
burn quickly. transportation, textiles, and
and use. electrical
* Industrial components.
processes: * Combustion:
Flammability is Flammable
essential in fuels materials are used
and combustion as fuels in various
processes used applications,
for heating, including power
cooking, and generation,
generating heating, and
power. transportation.
Enthalpy of This is the *Thermochemistr * Thermodynamic
formation amount of heat y: This property analysis: This
absorbed or is used to property is used to
released when calculate the calculate the
one mole of a enthalpy energy changes
compound is changes of involved in
formed from its chemical chemical reactions,
constituent reactions. which is essential
elements in their * Bond energies: for understanding
standard states. It can be used to the behavior of
estimate the materials during
strength of processing and use.
chemical bonds. * Material design:
By understanding
the enthalpy of
formation of
different materials,
scientists can
design materials
with specific energy
storage or release
properties.
Reactivity This measures * Chemical * Corrosion
how readily a reactions: resistance:
substance Reactivity Materials with low
undergoes a determines how reactivity are more
chemical reaction readily a resistant to
with other substance corrosion, which is
substances. undergoes essential in
Highly reactive chemical applications like
substances are reactions, which construction,
more likely to is crucial in fields automotive, and
participate in like chemistry, aerospace.
chemical materials * Catalysis:
reactions. science, and Reactive materials
pharmaceuticals. are often used as
 * Stability: Less catalysts to
reactive accelerate chemical
substances are reactions, which is
generally more crucial in processes
stable and less like refining,
prone to chemical
degradation or production, and
decomposition. environmental
remediation.
Toxicity This refers to a * Health and * Biocompatibility:
substance’s safety: Toxic Materials used in
ability to cause substances can medical implants
harm to living pose a health and devices must
organisms. Toxic risk if ingested, have low toxicity to
substances can inhaled, or ensure they are
be harmful if absorbed safe for human use.
ingested, inhaled, through the skin. * Environmental
or absorbed Proper handling, impact: The toxicity
through the skin. storage, and of materials is
disposal are considered when
essential to assessing their
prevent potential
exposure. environmental
* Environmental impact, especially
impact: Toxic in applications like
substances can electronics and
contaminate the packaging.
environment and
harm
ecosystems.
Coordination This is the * Molecular * Crystal structure:
number
number of atoms structure: The The coordination
or ions directly coordination number of atoms in
bonded to a number of a a material
central atom in a central atom determines its
molecule or determines the crystal structure,
 complex ion. geometry of a which influences its
molecule or properties like
complex ion. strength, hardness,
* Chemical and conductivity.
properties: The * Material design:
coordination By controlling the
number can coordination
influence the number of atoms,
chemical scientists can
properties of a design materials
compound, such with specific
as its reactivity properties, such as
and stability. high-temperature
resistance or
catalytic activity.
Oxidation states These are the * Redox * Corrosion: The
hypothetical reactions: oxidation state of
charges assigned Oxidation states atoms in a material
to atoms in a are used to can affect its
molecule based balance redox susceptibility to
on a set of rules. reactions and corrosion.
They indicate the predict the * Battery
relative oxidation products of these technology:
level of an atom. reactions. Oxidation states
* Chemical are crucial in the
properties: The design of batteries,
oxidation state of as they determine
an atom can the electrochemical
affect its reactions that occur
chemical during charging
properties, such and discharging.
as its acidity or
reactivity.
Chemical stability This refers to a * Storage and * Durability:
substance’s handling: Stable Chemically stable
resistance to substances are materials are more
 decomposition or generally easier durable and
change in its to store and resistant to
chemical handle as they degradation,
composition. are less likely to making them
Stable substances decompose or suitable for
are less likely to react with other applications like
undergo chemical substances. construction,
reactions. * Materials electronics, and
science: automotive
Chemical components.
stability is * Storage and
important in handling: The
materials used in chemical stability
various of materials affects
applications, their storage
such as requirements and
construction, handling
electronics, and procedures.
pharmaceuticals.
Color This is the * Identification: * Pigments and
perceived color of Color can be dyes: Colored
a substance. The used to identify materials are used
color of a substances, as pigments and
substance can be especially in dyes in various
influenced by its qualitative applications,
chemical analysis. including paints,
composition and * Aesthetics: textiles, and
structure. Color is often plastics.
important in * Optical materials:
industries such The color
as food, properties of
cosmetics, and materials can be
textiles. important in optical
applications like
lenses, filters, and
lasers.
Density This is the mass * Materials * Structural
per unit volume of science: Density materials: The
a substance. A is a crucial density of materials
denser substance property in is a key factor in
has a higher mass materials their strength and
in a given science, as it weight, which is
volume. affects the important in
strength, applications like
durability, and construction,
other physical aerospace, and
properties of automotive.
materials. * Fluid dynamics:
* Engineering: The density of
Density is materials affects
considered in their behavior in
engineering fluid flows, which is
design for relevant in
applications such applications like
as structural hydraulics and
components and aerodynamics.
fluid dynamics.
Acidity This refers to a * Chemical * Corrosion: The
substance’s reactions: Acidity acidity of materials
ability to donate influences the can affect their
hydrogen ions rates and susceptibility to
(H+) in a solution. products of corrosion.
Acids have a pH chemical * Chemical
lower than 7. reactions. processing: The
* Biological acidity of materials
processes: is often controlled
Acidity plays a in chemical
vital role in processes to
biological ensure desired
processes, such reactions occur.
as digestion and
enzyme activity.
 Heat of This is the * Energy * Energy storage:
combustion
amount of heat production: The Materials with high
released when heat of heats of
one mole of a combustion is combustion are
substance is important in used as fuels for
burned fuels used for energy storage and
completely in heating, cooking, generation.
oxygen. and power * Thermodynamic
generation. analysis: The heat
* of combustion is
Thermochemistry used in
: It is used in thermodynamic
thermochemical calculations to
calculations to evaluate the
determine the energy efficiency of
energy released materials and
or absorbed in processes.
combustion
reactions.

IV. Supply the necessary information of properties and characteristics of

materials.

Thermal
Properties Summary Importance Applications
Specific Heat This is the * Heat storage: * Application:
amount of heat Materials with Measures the
required to raise high specific amount of heat
the temperature heat can store required to raise
of one unit of more heat the temperature of
mass of a energy for a a unit mass of a
substance by one given substance by one
degree Celsius or temperature degree Celsius.
Kelvin. It change. This is * Example: Used in
measures a important in determining the
substance's applications like energy required to
 ability to store heat sinks, heat or cool
heat. thermal materials, such as
batteries, and in heating systems,
phase change cooling systems,
materials. and cooking.
* Thermal
comfort:
Materials with
high specific
heat can help
maintain
comfortable
temperatures in
buildings and
clothing.
Heat capacity This is the * Heat transfer: * Application:
amount of heat The heat Measures the total
required to raise capacity of a amount of heat
the temperature material required to raise
of a given mass of determines how the temperature of
a substance by much heat it can a given mass of a
one degree absorb or release substance by one
Celsius or Kelvin. before its degree Celsius.
It is the product of temperature * Example: Used in
the specific heat changes designing thermal
and the mass of significantly. This storage systems,
the substance. is important in such as solar water
applications like heaters and phase
heat exchangers, change materials.
thermal
insulation, and
cooling systems.
* Energy
storage:
Materials with
high heat
 capacity can
store more
thermal energy,
which is valuable
in applications
like solar thermal
energy storage
and thermal
power plants.
Thermal This is the rate at * Heat transfer: * Application:
conductivity
which heat is Materials with Measures the rate
transferred high thermal at which heat is
through a conductivity conducted through
material. A efficiently a material.
material with high transfer heat, * Example: Used in
thermal which is selecting materials
conductivity important in for insulation, heat
conducts heat applications like sinks, and heat
efficiently, while a heat sinks, heat exchangers.
material with low exchangers, and
thermal electronic
conductivity is a cooling.
poor conductor of * Thermal
heat. insulation:
Materials with
low thermal
conductivity are
used as
insulators to
minimize heat
transfer, which is
important in
applications like
building
insulation,
refrigerators, and
 ovens.
Melting point This is the * Material * Application:
temperature at processing: The Measures the
which a solid melting point of temperature at
substance a material which a solid
changes into a determines the substance changes
liquid state. temperature to a liquid state.
required for its * Example: Used in
processing, such selecting materials
as casting, for applications
forging, and that require a
welding. specific melting
* Thermal point, such as
stability: soldering and
Materials with casting.
high melting
points are more
resistant to
deformation and
degradation at
elevated
temperatures.
Thermal This is the rate at * Heat transfer: * Application:
diffusivity
which heat The thermal Measures the rate
diffuses through a diffusivity of a at which heat is
material. It is a material conducted through
measure of how determines how a material relative
quickly heat can quickly heat can to its ability to
spread spread through store heat.
throughout a it. This is * Example: Used in
material. important in designing
applications like electronic
heat exchangers, components, where
electronic thermal diffusivity
cooling, and is important for
thermal imaging. preventing
 * Thermal shock overheating.
resistance:
Materials with
low thermal
diffusivity are
less susceptible
to thermal shock,
which is
important in
applications like
cookware, glass,
and ceramic
components.
Thermal shock This is a * Material * Application:
resistance
material’s ability durability: Measures the
to withstand Materials with ability of a material
sudden changes high thermal to withstand
in temperature shock resistance sudden changes in
without cracking can withstand temperature.
or breaking. sudden * Example: Used in
Materials with temperature selecting materials
high thermal changes without for applications
shock resistance cracking or that experience
can tolerate rapid breaking. This is frequent
heating or important in temperature
cooling. applications like fluctuations, such
cookware, as cookware and
glassware, and turbine blades.
engine
components.
* Reliability:
Thermal shock
resistance is
essential in
applications
where materials
 are exposed to
rapid
temperature
fluctuations,
such as
aerospace
components and
high-
temperature
equipment.

V. Supply the necessary information of properties and characteristics of

materials.

Electrical
Properties Summary Importance Applications
Dielectric This is the * Insulation: It * Insulation: Used
strength maximum electric determines the in materials like
field that a maximum plastic, rubber, and
material can voltage a glass to insulate
withstand before material can electrical wires,
breaking down withstand before cables, and
and conducting breaking down components,
electricity. It’s a and conducting preventing
measure of a electricity. electrical leakage
material’s ability * Capacitors: It and shocks.
to insulate influences the * Capacitors:
against electrical capacitance of Determines the
current. capacitors, which maximum voltage a
store electrical capacitor can store
energy. before breaking
* Electrical down.
safety: Materials * Transformers:
with high Used in the
 dielectric insulation of
strength are transformer
essential for windings to prevent
insulating electrical short
electrical circuits.
components and
preventing
electrical shocks.
Electrocaloric This is a property * Cooling and * Solid-state
coefficient of certain heating: refrigeration: Used
materials that Materials with in materials like
exhibit a change high polymers and
in temperature electrocaloric ferroelectrics to
when subjected to coefficients can create solid-state
an electric field. be used for solid- cooling devices
The electrocaloric state without moving
coefficient refrigeration and parts.
quantifies how heating * Temperature
much the applications. sensors: Can be
temperature * Energy used to measure
changes per unit efficiency: temperature
electric field. Electrocaloric changes based on
cooling systems changes in
can potentially electrical
be more energy properties.
efficient than
traditional
refrigeration
methods.
*
Miniaturization:
Electrocaloric
materials can
enable the
development of
smaller and more
 portable cooling
devices.
Resistance This is the * Ohm's Law: It * Resistors: Used in
opposition to the relates the circuits to control
flow of electric voltage, current, the flow of current
current in a and resistance in and voltage.
material. It is electrical * Heating
measured in circuits. elements: Used in
ohms (Ω) and is * Circuit design: appliances like
inversely related Resistance is toasters, heaters,
to conductivity. used to control and hair dryers to
the flow of generate heat.
current and the * Voltage dividers:
voltage drop Used to divide
across voltage into smaller
components in values.
circuits.
Magnetism This is a * * Motors and
fundamental force Electromagnets: generators: Used in
of nature that It is used to the creation of
causes certain create magnetic magnetic fields to
materials to fields for various convert mechanical
attract or repel applications, energy into
each other. including motors, electrical energy or
Magnetic fields generators, and vice versa.
are produced by magnetic storage * Transformers:
moving electric devices. Used to step up or
charges * Transformers: step down
It is essential for voltages.
the operation of * Magnetic storage
transformers, devices: Used in
which are used hard drives and
to step up or magnetic tapes to
step down store data.
voltages.
* Magnetic
 levitation: It is
used in high-
speed
transportation
systems like
maglev trains.
Superconductivity This is a * Zero * Magnetic
phenomenon resistance: It levitation: Used in
observed in allows for the maglev trains to
certain materials flow of electric create a frictionless
at very low current without transportation
temperatures energy loss, system.
where electrical leading to highly * Power
resistance efficient power transmission: Used
becomes zero. transmission and in superconducting
This allows for the storage. cables to transmit
flow of electric * Magnetic electricity without
current without levitation: It is energy loss over
energy loss. used in maglev long distances.
trains and * Quantum
magnetic computing: Used in
resonance quantum
imaging (MRI) computers to
machines. perform complex
* Quantum calculations that
computing: are impossible with
Superconducting classical
materials are computers.
used in quantum
computing
devices, which
have the
potential to solve
complex
problems that
are currently
 intractable.
Thermoelectricity This is the direct * Power * Power generation:
conversion of generation: Used in
heat into Thermoelectric thermoelectric
electricity or vice materials can generators to
versa. convert heat into convert heat into
Thermoelectric electricity, which electricity, such as
materials is useful for in waste heat
generate generating recovery systems.
electricity when power from * Cooling and
there is a waste heat or in heating: Used in
temperature remote locations. thermoelectric
difference * Cooling and coolers and heaters
between two heating: for applications like
sides, or they can Thermoelectric portable
be used to create materials can be refrigeration and
a temperature used for solid- temperature
difference when a state control.
current is applied. refrigeration and * Energy
heating harvesting: Used to
applications. harvest energy
* Energy from ambient heat
harvesting: They sources, such as
can be used to body heat or
harvest energy sunlight.
from ambient
heat sources,
such as body
heat or sunlight.
Conductivity This is the ability * Electrical * Wires and cables:
of a material to current flow: It Used in materials
conduct electric determines how like copper and
current. It is the easily a material aluminum to
reciprocal of conducts conduct electricity
resistivity and is electricity. efficiently.
measured in * Circuit design: * Electrical
 siemens per Materials with components: Used
meter (S/m). high conductivity in components like
are used for resistors,
wires and other capacitors, and
components that transistors to allow
need to conduct the flow of current.
electricity * Printed circuit
efficiently. boards (PCBs):
* Heat Used in the
generation: High conductive tracks
conductivity can on PCBs to connect
lead to increased electrical
heat generation components.
due to electrical
resistance.
Resistivity This is the * Electrical * Resistors: Used
opposition to the resistance: It is in circuits to control
flow of electric the opposite of the flow of current
current in a conductivity and and voltage.
material. It is the determines how * Heating
reciprocal of much a material elements: Used in
conductivity and resists the flow appliances like
is measured in of electricity. toasters, heaters,
ohm-meters * Circuit design: and hair dryers to
(Ω·m). Resistive generate heat.
materials are * Voltage dividers:
used to control Used to divide
the flow of voltage into smaller
current and the values.
voltage drop
across
components in
circuits.
* Heat
generation:
Resistive
 materials can be
used to generate
heat, such as in
heating elements
and resistors.

VI. Supply the necessary information of properties and characteristics of

materials.

Magnetic
Properties Summary Importance Applications
Ferromagnetism This is a type of * Permanent * Permanent
magnetism that magnets: magnets: Used in
occurs in certain Ferromagnetic various
materials, known materials are applications, such
as ferromagnetic used to create as magnets for
materials, when permanent refrigerators,
they are placed in magnets, which speakers, and toys.
an external have a strong * Magnetic storage
magnetic field. and persistent devices: Used in
These materials magnetic field. hard drives and
exhibit a strong * Magnetic magnetic tapes for
attraction to the storage: They data storage.
magnetic field are used in * Electric motors
and retain their magnetic storage and generators:
magnetization devices like hard Used in the
even after the drives and tapes construction of the
external field is to store data. magnetic
removed. * Transformers: components in
Examples of They are used in these devices.
ferromagnetic the cores of * Transformers:
materials include transformers to Used in the cores of
iron, nickel, and enhance their transformers to
cobalt. efficiency and enhance their
Paramagnetism: reduce energy efficiency and
This is a type of losses. reduce energy
 magnetism that * Electric motors losses.
occurs in and generators:
materials that are They are used in
weakly attracted the construction
to a magnetic of the magnetic
field. Unlike components in
ferromagnetic electric motors
materials, and generators.
paramagnetic
materials do not
retain their
magnetization
after the external
field is removed.
Examples of
paramagnetic
materials include
aluminum,
platinum, and
oxygen.
Paramagnetism This is a type of * Magnetic * Magnetic
magnetism that resonance resonance imaging
occurs in imaging (MRI): (MRI): Used as
materials that are Paramagnetic contrast agents in
weakly attracted materials like MRI to improve the
to a magnetic gadolinium are visibility of certain
field. Unlike used as contrast tissues and organs.
ferromagnetic agents in MRI to * Magnetic
materials, improve the separation: Used to
paramagnetic visibility of separate
materials do not certain tissues paramagnetic
retain their and organs. materials from non-
magnetization * Magnetic magnetic materials.
after the external separation: * Magnetic cooling:
field is removed. Paramagnetic Used in magnetic
Examples of materials can be refrigeration
 paramagnetic separated from systems for cooling
materials include non-magnetic applications.
aluminum, materials using
platinum, and magnetic fields.
oxygen. * Magnetic
cooling:
Paramagnetic
materials can be
used in magnetic
refrigeration
systems to
achieve cooling
without the use
of traditional
refrigerants.
Diamagnetism This is a type of * Magnetic * Magnetic
magnetism that levitation: levitation: Used in
occurs in Diamagnetic maglev trains to
materials that are materials can be create a frictionless
repelled by a levitated in a transportation
magnetic field. strong magnetic system.
Diamagnetic field, which is * Magnetic
materials have a used in maglev shielding: Used to
very weak trains and shield sensitive
magnetic scientific equipment from
response and are experiments. external magnetic
generally * Magnetic fields.
considered non- shielding: * Medical
magnetic. Diamagnetic applications: Used
Examples of materials can be in certain medical
diamagnetic used to shield devices like MRI
materials include sensitive machines and
copper, silver, equipment from magnetic
and water. external resonance
These three types magnetic fields. spectroscopy.
of magnetism are * Medical These applications
caused by the applications: demonstrate the
alignment of the Diamagnetic wide range of uses
magnetic materials are for materials with
moments of the used in certain different magnetic
atoms or medical devices properties in
molecules in the like MRI various fields, from
material. In machines and electronics and
ferromagnetic magnetic appliances to
materials, the resonance transportation and
magnetic spectroscopy. medicine.
moments are
aligned parallel to
each other,
creating a strong
net magnetic
moment. In
paramagnetic
materials, the
magnetic
moments are
randomly
oriented, but they
can align with the
external magnetic
field. In
diamagnetic
materials, the
magnetic
moments are
always opposed
to the external
magnetic field,
resulting in a
weak repulsion.
VII. Supply the necessary information of properties and characteristics of
materials.

Optical
Properties Summary Importance Applications
Refractive index This is a measure * Lens design: It * Optics: Used to
of how much light determines the design lenses,
bends when it focal length and prisms, and other
passes from one curvature of optical
material to lenses used in components.
another. It optical systems * Material Science:
depends on the like cameras, Determines the
wavelength of the microscopes, and optical properties
light and the telescopes. of materials, such
properties of the * Optical fibers: as transparency
materials It determines the and dispersion.
involved. efficiency of light * Geophysics: Used
transmission to study the
through optical structure of the
fibers. Earth's interior.
* Material
characterization:
It can be used to
identify and
characterize
materials based
on their
refractive
properties.
Dispersion This is the * Prism * Optics: Used to
phenomenon spectroscopy: It design chromatic
where white light is used to aberration-free
is separated into separate white lenses.
its component light into its *
colors when it component Telecommunication
passes through a colors in s: Used to transmit
prism or other spectrometers. information over
 material with * Optical fibers: optical fibers.
varying refractive It can cause * Spectroscopy:
indices for chromatic Used to analyze the
different dispersion in composition of
wavelengths. optical fibers, materials based on
which can affect their spectral
the transmission properties.
of information.
* Color
correction: It is
used in lens
design to
minimize
chromatic
aberrations,
which can cause
color distortion in
images.
Transmittance These terms * Optical * Optics: Used to
and transmission
describe how materials: They measure the
coefficient
much light passes are important for amount of light that
through a understanding passes through a
material. the transparency material.
Transmittance is and light- * Material Science:
the ratio of the blocking Used to
intensity of the properties of characterize the
transmitted light materials like transparency of
to the intensity of glass, plastics, materials.
the incident light, and filters. * Architecture:
while the * Optical Used to design
transmission instruments: windows and other
coefficient is the They are used in transparent
square root of the the design of structures.
transmittance. optical
instruments like
telescopes and
 microscopes to
maximize light
transmission.
* Solar energy:
They are used in
solar cells to
determine the
efficiency of light
absorption and
conversion into
electricity.
Absorption This is the * Color * Spectroscopy:
process by which perception: It Used to identify the
light energy is determines the chemical
absorbed by a color of objects composition of
material, based on the materials.
converting it into wavelengths of * Solar Energy:
other forms of light they Used to design
energy such as absorb. solar cells that
heat. * Laser absorb sunlight
materials: It is efficiently.
used in laser * Lasers: Used to
materials to create population
create inversion in laser
population media.
inversion, which
is necessary for
laser operation.
* Optical filters:
It is used in
optical filters to
selectively
absorb certain
wavelengths of
light.
Scattering This is the * Sky color: It is * Meteorology:
 process by which responsible for Used to study the
light is deflected the blue color of scattering of light
in various the sky due to by clouds and
directions as it the scattering of aerosols.
interacts with sunlight by * Medical Imaging:
particles or atmospheric Used in techniques
irregularities in a particles. like X-ray imaging
material. * Optical and ultrasound.
materials: It can * Optics: Used to
affect the clarity design diffusers
and transparency and light-scattering
of materials like materials.
glass and water.
* Cloud
formation: It
plays a role in
cloud formation
as water droplets
scatter sunlight.
Reflectivity This is the ratio of * Mirrors: It is * Optics: Used to
the intensity of used in mirrors design mirrors and
reflected light to to reflect light other reflective
the intensity of and create surfaces.
incident light. It images. * Architecture:
depends on the * Optical Used to control the
properties of the coatings: It is amount of sunlight
material and the used in optical that enters
angle of incidence coatings to buildings.
of the light. control the * Remote Sensing:
reflectivity of Used to study the
surfaces, such as Earth's surface
anti-reflective from space.
coatings on
lenses.
* Solar energy:
It is used in solar
 panels to
maximize the
absorption of
sunlight and
minimize
reflection.
Albedo This is the * Earth's * Meteorology:
fraction of solar climate: It affects Used to study the
radiation reflected the Earth's Earth's energy
by a surface. It is climate by balance.
a measure of how determining how * Climate Science:
reflective a much solar Used to understand
surface is. radiation is the effects of
reflected back climate change on
into space. the Earth's albedo.
* Remote * Astronomy: Used
sensing: It is to study the albedo
used in remote of planets and
sensing to study other celestial
the properties of bodies.
surfaces like
snow, ice, and
vegetation.
* Building
design: It is
considered in
building design
to minimize
energy
consumption by
controlling the
amount of solar
radiation
absorbed.
Perceived color This is the color * Vision: It is the * Color Science:
that we perceive basis of human Used to understand
 when we look at vision, as we how humans
an object. It perceive the perceive color.
depends on the color of objects * Design: Used to
wavelengths of based on the create visually
light that are wavelengths of appealing designs.
reflected by the light they reflect. * Art: Used to
object and our * Color theory: It create artwork with
own perception of is used in color specific color
color. theory and palettes.
design to
understand and
manipulate color
perception.
* Art and design:
It is essential in
art and design to
create visually
appealing and
effective
compositions.
Fluorescence This is the * Medical * Medical Imaging:
emission of light imaging: They Used in techniques
by a substance are used in like fluorescence
after it has medical imaging microscopy and
absorbed light of techniques like flow cytometry.
a shorter fluorescence * Biochemistry:
wavelength. microscopy and Used to study
positron biological
emission processes.
tomography * Analytical
(PET). Chemistry: Used to
* Security detect and quantify
applications: substances.
They are used in
security
applications like
 forensic analysis
and counterfeit
detection.
* Lighting: They
are used in
fluorescent
lamps and
phosphorescent
materials for
lighting
applications.
Phosphorescence This is similar to * Medical * Night Vision:
imaging: They
fluorescence, but Used in night vision
are used in
the emitted light medical imaging devices.
techniques like
persists for a * Safety: Used in
fluorescence
longer time after microscopy and glow-in-the-dark
positron
the excitation signs and
emission
source is tomography materials.
(PET).
removed. * Art: Used to
* Security
applications: create glow-in-the-
They are used in
dark paintings and
security
applications like sculptures.
forensic analysis
and counterfeit
detection.
* Lighting: They
are used in
fluorescent
lamps and
phosphorescent
materials for
lighting
applications.
Photoluminescenc This is a general * Medical * LEDs: Used to
e
term for the imaging: They create efficient
emission of light are used in light sources.
by a substance medical imaging * Display
 after it has techniques like Technology: Used
absorbed light. It fluorescence in displays like TVs
includes both microscopy and and computer
fluorescence and positron monitors.
phosphorescence. emission * Biochemistry:
tomography Used to study
(PET). biological
* Security processes.
applications:
They are used in
security
applications like
forensic analysis
and counterfeit
detection.
* Lighting: They
are used in
fluorescent
lamps and
phosphorescent
materials for
lighting
applications.
Optical bistability This is a * Optical * Nonlinear Optics:
phenomenon switching: It can Used to create
where a material be used for optical switches
can exist in two optical switching and logic gates.
stable states and memory * Optical
under the same devices. Computing: Used to
conditions, * Nonlinear develop optical
depending on its optics: It is a computers.
previous history. phenomenon in * Optical
nonlinear optics, Communication:
which has Used to improve
applications in the efficiency of
laser technology optical
 and optical communication
communication. systems.
Dichroism This is the * Polarizing * Polarization
property of a filters: It is used Optics: Used to
material that in polarizing create polarizing
absorbs light of filters to filters and other
different selectively polarization-related
wavelengths transmit light of components.
differently. a particular * Medical Imaging:
Birefringence: polarization. Used in techniques
This is the * Optical like dichroic
property of a materials: It can microscopy.
material that has be used to create * Materials
different materials with Science: Used to
refractive indices specific optical study the optical
for light polarized properties, such properties of
in different as dichroic anisotropic
directions. mirrors. materials.
Birefringence This is the * Optical devices: * Optics: Used to
property of a It is used in design waveplates
material that has optical devices and other
different like waveplates polarization-related
refractive indices and components.
for light polarized polarimeters. * Medical Imaging:
in different * Liquid crystal Used in techniques
directions. displays (LCDs): like polarizing
It is the basis of microscopy.
the operation of * Materials
liquid crystal Science: Used to
displays. study the optical
* Optical properties of
materials: It can anisotropic
be used to create materials.
materials with
specific optical
properties, such
 as birefringent
crystals.
Optical activity This is the ability * Chirality * Analytical
of certain analysis: It is Chemistry: Used to
materials to used to analyze analyze the
rotate the plane the chirality of concentration of
of polarization of molecules in chiral molecules.
plane-polarized chemistry. * Pharmaceutical
light. * Optical Industry: Used to
devices: It is analyze the purity
used in optical of pharmaceutical
devices like compounds.
sugar * Food Industry:
polarimeters to Used to analyze the
measure the composition of food
concentration of products.
sugars in
solutions.
* Material
characterization:
It can be used to
characterize
certain materials
based on their
optical
Photosensitivity This is the * Photography: It * Photography:
property of a is the basis of Used to capture
material that is photography, as images using light-
sensitive to light, photographic sensitive materials.
such as film and digital * Medical Imaging:
photographic film sensors are Used in techniques
or solar cells. sensitive to light. like X-ray imaging.
* Solar cells: It is * Solar Energy:
used in solar Used to design
cells to convert solar cells that
sunlight into convert sunlight
 electricity. into electricity.
* Optical
sensors: It is
used in optical
sensors to detect
and measure
light intensity or
wavelength.

Conclusion:

When it comes to materials properties, there are a number of important

factors that must be taken into consideration. These properties play a
crucial role in determining how a material will behave in various
situations, such as under stress or when exposed to different
environments. By understanding these properties, engineers and
scientists can develop materials that are better suited for specific
applications.

One of the most important properties of a material is its strength. This

refers to the ability of a material to withstand forces without breaking or
deforming. For example, steel is known for its high strength, making it an
ideal material for building structures that need to support heavy loads. On
the other hand, materials like rubber have lower strength but are more
flexible, allowing them to bend without breaking.

Another key property is stiffness, which is a measure of how a material

resists deformation when a force is applied. Materials with high stiffness
are often used in applications where rigidity is important, such as in the
construction of bridges and towers. On the other hand, materials with
lower stiffness are more pliable and can be molded into different shapes
without breaking.

Other important properties include toughness, which measures a

material’s ability to absorb energy before fracturing, and hardness, which
is a measure of a material’s resistance to scratching or indentation. These
properties can vary widely depending on the type of material and how it
has been processed.
In conclusion, materials properties are essential for determining how a
material will perform in different situations. By understanding these
properties, engineers and scientists can develop materials that are better
suited for specific applications, leading to stronger, more durable, and
more efficient products. Ultimately, materials properties play a crucial role
in shaping the world around us and will continue to drive advancements in
technology and innovation in the future.

References:

https://www.numerade.com/ask/question/the-heat-of-combustion-of-cxhy-
carbon-and-hydrogen-are-a-b-and-c-cal-respectively-the-heat-of-
formation-of-cxhy-will-be-a-xb-yc2-a2-cal-b-xb-yc2-a-c-xb-yc2-a2-cal-d-xb-
yc2-a2-cal-64379/
https://www.numerade.com/ask/question/the-units-for-specifilc-heal-s-are-
kjimol-jig-pc-jlg-0-jg-c-14404/
https://www.numerade.com/ask/question/an-infinitely-long-cylinderof-
radius-rcarries-a-frozen-inmagnetization-parallel-to-the-axis-mks2-where-
k-is-a-constant-and-s-is-the-distance-from-the-axis-there-is-no-free-
current-anywhere-f-72532/
https://github.com/emrgnt-cmplxty/library_of_phi