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Electronic Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends

Son los apuntes de la estructura molecular de los atomos

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Coronado Jimmy
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37 views9 pages

Electronic Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends

Son los apuntes de la estructura molecular de los atomos

Uploaded by

Coronado Jimmy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic Radiation

All of these types of electromagnetic radiation, including light, consist of


particles that move like waves of energy.

Wavelength and Frequency


The highest point of the wave is called the crest, while the lowest point is the
trough. The wavelength (symbol es una y al revés, lambda) is the distance from
one crest or trough of the wave to the next crest or trough.

The frequency (symbol n, nu) is the number of times the crests of a wave
pass a pointin 1 s. All electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light
(c).
Constant of the light:
to find light:

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic SpectrumThe electromagnetic spectrum is an arrangement
of different types of electromagneticradiation from longest wavelength to
shortest wavelength. According to the wave equation, as the wavelength
decreases, the frequency increases. This type of relationship is called an
inverserelationship.
Atomic Spectra and Energy Levels
When the white light from the Sun or a light bulb is passed through a prism
or raindrops, itproduces a continuous spectrum, like a rainbow.

Photons
The light emitted from a streetlamp or by atoms that are heated is a stream
of particlescalled photons. Every photon is a packet of energy with both
particle and wave characteristics that travels at the speed of light. High-
frequency photons have high energy and short wavelengths, whereas low-
frequency photons have low energy and long wavelengths.

Atomic Spectra
When light emitted by heated elements passes through a prism, it does not
produce a continuous spectrum. Instead, an atomic spectrum is produced
consisting of lines of different colors separated by dark areas.

Electron Energy Levels


Lines in atomic spectra are associated with changes in electron energies. In
an atom, each electron has a specific energy level, which is assigned a value
called the principal quantum number (n), (n = 1, n = 2, c).
electrons in the lower energy levels are closer to the nucleus, while electrons
inthe higher energy levels are farther away.

The energy of an electron is quantized, whichmeans that the energy of an


electron can only have specific energy values, but cannot havevalues
between these values.

Changes in Energy Levels


An electron can change from one energy level to a higher energy level only if
it absorbs energy equal to the difference in energy levels. When an electron
changes to a lower energy level, it emits energy equal to the difference
between the two energy levels. If the energy emitted is in the visible range,
we see one of the colors of visible light.
Sublevels and Orbitals
It is the electrons within atoms that determine the physical and chemical
properties of the elements. The maximum number of electrons allowed at
any energy level is calculated using the formula 2n2 (twice the square of the
principal quantum number).

Sublevels
Each of the energy levels consists of one or more sublevels, in which
electrons with identicalenergy are found. The sublevels are identified by the
letters s, p, d, and f. The number of sublevels within an energy level is equal
to the principal quantum number, n.

Orbitals
The orbital is the threedimensional volume in which electrons have the
highest probability of being found.

Shapes of Orbitals
Each type of orbital has a unique three-dimensional shape. The orbitals
occupied by p, d, and f electrons have three-dimensional shapes
differentfrom those of the s electrons. This is the Energy level n=1
The Energy level n=2 Each p orbital has two lobes like a balloon tied in the
middle. The three p orbitals are arranged in three perpendicular directions,
along the x, y, and z

Energy level n = 3 consists of three sublevels s, p, and d. The d sublevels


contain five d orbitals

Energy level n = 4 consists of four sublevels s, p, d, and f. In the f sublevel,


there areseven f orbitals. The shapes of f orbitals are complex.

Orbital Capacity and Electron Spin


The Pauli exclusion principle states that each orbital can contain a maximum
of two electrons. When two electrons are in the same orbitals, they will repel
each other unless their magnetic fields cancel. This happens only when the
two electrons spin in opposite directions.

Number of Electrons in Sublevels


There is a maximum number of electrons that can occupy each
sublevel.Depending on the number of orbitals that the sublevel has, the
maximum number of electrons will be double. For example, the p sublevel
has 3 orbitals, therefore the maximum number of electrons will be 6.

Orbital Diagrams and ElectronConfigurations


Electrons are added firstto orbitals with the lowest energy levels, building
progressively by adding electrons tolevels with higher energies. This process
of building the electrons in an atom is known asthe Aufbau principle.
Because negatively charged electrons repel each other, it is placed in 2p
orbitals. Hund's rule states that there is less repulsion when electrons are
placed in separate enorbitals of the same sublevel.
Electron Configurations

Electron Configurations and thePeriodic Table

Trends in Periodic Properties


Symbol Lewis

Atomic Size

Ionization Energy

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