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Ipinternet Protocol Address 1

About internet protocol address

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Shieghjazzejhane Falcutila
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18 views11 pages

Ipinternet Protocol Address 1

About internet protocol address

Uploaded by

Shieghjazzejhane Falcutila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IP(INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS)

● A numeric address
● Its an identifier for a computer or device on a network
● Every device has to have an IP address
● Consists of two parts: a Network Address and Host Address
● 2 types: IPV4 and IVP6

IPV4
●Is the current version of IP address
●32- bit numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods(66. 94. 234. 13)
●Number range is from 0-255
●4,294,967,296 unique addresses
●Computers and networks don’t read IP address in this standard numeric format
➔ 66.94.29.13
● They only understand numbers in binary format
● Binary numbers only use 1’s and 0’s
● A Subnet Mask is used to determine the network and host portions.
● To identify the network and host portions odf an IPV4 address, the subnet mask is
compared to the IPV4 address bit for bit, from left to right.
● The actual process used to identify the network and host portions is called ANDing.

PREFIX LENGTH
● Is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet mask address.
● The prefix length is the number one of bits set to 1 in the subnet mask.
● It is written in slash notation therefore, count the number of bits in the subnet mask and
prepent it with a slash.

DETERMINING THE NETWORK: LOGICAL AND

● Within each network there are three types of IP addresses:


➔ Network Address
➢ identifies network itself. It acts as an identifier for all devices connected to
that network.
➢ This address is created by setting all bits in the host portion (the last
section) to 0. Fro example, in 192. 168. 10. 0/24, the network address is
192. 168.10.0
➢ This address is used by routers and devices to understand which IP
addresses belong to the network.

➔ Host Address
➢ Unique address given to each device (computer, phone, printer )
➢ This address are assigned within a range, usually starting from the first
address after the network address (192. 168. 10. 0 to 192. 169. 10. 254)
➢ Host address used for direct communication between devices within the
network.

➔ Broadcast Address
➢ Is used to send a message to all devices on the network simultaneously.
➢ This address is created by setting all bits in the portion to ‘1’.
➢ When a device sends a message to the broadcast address, all devices in the
network will receive it. This is often used for tasks like device discovery
on the network or network announcements.

ICMP MESSAGES
ICMPv4 AND ICMPv6 messages
● Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) provides feedback about issues related
to the processing of IP packets under certain conditions.
● ICMPv4 is the messaging protocol for IPV4. ICMPv6 is the messaging protocol
for IPV6 and includes additional functionality.
● The ICMP messages common to both ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 include:
➔ Host reachabitlity
➔ Destination or service unreachable
➔ Time exceeded

Host Reachability
● ICMP echo message can be used to test the reachability of a host on a IP network.
● In the example:
➔ The local host sends an ICMP echo request to a host
➔ If the host is available, the destination host responds with an echo reply.
Destination or Service Unreachable
● An ICMP destination unreachable message can be used to notify the source that a
destination or service is unreachable.
● The ICMP message will include a code indicating why the packet could not be
delivered.
Time exceeded
● When the time to live(TTL) field in a packet is decremented to 0, an ICMPv4
time exceeded message will be sent to the source host
● ICMPv6 also sends a time exceeded message. Instead of the IPv4 TTL field,
ICMPv6 uses IPv6 hop limit field to determine if the packet has expired.

ICMPv6 messages
● Has new features and improved functionality not found in ICMPv4, including
four new protocols as part of the neighbor discovery protocol (ND or NDP).

● RA messages are sent by IPv6 enabled routers every 200 seconds to provide addressing
information to IPv6 enabled hosts.
● RA message can include addressing information for the host such as the prefix, prefix
length, DNS address, and domain name.
● A host using Stateless Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) will set its default gateway
to the link local address of the router that sent the RA.
● An IPv6 enabled router will also send out an RA message in response to an RS message.
● In the figure PC1 sends a RS message to determine how to receive its IPv6 address
information dynamically.
PING AND TRACEROUTE TESTS
Ping- Test Connectivity
● The ping command is an IPv4 and IPv6 testing utility that uses ICMP echo request and
echo reply messages to test connectivity between hosts and provides a summary that
includes the success rate and average round trip time to the destination.
● If a reply is not receives within timeout, ping provides a message indicating that response
was not received.
● It is a common for the first ping to timeout if address resolution needs to be performed
before sending the ICMP echo request.

Ping the Loopback

Ping the Default Gateway

Ping a Remote Host


Traceroute- Test the Path

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