PD-407

BIOSTATISTICS
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Lecture # 02
Dated: 23rd May 2024 (M) BY,
21st May 2024 (E)
DR. SADIA IQBAL
L ECTURER
PHARM -D, M.PHIL., PH.D. SCHOL A R (PHA RMA CEUTICA L CHEMISTRY)
DCOP -DUHS
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❑At the end of lecture students will be able to understand:
◦Types of test of hypothesis
◦One-Sample t Test
◦Steps involved
◦Exercise
One-Sample t Test
 It is applied when the population mean is less than 30
and S.D is not known.
 The advantage of the tstat is that it can use sample
standard deviation s instead of σ to formulate the
estimated standard error of the mean.
 The zstat needed population standard deviation σ (without
estimating it from the data) to determine the standard
error of the mean.
Statistical Analysis of t-test:

t = x ̅ - µ0
S/√n
Steps involved in testing of hypothesis
for population MEAN (µ0):

☻When n ≤ 30 and σ is unknown:

• 1st step: State Null (H0):
o H0 : µ = µ0

• 2nd step: State Alternative Hypothesis (HA):

o HA : µ < µ0 Or H A : µ > µ0
(for a one tailed test)
o Or HA : µ ≠ µ0
(for a two tailed test)
 •3rd step: State the significance level (α):
•4
th step: Experimental Specifications:

o test statistic: _
t= X - µ0
S/√n
where x represents the sample mean, μ0 represents the expected value under the
null hypothesis, and SEM (standard error of mean) = s / √n.
This statistic has n − 1 degrees of freedom.
o Critical region:
1. t < -tα/2,ν and t > tα/2,ν when HA; µ ≠ µ0
2. t < -tα,ν when HA; µ < µ0
3. t > tα,ν when HA; µ > µ0

• 5th step: Final statement of conclusion

THREE POSSIBLE CONDITIONS OF
CRITICAL REGION
Critical region Critical region

1. 2.

Critical region
-tα/2,ν tα/2,ν -tα,ν

3.

tα,ν
CRITICAL VALUES
OF “t”
DISTRIBUTION
Problem# 01:

▪ 9 students are selected at random from a

normal population and their height in inches
are found to be 63, 64, 66, 67, 67, 68, 69, 69, 70. In the
light of data, test the hypothesis that the mean height
of population is 66inches. Use 0.05 level of significance.
1) Ho : μ = 66
HA : μ ≠ 66

2) Data:
n=9
x̅ = 67
s = 2.345
α = 0.05
ν=n–1=8
 _
3) t= X - µ0
S/√n
= 67- 66 Critical region

2.345/√9
= 1.28
4) t < - tα/2, ν & t > tα/2, ν 1.28
t < - t0.025, 8 & t > t0.025, 8
t < - 2.306 & t > 2.306 -2.306 2.306
5) Conclusion:
We accept the null hypothesis because the calculated value of t falls in
acceptance region and we conclude that the mean height of normal
population is 66inches.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS Of t - Test:
Problem # 01:
▪Question#5 on page 316 of book “Introduction to Statistics by Ronald E. Walpole, 3rd
edition”
Test the hypothesis that the average content of containers of a particular lubricant is
10 liters if the contents of a random sample of 10 containers are 10.2, 9.7, 10.1, 10.3,
10.1, 9.8, 9.9, 10.4, 10.3 and 9.8 liters. Use a 0.01 level of significance and assume that
the distribution of contents is normal.
1) Ho : μ = 10
HA : μ ≠ 10

2) Data:
n = 10
x̅ = 10.06
s = 0.2458
α = 0.01
ν=n–1=9
PRACTICE PROBLEMS Of t - Test:
Problem # 01:

t= X - µ0
S/√n Critical region

= 10.06- 10
0.2458/√10
= 0.7719 0.771
4) t < - tα/2, ν & t > tα/2, ν
t < - t0.005, 9 & t > t0.005, 9
-3.25 3.25
t < - 3.25 & t > 3.25
5) Conclusion:
We accept the null hypothesis because the calculated value of
t falls in acceptance region and we conclude that the average
content of containers of a particular lubricant is 10 litres.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS Of t - Test:
Problem# 02:
▪ The average length of time for students to register for fall classes at a certain college
has been 50 minutes with a standard deviation of 10 minutes. A new registration
procedure using modern computing machines is being tried. If a random sample of
12 students had an average registration time of 42 minutes with a standard deviation
of 11.9 minutes under the new system, test the hypothesis that the population mean is
now less than 50, using a L.O.S of (a) 0.05, and (b) 0.01. Assume the population of
times to be normal.
t = - 2.328
t < - 1.796
Conclusion: We reject the null hypothesis because the calculated value of t lies in rejected region.
b) t < - t0.01, 11
t < - 2.718
Conclusion:
We reject the null hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance but not at the 0.01 L.O.S. This
essentially means that the true mean is likely to be less than 50 min but does not differ
sufficiently to warrant the high cost that would be required to operate a computer.
Problem # 03:
▪ A random sample of size 20 from a normal distribution has a mean x̅̅ = 16.4 and a
standard deviation s = 2.255. Does this suggest at the 0.05 level of significance, that
the population mean is greater than 15.

t = 2.776
t > 1.729
5) Conclusion:
We reject the null hypothesis because the calculated value of t falls in rejected region and we conclude
that the population mean is greater than 15.
Problem # 04:
▪ Question#6 on page 316 of book “Introduction to Statistics by Ronald E. Walpole, 3rd edition”
According to Dietary Goals for the United States (1977), high sodium intake may be
related to ulcers, stomach cancer, and migraine headaches. The human requirement
for salt is only 220 milligrams per day, which is surpassed in most single servings of
ready-to-eat cereals. If a random sample of 20 similar servings of Special K has a
mean sodium content of 244 milligrams of sodium and a standard deviation of 24.5
milligrams, does this suggest at the 0.05 L.O.S that the average sodium content for
single servings of Special K is greater than 220 milligrams? Assume the distribution
of sodium contents to be normal

t = 2.38
t > 1.729
5) Conclusion:
We reject the null hypothesis because the calculated value of t falls in rejected region and we conclude that
the sodium content for single servings of special K is greater than 220mg.
Problem # 05:
▪ Question#7 on page 316 of book “Introduction to Statistics by Ronald E. Walpole,
3rd edition”
A random sample of 8 cigarettes of a certain brand has an average nicotine content of
4.2 milligrams and a standard deviation of 1.4 milligrams. Is this in line with the
manufacturer’s claim that the average nicotine content doesn’t exceed 3.5
milligrams? Use a 0.01 level of significance and assume the distribution of nicotine
contents to be normal.

t = 1.414
t < - 2.998
5) Conclusion:
We accept the null hypothesis because the calculated value of t falls in acceptance region and we
conclude that the average nicotine content may be 3.5mg.