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Class 12 Notes Political Science Chap 5 (2024-25)

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Class 12 Notes Political Science Chap 5 (2024-25)

Uploaded by

vedaketshaha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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NOTES

CLASS 12TH
SUBJECT – POLITICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER – 5 SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

1. Introduction to Security
• Security refers to measures taken by states and international organizations to
ensure survival and protection against threats.
• Traditionally, security was equated with military power, but modern interpretations
include non-military threats like environmental and human security.

2. Traditional Notions of Security


• National Security: Protecting the sovereignty of the state from external aggression.
o Military Security: Safeguarding a country from attacks or threats by
developing a strong military force.
o Balance of Power: A strategy to maintain stability by ensuring that no single
state dominates others.
o Alliance Building: Countries form alliances to increase their security, like
NATO or the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War.
o Deterrence: A strategy to discourage attacks by maintaining strong military
capabilities.
• Cold War Security: The Cold War period was dominated by ideological conflict
between the US (capitalist) and the USSR (communist), where both countries sought
to protect their spheres of influence.
o The existence of nuclear weapons during this era gave rise to the concept of
nuclear deterrence.
o Bipolarity: Two major power blocs (USA and USSR) influenced global security
during the Cold War.

3. Non-Traditional Notions of Security


• Security in the contemporary world extends beyond military threats to include
economic, environmental, and human security.
o Human Security: Focuses on protecting individuals from hunger, disease, and
violence.
 Includes both freedom from want (economic security, health) and
freedom from fear (protection from physical violence).
o Economic Security: Ensuring basic livelihoods, reducing poverty, and
protecting the economy from external shocks.
o Environmental Security: Focuses on environmental sustainability, climate
change, and resource depletion as serious threats to global security.
o Global Health Security: Protecting populations from global pandemics and
diseases like HIV/AIDS, SARS, and COVID-19.

4. Global Security in the Post-Cold War Era


• With the end of the Cold War, the global security landscape changed. There was no
longer a bipolar world; instead, new threats emerged.
o Unipolarity: The US emerged as the only superpower, though its dominance
was challenged by regional powers like China and the EU.
o Terrorism: After the 9/11 attacks, terrorism became one of the most
significant global security threats. Organizations like Al-Qaeda and ISIS rose
to prominence.
o Civil Wars and Internal Conflicts: Many states experienced internal conflicts,
including ethnic and religious violence, which threatened global peace.
• Role of International Organizations: The United Nations (UN) and other
international institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and World
Health Organization (WHO) play a significant role in promoting global security.
o UN’s peacekeeping operations aim to resolve conflicts and maintain stability.
o The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitors nuclear activities to
prevent nuclear proliferation.

5. Cooperative Security
• The idea of collective security involves nations working together to address common
threats and challenges.
o Arms Control: Countries negotiate treaties like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT) and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) to prevent
the spread of nuclear weapons.
o Disarmament: Efforts to reduce or eliminate certain types of weapons, such
as chemical or biological weapons.

6. New Security Challenges


• Cybersecurity: The rise of the internet has made nations vulnerable to cyber-attacks
targeting critical infrastructure, data, and financial systems.
• Climate Change: Global warming and environmental degradation are considered
significant security threats due to their impact on migration, resource conflicts, and
natural disasters.
• Energy Security: Dependence on energy resources (like oil) can lead to conflicts
between nations. Ensuring access to sustainable and affordable energy is critical.

7. Conclusion
• Security in the contemporary world is multidimensional. While traditional military
security remains important, non-traditional threats like terrorism, environmental
crises, and human security have become central concerns.
• International cooperation and collective efforts are essential in addressing these
challenges to ensure peace and stability in the global system.

Key Terms:
• National Security
• Human Security
• Balance of Power
• Collective Security
• Terrorism
• Cybersecurity
• Environmental Security

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