INTRODUCTION

"The magnetic force, the magnetic current, that mysterious fluid

which acts upon the compass and keeps the mariner in his course, is
not only the most astonishing, but also the most important, agent in
nature." ~ Michael Faraday

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field, a region

around the magnet where magnetic forces can be observed. This magnetic
field, although invisible, is a fundamental aspect of a magnet's ability to
attract or repel other materials. Magnets have fascinated humans for
centuries, from the ancient use of lodestones in navigation to modern
technological applications.

Magnets are ubiquitous in our daily lives. They can be found in common
household items like refrigerator doors, which use magnetic strips to seal,
and in small objects like magnetic clasps on handbags and jewellery.
Magnets are also crucial in the functionality of electric devices such as
speakers, where they interact with electric currents to produce sound.
TOPIC : MAGNET AND MAGNETISM
SUBJECT : PHYSICS

All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE)

BOARD ROLL NO. --

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to those who have provided me with invaluable
guidance and support throughout the development of this physics project . First and
foremost, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to our esteemed Principal, Anisha
Sharma, for providing us with the necessary resources and a conducive environment for
learning and exploration. Their unwavering support and encouragement have been
instrumental in the successful completion of this project.I am profoundly grateful to my
Physics teacher, Rajib Ghosh Roy , for their expert guidance, patience, and constant
encouragement. Their deep understanding of the subject and innovative teaching methods
have greatly enriched my knowledge and understanding of physics. Without their insightful
feedback and dedicated support, this project would not have been possible.I would also like
to thank my parents and friends for their constant support and encouragement throughout
this journey. Their belief in my abilities has been a source of motivation for me.
Finally, I would like to thank everyone who has directly or indirectly contributed to the
successful completion of this project. Your support and encouragement have been
greatly appreciated.

Thank you all.

 CERTIFICATE
_____________________________________________________________

This is to certify that Parikshit Dewan of Class 12 SCI J has successfully

completed the physics project on Magnet and Magnetism under the guidance of
Rajib Ghosh Roy for the academic year 2023-2024.

This project has been evaluated and accepted by the Physics Department in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Physics course.

We commend Parikshit Dewan for their hard work and dedication in the
completion of this project.

Physics Teacher

Rajib Ghosh Roy

Signature :

Date:
 INDEX

S.No. TOPIC Page no. T.sign

 MAGNET

A magnet is an object or material that generates a magnetic field. This

magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property
of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as
iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.

FUN FACT :

The Earth itself acts like a giant magnet with its own magnetic
field. This is because of the movement of molten iron and nickel
in its outer core. This magnetic field extends from the planet's
interior out into space and forms the magnetosphere, which
protects us from the solar wind—a stream of charged particles
emanating from the Sun.
 HISTORY OF MAGNET

The history of magnets goes back to 600 B.C. but it was only in the 20th century that
scientists began to understand it and the discovery of magnets applications began.

Magnetism was most likely first discovered in a type of magnetite called lodestone, which is
made up of iron oxide, a chemical compound made up of iron and oxygen. The first known
users of this mineral, which they called a magnet because of its ability to attract other pieces
of the same material and iron, were the ancient Greeks.

LODESTONE

→ William Gilbert (1540-1603), an Englishman, was the first to use scientific

methods to investigate the phenomenon of magnetism. He also found that the Earth
is a weak magnet in and of itself. Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German, conducted the first
theoretical studies into the nature of the Earth's magnetism (1777-1855).
→ The inverse square law of force states that the attractive force between two magnetised
objects is directly proportional to the product of their fields and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them.

→ Quantitative studies of the history of magnetism and magnetic phenomena began in the
18th century with Frenchman Charles Coulomb (1736-1806), who developed the inverse
square law of force, which states that “the attractive force between two magnetised objects
is directly proportional to the product of their individual fields and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance”.

→ Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851), a Danish physicist, was the first to propose a link
between electricity and magnetism. Experiments on the interactions of magnetic and
electric fields were carried out by Frenchman Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836) and
Englishman Michael Faraday (1791-1869), but it was the Scotsman James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-1879) who laid the theoretical foundation for electromagnetism in the 19th century
by demonstrating that electricity and magnetism are the same things.

→ The work and theoretical models of two Germans, Ernest Ising (1900- ) and Werner
Heisenberg (1900- ), are responsible for our current understanding of magnetism, which is
based on the theory of electron motion and interactions in atoms (known as quantum
electrodynamics) (1901-1976). Werner Heisenberg was a key figure in the development of
modern quantum mechanics.
 TYPE OF MAGNET
1. Permanent Magnets

Permanent magnets produce a consistent magnetic field without the need for an external power
source. They are made from materials that have been magnetised and maintain their magnetism
over time. Common types of permanent magnets include:

Neodymium Magnets (NdFeB): These are the strongest type of permanent

magnets available. They are made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron.
Applications include computer hard drives, wind turbines, and electric vehicle
motors.

Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) Magnets: Strong magnets that can withstand high
temperatures and are corrosion-resistant.
2. Temporary Magnets

These magnets act like permanent magnets when exposed to a magnetic field but
lose their magnetism once the external field is removed.

3. Electromagnets

Magnets created by running an electric current through a coil of wire, usually

wrapped around a core made of ferromagnetic material like iron.
 MAGNETIC FIELD
A magnetic field is a vector field that surrounds a magnet, electric current, or
changing electric field, and exerts a force on other magnets, moving charges, and
magnetic materials such as iron.

Magnetic Field Lines

Description: Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines used to represent the
direction and strength of a magnetic field.

Properties:

They emerge from the north pole of a magnet and enter the south pole.

They never intersect with each other.

The density of the lines indicates the strength of the magnetic field (closer lines
mean a stronger field).
 Biot-Savart Law

The Biot-Savart Law is a fundamental equation in electromagnetism that describes

the magnetic field generated by an electric current.

Biot-Savart Law Formula

The Biot-Savart Law is expressed mathematically as:

Explanation

● Current Element: The small segment dl of a current-carrying wire creates a

magnetic field dB at a point in space. The magnetic field at this point is
influenced by the magnitude of the current III, the orientation and length of
the current element, and the position of the point relative to the current
element.
● Direction of the Magnetic Field: The direction of the magnetic field
produced by the current element can be determined using the right-hand rule.
If you point the thumb of your right hand in the direction of the current,
then curl your fingers, your fingers will point in the direction of the magnetic
field around the current-carrying wire.
 APPLICATION OF BIOT SAVART LAW

1. Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire:

Using the Biot-Savart Law, one can derive the magnetic field around a long,
straight current-carrying wire, resulting in a circular magnetic field around the
wire

2. Magnetic Field of a Circular Loop:

The law is used to calculate the magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop of
current, which is important in the design of electromagnets and inductors.
3. Magnetic Field of a Solenoid:

By integrating the Biot-Savart Law over the turns of a solenoid, one can find the
uniform magnetic field inside a long solenoid.
 Gauss's Law
Statement:
Gauss's Law is a fundamental principle in electromagnetism that relates the
electric flux passing through a closed surface to the charge enclosed by that
surface.