CHAPTER 2 ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

EXERCISES
Q 1 to Q 4 (Remembering and Understanding)
1 State TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements. If FALSE, correct it.
(a) Energy is released in all chemical reactions.
(b) In an exothermic reaction, the surrounding temperature is increased.
(c) An endothermic process may be used as a cooling system.
(d) Total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is dependent on the route by which the reaction
takes place.
(e) The neutralisation reaction is endothermic and the enthalpy change is positive.
2 Select the correct word or words given in the brackets.
(a) The enthalpy change of ( A. neutralisation, B. solution, C. formation ) is the heat change
that occours when one mole of a substance is dissolved in water.
(b) The bond breaking is a/an ( A. exothermic, B. endothermic, C. heat evolving ) process.
(c) Standard enthalpy change is measured at ( A. 0 HC, B. 273 K, C. 25 HC ), and 760 mmHg.
(d) Combustion of fuels is a/an ( A. exothermic, B. endothermic, C. heat absorbing ) process.
(e) When the energy needed to break bonds is ( A. less than, B. greater than, C. equal to )
the energy needed to form bonds, the reaction is exothermic.
3 Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
(a) A process in which the system absorbs heat from its surroundings is called _____.
(b) The symbol of the standard enthalpy change is _____.
(c) Heat liberated by a chemical reaction is assigned by _____.
(d) Change in enthalpy of a system is due to the heat supplied at a constant _____.
(e) The highly accurate values of enthalpy changes of combustion can be measured by using a
special apparatus called _____.
4 Is each of the following reactions endothermic or exothermic? Give a reason for your answer.
(a) C(graphite) + H2O(g) â CO(g) + H2(g) H = (+)
(b) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) â CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = ( -)
(c) H2(g) + I2(g) â 2HI(g) + 21.0kJ
(d) making of a chemical bond
(e) ½N2(g) + ½O2(g) + heat â NO(g)
Q 5 to Q 10 (Analysing and Problem Solving)
5 (a) The energy from burning 0.45 g of propane was transferred to 100 cm³ of water to raise
its temperature by 20 HC. Calculate the enthalpy change (in kJ). (Assume that 1 cm³ of water
has a mass of 1 g, the specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g¯¹ HC¯¹.)
(b) The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1367 kJ mol¯¹. Using this value, calculate the number
of moles of ethanol required to raise the teperature of 500 g of water from 18 HC to 100 HC.
(C = 12, O = 16, H = 1) (c = 4.18 J g¯¹ HC¯¹)
6 (a) When 8.0 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 40 cm³ of water the temperature falls to
20.5 HC from 22.0 HC. Calculate the energy absorbed by the solution when sodium chloride
dissolves. Answe with three significant figures. (c = 4.18 J g¯¹ HC¯¹)
(b) A 75 cm³ of 2.0 mol dm¯³ ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, was placed in a styrofoam cup. The
temperature was 18.2 HC. A 75 cm³ of 2.0 mol dm¯³ ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH
temperature was 18.6 HC. After mixing these two solutions, the highest temperature was
31.0 HC. Calculate H for the neutralisation. (c = 4.18 J g¯¹ HC¯¹)
 7 (a) Write a balanced chemical equation corresponding to the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of the following:
(i) carbon(graphite) (ii) H2(g) (iii) N2(g) (iv) S(s) (v) Mg(s)
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation corresponding to the standard enthalpy change of
formation of the following compounds.
(i) NaCl(s) (ii) H2SO4(l) (iii) NaHCO3(s) (iv) MgCO3(s) (v) HCl(g)
8 (a) Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of butane gas, C 4H10, from the following data;
enthalpy of combustion of graphite = -394 kJ mol¯¹,
enthalpy of combustion of hydrogn = -286 kJ mol¯¹
enthalpy of combustion of butane = -2877 kJ mol¯¹
(b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) â CH3OH(l)
The relevant enthalpy changes in combustion data are given below.
enthalpy of combustion of CO(g) = -283 kJ mol¯¹
enthalpy of combustion of H2(g) = -286 kJ mol¯¹
enthalpy of combustion of CH3OH(l) = -726 kJ mol¯¹
9 Draw the enthalpy cycle to calculate Hr D for the reaction;
Al2O3(s) + 3Mg(s) â 3MgO(s) + 2Al(s)
Calculate the Hr D using the following data:
Hf D [Al2O3(s)] = -1676 kJ mol¯¹
Hf D [MgO(s)] = -602 kJ mol¯¹
10 Draw the enthalpy cycle and calculate Hr D for the reaction from the given data.
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) â 2Fe(s) +Al2O3(s)
Hf D [Fe2O3(s)] = -824 kJ mol¯¹
Hf D[Al2O3(s)] = -1676 kJ mol¯¹
Q 11 and Q 14 (Critical Thinking)
11 Draw the energy level diagrams for the following reactions and identify exothermic or endothermic.
(a) Fe(s) + S(s) â FeS(s) H = -110 kJ mol¯¹
(b) CaCO3(s) + â CaO(s) + CO2(g) H = +178 kJ mol¯¹
12 Using the enthalpies of combustion given in the following table, which organic compound
releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during combustion? (C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
Fuel Hc (kJ mol¯¹)
methanol -726
ethanol -1367
n-octane -5471
13 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the H-I bond energy. (ii) Write the symbol for H-I bond energy.
(iii) Write a hypothetical equation that shows the change brought about in determining the H-I bond energy.
(b) Hydrogen chloride can react with acetylene (ethyne) in a two-stage addition process to give
a saturated product as follows: C2H2(g) + 2HCl(g) â C2H4Cl2(g)
Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction using the following bond enthalpy data.
E(C=C) = 835 kJ mol¯¹, E(C-H) = 410 kJ mol¯¹, E(C-C) = 347 kJ mol¯¹, E(C-Cl) = 326 kJ mol¯¹, E(H-Cl) = 428 kJ mol¯¹
14 The compound diborane (B2H6) is used as rocket fuel. The combustion of diborane is shown
in the following equation: B2H6(g) + 3O2(g) â B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)
Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of diborane (B 2H6) in kJ mol¯¹, using the
following data: 2B(s) + 3H2(g) â B2H6 (g) Hf D [B2H6(g)] = -36 kJ mol¯¹
H2(g) + ½O2(g) â H2O(l) Hf D [H2O(l)] = -286 kJ mol¯¹
2B(s) + ³/2O2(g) â B2O3(s) Hf D [B2O3(s)] = -1274 kJ mol¯¹