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19 views4 pages

Snowflake 5

snowflake-5

Uploaded by

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Reference SQL command reference Query syntax LATERAL

Categories:
Query syntax

LATERAL
In a FROM clause, the LATERAL keyword allows an inline view to reference columns
from a table expression that precedes that inline view.
A lateral join behaves more like a correlated subquery than like most joins. A lateral
join behaves as if the server executed a loop similar to the following:

for each row in left_hand_table LHT:


execute right_hand_subquery RHS using the values from the current ro

Unlike the output of a non-lateral join, the output from a lateral join includes only the
rows generated from the inline view. The rows on the left-hand side do not need to be
joined to the right hand side because the rows on the left-hand side have already been
taken into account by being passed into the inline view.

Syntax
SELECT ...
FROM <left_hand_table_expression>, LATERAL ( <inline_view> )
...

Parameters
<left_hand_table_expression>

This is a source of rows, such as:


A table.
A view.
A subquery.
A table function.
The result of an earlier join.

<inline_view>

The <inline_view> can be:


An inline view (a view defined within the statement, and valid only for the
duration of the statement).
A subquery.
A table function (either a built-in table function such as FLATTEN or a user-
defined table function (UDTF)).
The <inline_view> cannot be a table.

Usage notes
The inline view after the keyword LATERAL can reference columns only from the
inline view itself and from tables to the left of the inline view in the FROM clause.

SELECT *
FROM table_reference_me, LATERAL (...), table_do_not_reference_m

Although the inline view typically references a column(s) from the


<left_hand_table_expression> , it is not required to do so.

Just as INNER JOIN syntax can use either the comma or the keywords INNER
JOIN, a lateral join can also use the comma or the keywords INNER JOIN.
You cannot specify the ON, USING, or NATURAL JOIN clause in a lateral table
function (other than a SQL UDTF), and you cannot specify the ON, USING, or
NATURAL JOIN clause in an outer lateral join to a table function (other than a SQL
UDTF).
For details, refer to the Usage Notes in the JOIN topic.

Examples
This example uses the data shown below:

CREATE TABLE departments (department_id INTEGER, name VARCHAR);


CREATE TABLE employees (employee_ID INTEGER, last_name VARCHAR,
department_ID INTEGER, project_names ARRAY);
INSERT INTO departments (department_ID, name) VALUES
(1, 'Engineering'),
(2, 'Support');
INSERT INTO employees (employee_ID, last_name, department_ID) VALUES
(101, 'Richards', 1),
(102, 'Paulson', 1),
(103, 'Johnson', 2);

Basic example
This example shows a lateral join with a subquery.

SELECT *
FROM departments AS d, LATERAL (SELECT * FROM employees AS e WHERE
ORDER BY employee_ID;
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------
| DEPARTMENT_ID | NAME | EMPLOYEE_ID | LAST_NAME | DEPARTMENT_I
|---------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------
| 1 | Engineering | 101 | Richards |
| 1 | Engineering | 102 | Paulson |
| 2 | Support | 103 | Johnson |
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------

Example of using LATERAL with FLATTEN()


This example shows how a lateral join can use the inline view returned by FLATTEN :

SELECT * FROM table1, LATERAL FLATTEN(...);

First, update the employee table to include ARRAY data that FLATTEN can operate on:

UPDATE employees SET project_names = ARRAY_CONSTRUCT('Materialized Vie


WHERE employee_ID = 101;
UPDATE employees SET project_names = ARRAY_CONSTRUCT('Materialized Vie
WHERE employee_ID = 102;

Second, execute a query that uses FLATTEN and contains a reference to a column(s)
in a table that precedes it:
SELECT emp.employee_ID, emp.last_name, index, value AS project_name
FROM employees AS emp, LATERAL FLATTEN(INPUT => emp.project_names)
ORDER BY employee_ID;
+-------------+-----------+-------+----------------------+
| EMPLOYEE_ID | LAST_NAME | INDEX | PROJECT_NAME |
|-------------+-----------+-------+----------------------|
| 101 | Richards | 0 | "Materialized Views" |
| 101 | Richards | 1 | "UDFs" |
| 102 | Paulson | 0 | "Materialized Views" |
| 102 | Paulson | 1 | "Lateral Joins" |
+-------------+-----------+-------+----------------------+

Examples showing both join syntaxes


The following SQL statements are equivalent and produce the same output (the output
is shown only once below). The first SQL statement below uses a comma before the
keyword LATERAL while the second SQL statement uses the keywords INNER JOIN.

SELECT *
FROM departments AS d, LATERAL (SELECT * FROM employees AS e WHERE
ORDER BY employee_ID;

SELECT *
FROM departments AS d INNER JOIN LATERAL (SELECT * FROM employees
ORDER BY employee_ID;
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------
| DEPARTMENT_ID | NAME | EMPLOYEE_ID | LAST_NAME | DEPARTMENT_I
|---------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------
| 1 | Engineering | 101 | Richards |
| 1 | Engineering | 102 | Paulson |
| 2 | Support | 103 | Johnson |
+---------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------

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