PASADONG QUIZ CUTIE!

 The term network is used in a variety of

contexts including telephone, television,
LESSON 1
computer, or even people networks.
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS  A network is a collection of individual
computers, connected by some physical
media and networking devices.
DATA AND INFORMATION WHY DO WE USE NETWORK
 Data refers to the raw facts that are collected  Convenience
while information refers to processed data  People expect interoperability from
that enables us to take decisions. electronic devices
DATA COMMUNICATION  Computer network allow:
 For the transfer of files data and even
shared applications without copying
anything to floppy disk
 Computers to share devices such as
printers, scanners, fax machines,
processors, disk drives ,& other
resources

 Networked computers can share data and

peripherals
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION BENEFITS OF A NETWORK
DELIVERY INFORMATION SHARING
 The data should be delivered to the correct  Authorized users can use other computers on
destination and correct user. the network to access and share information
and data. This could include special group
ACCURACY
projects, databases, etc.
 The communication system should be
HARDWARE SHARING
deliver the data accurately, without
introducing any errors.  One device connected to a network, such as
a printer or scanner, can be shared by many
TIMELINESS
users.
 Audio or Video data has to be delivered in
SOFTWARE SHARING
timely manner.
 Instead of purchasing and installing a
JITTER
software program on each computer, it can
 It is the variation in the packet arrival time. be installed on the server. All of the users
Uneven Jitter may affect the timeliness of can then access the program from a single
data being transmitted. location.
NETWORK COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENT
 A network is simply defined as something  Users can work together on group projects
that connects things together for a specific by combining the power and capabilities of
purpose. diverse equipment.
DATA REPRESENTATION BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
 refers to the internal method used to  A positional number system
represent various types of data stored on a  Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1)
computer. Computer use different types of Hence, base=2
numeric codes to represent various forms of  The largest single digit is 1 (one less than
data, such as text, number, graphics and the base)
sounds.  Each position of a digit represents a specific
power of the base (2) Bit stands for binary
NUMBER SYSTEM
digit
NON-POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTERM  A bit means either a 0 or a 1, n-bit number is
a binary number consisting of "n' bits
 Use symbols such as I for 1, II for 2, III for  Computer stores numbers, letters, and other
3, IIII for 4, IIIII for 5, etc. special characters in binary form.
 Each symbols represent the same value
regardless of its position in the number HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 Symbols are simply added to find out the
 A positional number system
value of a particular number
 Has total 16 symbols or digits
 Difficult to perform arithmetic with such a
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F).
number system.
Hence, its base =16
POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEM  The symbols A,B,C,D,E, and F represent the
decimal values 10,11,12,13,14,15
 Use only few symbols called digits respectively
 These symbols represent different values  The largest single digit is 15 (one less than
depending on they occupy in the number the value of the base)
 The value of each digit is determined by:  Each position of a digit represents a specific
 The digit itself power of the base (16)
 The position of the digit in the number  Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits
 The base of the number system (base= ( 24=16) are sufficient to represent any
total number of digits in the number hexadecimal number in binary
system)
 The maximum value of a single digit is DATA TYPES
always equal to one less than the value of
ALPHANUMERIC DATA
the base
 is a string of symbols where a symbol may
NUMBER SYSTEMS USED IN COMPUTER
be one of the letter A, B, C, ....., Z, or one of
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM the digits 0,1,2,...,9, or special character,
such as + - * / , . ( ) = etc.
 A positional number system
 Has 10 symbols or digit (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9). ALPHABETIC DATA
Hence, its base = 10
 consists of only the letters A, B, C, ..., Z, and
 Each position of a digit represents a specific
the blank character.
power of the base (10)
 Can represent any number by using the NUMERIC DATA
available digits and arranging them in
 consists of only numbers 0,1,2,...,9.
various positions.
Computer use binary number for internal data  Has lot of room to accommodate new
representation Group of bits used to represent a characters, its growth process is strictly
symbol is called a byte. 8-bits together make a byte additive
Commonly used computer codes are BCD, UNICODE CHARACTERS
EBCDIC, and ASCII
 Simple Character
BINARY ARITHMETIC  Composite Characters
 Duplicate characters in multiple languages
 Data is handled in the computer by
 Glyphs
electronic/electrical components
 Electronic components operate in binary DATA FLOW
mode (can only indicate two states oe on (1)
 Buses and networks are designed to allow
or off (0)
communication to occur between individual
 The binary number system has only two
devices that are interconnected. The flow of
digits (0 and 1), computer circuits only have
information, or data, between nodes, can
to handle two binary digits
take a variety of forms
 Arithmetic rules/ processes possible with
binary numbers SIMPLEX COMMUNICATION
UNICODE  With simplex communication, all data flow
is unidirectional: from the designated
 No single encoding system supports all
transmitter to the designated receiver.
languages
 Different encoding systems conflict
 Universal character-encoding standard used
for representation of text for computer
processing DUPLEX COMMUNICATION
 Provides a unique number for every
character, no matter what the platform, no  With duplex communication, the flow of
matter what the program, no matter what the information is bi-directional for each device.
language Duplex can be further divided into two sub-
categories:
UNICODE FEATURES
TYPES OF NETWORKS
 Provides a consistent way of encoding
multilingual plain text
 Defines codes for characters used in all
major languages of the world
 Defines codes for special characters,
mathematical symbols, technical symbols,
and diacritics
 Assigns each character a unique numeric
value and name  Local Area Networks (LAN) 0-2 K.M.
 Reserves a part of the code space for private single ownership
use  Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 2-50
 Affords simplicity and consistency of K.M.
ASCII, even corresponding characters have  Wide Area Network (WAN) 50= K.M.
same code  Personal Area Network (PAN) 10 meters
 Specifies an algorithm for the presentation range.
of text with bi-directional behavior
DEFINING LANS, MANS, AND WANS
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
 A LAN supports fast, low-error data transfer LAN TOPOLOGIES
on a physical network infrastructure that
 Define network device organization
covers a small, limited geographic area, such
 Topologies are logical architectures
as within a single building or on a single
 Actual devices need not be physically
floor of a building
organized in these configurations.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
LAN COMMON TYPES
 A MAN is a network that spans an area
BUS TOPOLOGY
larger than a LAN but is less dispersed
geographically than a WAN. A MAN  is the line or horizontal topology in the
network may connect several LANs on a network. It is the simplest physical
single company's campus, or interconnect orientation of nodes in the network. This
the LANs of several companies and topology is most used in local area networks
businesses in one part of town. where the link between each node is a single
connection line or a cable through an
WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WAN)
interface.
 A WAN is a network that interconnects
TREE TOPOLOGY
LANs and MANs across a broad geographic
area.  is a type of network topology that resembles
a tree. In a tree topology, there is one central
node (the “trunk”), and each node is
connected to the central node through a
single path. Nodes can be thought of as
branches coming off of the trunk.
STAR TOPOLOGY
 is a network topology in which each network
component is physically connected to a
central node such as a router, hub or switch.
RING TOPOLOGY
 is a network design where connected devices
form a circular data channel. Each
networked device is linked to two more ones
by two points on a circle. A ring network is a
collective term for the devices arranged in a
ring topology.
 END DEVICES (HARDWARE COMPONENTS)
 These are the computing device that
interconnects which has an IP address that is
WIDE AREA NETWORK
unique for every computing device such as
 (also known as WAN), is a large network of laptops, personal computers, printers,
information that is not tied to a single workstations, smart phones, IP Cameras, etc.
location. WANs can facilitate
INTERMEDIARY DEVICES
communication, the sharing of information
and much more between devices from  These devices provide connectivity to the
around the world through a WAN provider. network, connect individual networks, and
A Wide Area Network is a collection of connect segments within the same network.
local-area networks (LANs) or other
Examples are:
networks that communicate with one another
a) Network Access Devices (Hubs,
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
switches, and wireless access points)
 A personal area network (PAN) is the b) Internetworking Devices (routers)
interconnection of information technology c) Communication Servers and Modems
devices within the range of an individual d. Security Devices (firewalls).
person, typically within a range of 10
COMMONLY USED NETWORK DEVICES
meters.
HUBS
PDA
 This is a device connecting multiple
 Personal Data Assistant
computers together and makes them perform
the functions as a single unit.
SWITCHES
 This is a computer networking device that
connects devices together on a computer
network.
ROUTERS
 These are small electronic devices that join
WHY NETWORK YOUR COMPUTERS?
multiple computer networks together via
 User can share resources and communicate either wired or wireless connections. A
 File sharing router is a box that lets all of your wired and
 Hardware sharing (printer, CD-ROM wireless devices use that internet connection
drives and hard drives) at once and allows them to talk to one
 Program Sharing another directly.
 User communication
NETWORK
 Multiplayer gaming
 Card Network cards also known as Network
COMPONENTS OF THE NETWORK
Interface Cards (NICs) are hardware devices
 The computers are connected through either that connect a computer with the network.
the use Ethernet Cables or through Wireless
MODEMS
Connection. Devices like routers, hubs and
switches make it possible.
  This is a device or program that enables a  In summary, signal bandwidth is a crucial
computer to transmit data over, for example, aspect of communication systems. It
telephone or cable lines. A modem is a box determines the amount of data that can be
that connects your home network to your transmitted, as well as the speed and quality
internet service provider of that transmission. Understanding signal
bandwidth is essential for anyone involved
LESSON 2 SIGNAL BANDWIDTH
in the design or implementation of
Signal bandwidth communication systems.

 is a critical concept in the field of Factors Affecting Signal Bandwidth

communication systems. It determines the
1.Signal frequency
amount of information that can be
transmitted over a communication channel  The frequency of a signal is a significant
in a given period. Understanding this factor in determining signal bandwidth. The
concept is essential for anyone interested in bandwidth of a signal is directly
communication systems, as it has a direct proportional to its frequency. This means
impact on the quality and speed of that the higher the frequency of a signal, the
transmitted data. greater the bandwidth. Conversely, a lower
 refers to the range of frequencies that a frequency signal will have a lower
signal occupies. It is measured in hertz (Hz). bandwidth.
It is synonymous with the highest frequency
2.Modulation techniques
of a signal minus the lowest frequency of the
signal.  The modulation technique used affects
bandwidth. Modulation is the process of
Importance of signal bandwidth in
encoding information onto a carrier signal.
communication systems
Different modulation techniques have
 It is important to note that bandwidth different bandwidth efficiency levels.
limitations can affect the quality of Bandwidth efficiency is the amount of
communication. For example, in a telephone information that can be transmitted over a
conversation, the bandwidth is limited to a given bandwidth.
certain range of frequencies. This is why  amplitude modulation (AM) has lower
telephone calls can sometimes sound bandwidth efficiency compared to frequency
muffled or distorted, as the bandwidth is not modulation (FM). This is because AM
wide enough to transmit all of the nuances signals have a wider bandwidth than FM
of a person's voice. signals for the same amount of information
 Bandwidth limitations also affect the quality transmitted. Other modulation techniques
of video and audio streaming. When such as phase modulation (PM) and
streaming media, a higher bandwidth is quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
required to ensure that the video or audio is have higher bandwidth efficiency than AM
transmitted smoothly and without and FM.
interruption.
3.Channel Capacity
 Furthermore, bandwidth is not always
constant. It can vary depending on the type  The capacity of a communication channel is
of communication channel being used. For another factor that affects signal bandwidth.
example, wireless communication channels In a channel with limited capacity, the
are subject to interference from other bandwidth is also limited and vice versa.
devices, which can result in a lower The capacity of a channel is determined by
effective bandwidth.
 its noise level, signal-tonoise ratio, and other upper and lower sidebands of a modulated
factors. signal. Passband signals are typically used in
analog communication systems such as AM
and FM radio.
 For instance, in an AM radio station, the
audio signal is modulated onto a carrier
signal, which occupies a range of
frequencies around the center frequency of
the radio station. The passband bandwidth of
Types of Signal Bandwidth the radio station determines the range of
Analog Bandwidth frequencies that the station can transmit. The
higher the passband bandwidth, the more
 refers to continuous signals such as audio channels the radio station can transmit.
and live video. It occupies a continuous
range of frequencies, making it essential in In conclusion, signal bandwidth is an essential
audio and video communication systems that parameter in communication systems. The type of
require high fidelity and continuous signal bandwidth used depends on the application
transmission of data. Analog bandwidth is and the nature of the signal being transmitted.
measured in hertz (Hz), which is the number Analog bandwidth is used in continuous signals
of cycles per second that a signal completes. such as audio and video, while digital bandwidth is
The higher the analog bandwidth, the more used in digital communication systems. Baseband
data that can be transmitted over a and passband bandwidth are used in unmodulated
communication channel. and modulated signals, respectively.

Digital bandwidth Measuring Signal Bandwidth

 refers to the amount of data that can be  Signal bandwidth is a critical concept in
transmitted over a communication channel. communication systems. It refers to the
It is expressed in bits per second (bps). range of frequencies occupied by a signal.
Digital bandwidth is essential in digital Accurately measuring signal bandwidth is
communication systems such as computer essential to ensure efficient and effective
networks. In digital communication, data is transmission of data.
transmitted in the form of binary digits  There are specific techniques and tools used
(bits), which can only have two values: 0 or to measure signal bandwidth. One technique
1. is to measure the frequency range of the
signal. This method involves identifying the
Baseband bandwidth highest and lowest frequencies present in the
 refers to the bandwidth of an unmodulated signal. Another method is to use filters to
signal, also referred to as the zerofrequency isolate the signal and measure its
range. It is the range of frequencies that a bandwidth. In both cases, the bandwidth is
signal occupies before it is modulated onto a measured as the range of frequencies
carrier signal. Baseband signals are typically occupied by the signal.
used in digital communication systems such Signal Bandwidth Measurement Techniques
as Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
 Measuring signal bandwidth accurately
Passband bandwidth requires the use of specific techniques.
 on the other hand, refers to the range of One such technique is the frequency
frequencies occupied by a modulated signal. domain method. This method involves
It is essentially the difference between the transforming the signal from the time
 domain to the frequency domain using
Fourier analysis. The resulting frequency
spectrum shows the signal's frequency
components, allowing for accurate
bandwidth measurement.
 Another technique is the time-domain
method. This method involves
measuring the signal's duration and
using it to determine the bandwidth. The
duration is inversely proportional to the
bandwidth, with a shorter duration
indicating a wider bandwidth. Interpreting Bandwidth Measurement results

Tools for measuring Signal Bandwidth  The interpretation of bandwidth

measurement results is dependent on the
Spectrum Analyzer application. In digital communication
 is a device that measures the signal's power systems, for example, bandwidth
spectrum in the frequency domain. It measurement results can help determine the
displays the signal's frequency components maximum amount of data that can be
and their respective power levels, allowing transmitted over a communication channel.
for accurate bandwidth measurement. The higher the bandwidth, the more data
that can be transmitted.
 Similarly, in audio and video systems,
bandwidth measurement results can aid in
determining the system's fidelity and
quality. A wider bandwidth indicates a
higher quality signal.
 It is essential to note that bandwidth
Bandwidth Meter measurement results can be affected by
 is a device that measures the signal's various factors, such as noise, distortion,
bandwidth directly. It uses a filter to isolate and interference. Therefore, it is crucial to
the signal and measures the bandwidth as ensure that the measurement environment is
the range of frequencies occupied by the free from such factors to obtain accurate
signal. results.
 Understanding signal bandwidth and its
various types, factors, and measurement
techniques is essential in designing,
implementing, and operating
communication systems. Accurately
measuring signal bandwidth ensures
efficient and effective transmission of data,
Oscilloscope making it a crucial aspect of communication
systems.
 is another tool used to measure signal
bandwidth. An oscilloscope displays the
signal's waveform in the time domain,
allowing for accurate measurement of the
signal's duration. The duration can then be
used to determine the bandwidth.
  Claude Chappe invented the first visual
semaphore
1821 – England
 Charles Wheatstone invented the first
telegraph and microphone
1825 – France
 Joseph Nicephore Niepce achieves the first
photographic image
1831- USA

LESSON 3 HISTORY OF DATA  Joseph Henry Invents the first electric

COMMUNICATION telegraph

History of Data Communication 1835

 Torch Relays  Samuel Morse invents “Morse Code”

 SMOKE Signals
1876 – USA (Boston)
 Voice Relay
 Pigeon  Alexander Graham Bell patents the first
 African Drumbeats telephone
776BC Athens 1899 – Denmark
 The first recorded use of homing pigeons to  Valdemar Poulsen invents the first magnetic
send messages. storage medium
Technology gives us the freedom to 1902 – United Kingdom
COMMUNICATE
 Guglielmo Marconi transmits the first radio
2900BC Ancient Egypt signal across the Atlantic Ocean.
 The first standardized written language 1925 – United Kingdom
14AD – Rome  John Logie Baird demonstrated the first
television in London.
 The first postal service established
1930 USA
100AD – China
 First television broadcast in USA
 The invention of paper as we know it today.
1951
1455 – Germany
 Computer are first sold commercially\
 Johannes Guttenberg invents the first
printing press 1962
1714 – England  Telstar was the first communications
satellite launched into space
 Henry Mill patents the first typewriter
1966
1793 – France
 Xerox invents the Telecopier - the first
successful fax machine
1969  In the 1960 and 1970's, traditional computer
communicates centered around the
 ARPANET the first internet started
mainframe host.
1979-Japan o The mainframe contained all the
applications needed by the users, as
 First cellular phone communication network
well as file management, and even
started.
printing
o This centralized computing
environment used low-speed access
lines that tied terminals to the host.
 These large mainframes used digital signal
o pulses of electricity or zeros and
ones, what is called binary to pass
information from the terminals to the
host
Networking History o The information processing in the
 From a historical perspective, electronic host was also all digital
communication has actually been around a
This brought about a problem
long time, beginning with Samuel Morse
and the telegraph.  The telephone industry wanted to use
o first telegraph message sent on May computers to switch calls faster and the
24, 1844 from Washington DC to computer industry wanted to connect remote
Baltimore MD, 37 miles away users to the mainframe using the telephone
 23 years later, Alexander Graham Bell service
invented the telephone  But the telephone networks speak analog
o This lead to the development of the and computer speak digital.
ultimate analog network the
telephone system
 The first bit-oriented language device was
developed by Emile Baudot the printing
telegraph
o By bit-oriented we mean the devices
sends pulses of electricity which
were either positive or had no
voltage at all.
o These machines did not use Morse
Code
o Baudot's five-level code sent five
pulses down the wire for each
character transmitted.
o The machines did the encoding and
decoding, eliminating the need for
operators at both ends of the wires
o For thr first time, electronic
messages could be sent by anyone.
Early Computer Network
  To assure that the source does not
overwhelm the destination by sending data
faster than they can be processed by the rx
Addressing and routing
 When more than two devices shares a tx
facility, a source system must indicate the
identity of the intended destination
Recovery
 To resume activity in case of interruption
during info exchange
Key Communication Task Formatting
Transmission System Utilization  Agreement to the form of data to be
exchanged
 Efficient use of tx facilities, eg multiplexing,
congestion control Security
Interfacing  The sender of data wants to be assured that
only the intended receiver actually receives
 Electromagnetic signals propagated over the
the data
tx medium'
Network Management
 For system configuration
Signal Generation
 Monitoring the system status
 Signal must be capable of being propagated  Planning
through the tx system  Alarm reporting and troubleshooting
 Signal must be interpretable as data at the rx
Synchronization
 Between tx and rx
 Rx should determine when signal begins to
arrive, when it ends, and its duration
Exchange Management
 eg if the data exchanged in both directions
 Must be decided whether both devices may
tx simultaneously or in turns, the amount
and format of data etc.
Error detection and correction
 Error may occur, since tx signals may be
distorted before reaching the rx
Fow Control