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Introduction To Machine Design

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37 views127 pages

Introduction To Machine Design

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behailumamo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introductio

to ~~
·Machine DesTgn
•

vBBhandari
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
lnfonnation contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill,
from sources believed to be reliable. Howevet", neithet" Tata McGraw- Hill nor its
IUihors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published
bcl'ein. and neithet" Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authllcrs shall be responsible for any
cnors, omis.~ions, or damages arising out of use of'thill information. This work is
published with the undemanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors arc
supplying information but arc not attempting to rendet" engineering or othet"
professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an
'appropriate professional should be soughL

lUI Tata McGraw-Hill


0 2001, by Tata Mc:<JI:aw-Hill Publishing Company Umited.

Tenth reprint 2008


RXOYYRYXRAZLQ
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distnl>uted in any form or by
any means. electronic, mechanical, photoCopying. recording. or otherwise or
stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written pennission of
the publishe:s. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed
in a computet" system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

This edition can be exponed from India only by the publishers,


Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.

ISBN-13: 978-0-07-043449-3
ISBN-10: 0-07-043449-2

Published by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Umited,


7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi I I0 008, typeset at Anvi Composers,
Al/33 Pashchim Vihar, New Delhi 110 063 and printed at
Adarsh Printers, Delhi II 0 032

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Contents

Preface v
Acknowledgements vii

1. · Introduction 1
I I Machine 1
1.2 Machine Design 2
1.3 Basic Procedure of Machine Design 3
1.4 Design Engineer 6
1.5 Basic Requirements of Machine Elements 7
1.6 Design of Machine Elements 9
1.7 Sources of Design Data 13
1.8 Use of Standards in Design 15
19 Selection of Preferred Sires 17
1,.10 Economic Considerations in Design 19
1.11 Manufacturing Considerations in Design 21
1.12 Aesthetic Considerations in Design 24
1.13 Ergonomic Considerations in Design 25
Review Questions 27

2. Properties of Engineering Materials 31


2.1 Stress-Strain Diagrams 31
2.2 Mechanical Properties of Engineering Materials 36
2.3 Creep 40
24 Stress Concentration 41
2.5 Static and Dynamic Loads 48
2.6 Cyclic Loads and Stresses 51
2.7 Fatigue Failure 51
28 Endurance I imi t 55
2.9 Selection of Material 58
2 I0 Cast Iron 59
2.11 Design Considerations of Castings 61
2.12 B.I.S. System of Designation of Steels 65
2 13 Plain Carbon Steels 68

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!..._ Contents

2.14 Free Cutting Steels 69


2.15 Alloy Steels 69
2 16 Overseas Standards 71
2 I 7 Heat Treatment of Steels 74
2.18 Case Hardening of Steels 75
2 I 9 Cast Steel 77
2.20 Aluminium Alloys 78
2.21 Copper Alloys 81
2.22 Die Casting Alloys 83
2 23 Ceramics 81
2 24 Plastics 85
2.25 Fibre Reinforced Plastics 90
2.26 Natural and Synthetic Rubbers 92
Review Questions 92

3. Design of Simple Machine Parts 98


3.1 Factor of Safety 98
3.2 Tensile and Compressive Stresses 101
33 Shear Stress and Shear Strain 10?
3.4 Stresses Due to Bending Moment 104
35 Stresses Due to Torsional Moment 106
3.6 Design of Simple Machine Pans 107
3.7 CotterJoint 117
3.8 Design Procedure for Cotter Joint I 25
39 Cotter Foundation Bolts I 12
3 I0 Knuckle Joint I U
3.11 Design Procedure for Knuckle Joint 144
3 12 l.cyers /51
3.13 DesignofLevers 152
3.14 Arms of Cast Iron Pulley 189
3.15 Eccentric Axial Loading 195
3.16 Principal Stresses 204
3.17 Theories of Elastic failure 207
3.18 Maximum Principal Stress Theory 208
3.19 Max.imum Shear Stress Theory 209
Review Questions 211
Pmblemr 212

4. Shafts, Keys and Couplings 216


4.1 T ransmission Shafts 2/6
4.2 Shaft Design on Strength Basis 218
4.3 Shaft Design on Torsional Rigidity Basis- 222
4.4 Design of Hollow Shaft on Strength Basis 223
4.5 Design of Hollow Shaft on Torsional Rigidity Basis 226

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4.6 A.S.M.E. Code for Shaft Design 226


4.7 Keys 251
4.8 Saddle Keys 253
4.9 Sunk Keys 254
4.10 Feather Key 256
4.11 WoodruffKey 256
4.12 Stress Equations of Key 258
4.13 Strength Equations of Key 260
4.14 LengthofSquareKey 261
4.15 Couplings 275
4.16 MuffCoupling 277
4.17 Design Procedure for Muff Coupling 278
4 .18 Cl.ampCoupling 281
4.19 Design Procedure for Clamp Coupling 284
4.20 FlangeCoupling 287
4.21 Design Procedure for Rigid Flange Coupling 291
4.22 Bushed-Pin Flexible Coupling 301
4.23 Design Procedure for Bushed-Pin Type Flexible Coupling 305
Review Quesrio11s 317
Problems 320
S. Power Screws 325
I

5I Power Screws n 5
5.2 forms of Threads 326
5.3 Multiple Threaded Screws 329
5.4 Terminology of Power Screw 330
5.5 Torgue Requirement- Lifting Load 332
5.6 Torque Requirement- Lowering Load 333
5.7 Self-Locking Screw 334
5.8 Efficiency of Square Threaded Screw 335
5.9 Efficiency of Self-Locldng Screw 337
5.10 Trapezoidal and Acme Threads 337
5.11 Collar Friction Torque 339
5.12 Overall Efficiency 340
5.13 Coefficient of Friction 341
5.14 Stresses in Screw and Nut 341
5.15 Buckling of Columns 342
Review Questions 398
Problems 400

6. Threaded Joints 402


6.1 Threaded Joints 402
6.2 Basic Types of Screw Fastening 403
6.3 CAP Screws 405

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xU Contents

64 Setscrews 407
6.5 Bolt of Uniform Strength 408
6.6 Locking Devices 410
6.7 Terminology of Screw Threads 412
68 I S 0 Merrie Screw Threads 4 11
69 Boh ]Ioder Tension 416
6.10 Bolts for Cylinder Cover 420
6.11 Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Joints in Snear 423
6.12 Eccentric Load Perpendicular to Axis of Bolt 428
6.13 Eccentric Load on Circular Base 442
6.14 Torque Requirement for Bolt Tightening 454
6.15 Dimensions of Fasteners 456
Review Q11estions 465
Problems 467

7. Welded Joints 471


· 7.1 WeldedJoints 471
72 Butt Joints 4V
7.3 FilletJoints 474
7.4 Strength of Butt Welds 475
7.5 Strength of Parallel Fillet Welds 477
7.6 Strength of Transverse Fillet Welds 479
7.7 Ma ximum Shear Stress in Parallel fj)let Weld 484
78 Maximum Shear Stress in Transverse Fillet Weld 487
7.9 Axially Loaded Unsymmetrical Welded Joints 490
7.10 Eccentric Load in Plane of Welds 492
7 .II Welded Joint Subjected to Bending Moment 502
7.12 Welded Joint Subjected to Torsional Moment 510
7. 13 Strength of Welded Joints 512
7.14 WeldingSymbols 513
7.15 Weld Inspection 515
Review Questions 516
Problems 51 7

8. Riveted Joints 520


8 I Ri veted Joi nts 520
8.2 Types of Rivet Head 523
8.3 Types of Riveted Joints 526
8.4 Rivet Materials 528
8.5 Types of Failure 529
8.6 Strength Equations 530
8.7 Efficiency of Joint 533
8.8 Caulking and Fullering 533
8.9 Longitudinal Butt Joint for Boiler Shell 542

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Contents xlU

8.10 Circumferential Lap Joint for Boiler Shell 556


8.11 Eccentrically Loaded Riveted Joint 564
Review Questions 576
Problems 577

9. Bearilu!s and Seals 581


9.1 Bearings 581
9.2 ComQarison of Sliding and Roll ing Contact Bearings 582
9.3 Types of Sliding Contact Bearing 585
9.4 Construction of Sliding Contact Bearings 588
9.5 Bearing Materials 589
9.6 Lubricating Oi.ls 592
9.7 Self-Aligning Bearing 593
9.8 Types of Rolling Contact Bearing 594
9.9 Static Load Carrying Capacity 598
9.10 Dynamic Load Carrying Capacity 598
9.11 Equivalent Bearing Load 598
9.12 Load-Life Relationshil! 599
9.13 Selection of Bearing Life 600
9.14 Selection of Bearing From Manufacturer's Catalogue 601
9.15 Bearing Failure-Causes and Remedies 607
9.16 Lubrication of Rolling Contact Bearings 608
9.17 Mounting of Bearings 609
9.18 Gasket, Seal and Packing 611
Review Questions 6/3

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Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
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Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/
Free Engineering Books http://boilersinfo.com/

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