RESEARCH PRELIMS

RESEARCH 4. Ethnography
5. Grounded Theory - THEORY DEVELOPMENT
• "to search again" (etymological) Theory- tentative explanation
• methodic examination that uses regimented
techniques to solve questions or decipher QUANTITATIVE - THEORY TESTING
dilemmas (Boswell & Cannon,2007) Example: Ventilation Adequacy and Patient
• Nursing Research - systematic inquiry that Satisfaction - test the environmental theory
uses disciplined methods to answer questions NURSE PRACTITIONER (NP) - nurses who can
or solve problems (Polit and Beck, 2008) prescribe
• A systematic search for understanding, an • Advanced practice nurses
attempt to gain solutions, discover and • USA (Family NP, Psych NP)
develop an organized body of knowledge.
Advanced practice professions:
KEY FEATURES IN NURSING RESEARCH RN - prescribe meds? NO!
(Schmidt and Brown, 2009) Nurse Midwife
1. System Nurse Anesthetist
2. Order
3. Theory Development Nursing Research aims to…
NURSING RESEARCH VS RESEARCH IN
NURSING •Identification-research is use to assess the situation
Nursing Research (Specific) awareness that there is awareness that an unmet need,
problem or issue exists, a prevalent social problem or
• refers to the research done on addressing the
concern that requires to be investigated
health concerns of clients and the application
of research on their care done by nurses •Description- describe, observe, defines, document
Research in Nursing (Broader) and scientific inquiry
• studies on the particular concerns of nurses • Exploration- anwers “ what” questions
themselves ensuring quality care towards • Explanation- anwers “why” questions
client •Prediction (Situation)
Control (Intervention) - reduce unintended outcomes
GOALS OF NURSING RESEARCH
1. efficiency and effectiveness in nursing care CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
2. worth and value of the nursing profession to society
3. identification, implementation, and evaluation of
effective health care modalities l Orderly and Systematic
4. provision of quality care to clients l Control
QUALITATIVE -Theory Development l Empirical
1. Phenomenology l Generalization
2. Narrative Inquiry l Intensive
3. Case Study
Related concepts-literature from textbooks, news and
Orderly and systematic articles
-Identify the problem- what will be investigated Related studies- previous research
Issue/concern -theoretical and conceptual frameworks-
“Stress” relationship of concepts and variables
“HEALTH PROBLEMS “ THEORY - offers tentative explanation of the
-Determine the purpose of your study - Goals and relationship between concepts
objectives Ex. Environmental Theory by Florence Nightingale
Satisfaction was patient is influenced by the
-REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE environment (ventilation).
- to know what is known FRAMEWORK
“Found several studies with the same results “ - there is THEORETICAL = based on existing Theories
no need to conduct Behavior
Conceptual = framework as applied in the study
● INDEPENDENT -presumed cause
● DEPENDENT - presumed effect

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 RESEARCH PRELIMS
-Choice of Research Design- overall plan of how the
THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING study will be conducted (METHODS)
*QUAL - theory generation/theory development
•design = blueprint of the research
*QUAN - theory-testing (THEORETICAL
•detailed enough for the next researcher to duplicate
FRAMEWORK). Health Belief Model.
your work
Social Cognitive Theory.
Research according to Approach
Epistemological Basis (Epistemology- study of know
•Pure Experimental
or study of what reality is really is..)
• Non- Experimental (lack of Manipulation)
•Quasi- experimental - an empirical study to estimate
• NATURALISM - reality can be observed
the causal impact of an intervention on its taken
• CONSTRUCTIVISM - reality is "constructed"
population without randomization (lack of
(Qualitative is base on constructivism)
randomization)
-Acknowledge the scope and limitations of the study
Research according to measurements of data
(Scope) 5 W’s and H
analysis
What
Who
Quantitative- formal, objective, systematic process
When
and numerical data are used to obtain information
Where
Why
Ex.
How
Descriptive Research - provides an accurate portrayal
or account of characteristics of particular individuals
Limitations- weakness or variables that could possibly
• Survey of Sleep Quality of Night Shift Nurses
affect the findings for the study
• Association between Educational Degree and Clinical
DELIMITATIONS = synonymous to scope and
Skills among Nurses
limitations
Qualitative
TWO MAIN TYPE HYPOTHESIS : - systematic, interactive and subjective used to
Null Hypothesis- hypothesis no difference/ describe life experiences and meaning
hypothesis of equality - Interpretative methodological approach to
Alternative Hypothesis - hypothesis of produce more of a subjective science than
difference/hypothesis of significant quantitative research
(There is no hypothesis in qualitative research)
Combination design (mixed methods) - collecting and
-Define study variables analyzing both QUAN and QUAL in a single day

Ex .Simulation Characteristics and Satisfaction among Example:

Student Nurses A researcher wants to explore the experiences of nurses
caring for patients with chronic pain and to identify
2 TYPES OF DEFINITION effective pain management strategies.
1. Conceptual Definitions Quantitative
2. Operational Definition - large sample
- Statistical analysis
Simulation Characteristics. This refers to the traits Qualitative
that can influence simulation (jeffrys, 2015), In this - in depth interviews
study, simulation characteristics are factors that can - Smaller samples
influence the simulation satisfaction in the delivery - Thematic analysis
room and it will include items on adequacy of supply
and....... 4 TYPES OF MIXED METHOD

The main intent for study variables - Create a clear ● convergent mixed methods design(QUAN
interpretation AND QUAL) - done together at the same time

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 RESEARCH PRELIMS
● Explanatory sequential mixed method ROLES OF NURSES IN RESEARCH
design ( QUAN to QUAL)
Ex. QUAN (low SDL to EXPLAIN)QUAL
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOr- preparation/ Trainings
- MN, MAN, MSN with thesis
● Exploratory Sequential mixed method
design ( QUAL TO QUAN)-( Experiences) to
MEMBER OF A RESEARCH TEAM- Data collector/
(make a questionnaire)
Responsibility
● Complex mixed methods design
EVALUATOR- determine the usefullness
(experimental + QUAL Case study
framework) CONSUMER OF RESEARCH FINDINGS- use/
utilized/ apply
RESEARCH ACCORDING TO TIME - beneficiary
FRAME
CLIENT ADVOCATE - informed consent
-Longitudinal/prospective - determined the - explain thoroughly
future (follow through) - Voluntarily
- Cross-sectional- taken in single period of
time (present) Subject of research- respondents/ participants
- Retrospective - past/ historical (go back) - SUBJECT ( experimental/ any research with
RESEARCH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE treatment/ drug / interventions)
OR OBJECTIVE
- RESPONDENTS ( descriptive, use of survey/
questionnaire)
• Pure /basic/ Fundamental Research - systematic
study directed toward greater knowledge or - PARTICIPANTS ( commonly use on
understanding of the fundamental aspects of qualitative research)
phenomena.
EVIDENCE - BASED PRACTICE
• Applied- form of systematic inquiry involving the Evidence-based practice is the conscientious use of
practical application of science( effects/ current best evidence of making clinical decisions over
applications/intervention) (client driven) intuition (Cullum et al., 2008)

• Historical- employed by researchers who are -evidence

interested in reporting events and/or conditions that - experience
occurred in the past - value
- an attempt is made to establish facts in order
to arrive at conclusions concerning past events Systematic reviews- study of studies/ research of
or predict future events researches

RESEARCH ACCORDING TO RESEARCH META-ANALYSIS- QUANTITATIVE

ENVIRONMENT. META-SYNTHESIS - QUALITATIVE

CPG’s (clinical Practice Guidelines )- issued by

• Field Research societies/ organizations pertinent to a specific condition
Community research
GAINS IN NURSING RESEARCH
• Laboratory research
Demonstration; Laboratory ● Knowledge and Expertise
Experimentation ● Promotion and Prestige
● Recognition by Peers
• Clinical research ● Scholarship Grants
Clinical setting such as the hospitals; related learning ● Increase in Pay
experiences ● Used for accreditation in schools
- accreditation ( external evaluation)

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 RESEARCH PRELIMS
- PACUCOA ( Philippines association of -Sampling
colleges and universities commissions of Instrumentation Data collection
accreditation) - combination of many - validity of instrument procedure
organizations that are working to improve the - reliability of
quality of education instruments
Ethical consideration Ethical consideration
3 MAIN WORK OF UNIVERSITIES Data-gathering analysis
- instruction procedure
- Research Data analysis procedure Rigor and
- Extension/ outreach trustworthiness
Work plan schedule and Work plan schedule and
timeline timeline
NURSING RESEARCH CONSTRAINTS
Budgetary requirements Budgetary requirements
references
● Research constraints appendices
● The researcher
● Sources of data
● Related literature and studies
TITLE OF THE STUDY
● Time management
● Administrative and economic support
● Ethical issues ● General idea and must be concise with less
than 15 words (Nieswiadomy, 2008).
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH REPORT ● Components such as variables are stated and
(PROPOSAL) population.(Reverse Triangle)
● Does not include redundant phrasing, such as,
● "A Study of," A level of, "An Analysis of" or
Title page
similar constructions,
Table of contents
● Takes the form of a question or declarative
Chapter 1
statement
● Introduction
● If you use a quote as part of the title, the
● Background and Rationale
source of the quote is cited [usually using an
● Epistemological and Theoretical
asterisk and footnote],
Underpinning (QUAL)
● Use correct grammar and capitalization with
● Statement of the Problem
all first words and last words capitalized,
● Hypothesis- n/a for qualitative including the first word of a subtitle. All
● Definition of Terms nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and
● Significance of the Study adverbs that appear between the first and last
● Scope and Limitations of the Study words of the title are also capitalized, and
● Rarely uses an exclamation mark at the end of
the title.
CHAPTER 2
● Review of Related Literature PHASES OF THE NURSING RESEARCH
-Related Concept PROCESS
-Related Studies
● Synthesis 1. Conceptual Phase
● Theoretical Framework(Quantitative) 2. Designing and Planning Phase
● Conceptual Framework(Quantitative) 3. Empirical Phase/Implementation
4. Analytical Phase
Methodology(QUAN) Methodology(QUAL) 5. Dissemination and Utilization
-research design -research design Phase
Respondents Participants of the study
-study setting Conceptual Phase
-population Research problem - researchers seek to
-inclusion and Exclusion solve
-criteria ● Sources of Problem

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 RESEARCH PRELIMS
● Criteria for choice of research problems IV: Type of book(Ebook versus Physical Book
-using Literature review DV: Study Efficiency

External - significance/worth studying Intervening- affected by the Independent Variable

Researchability - empirical ● Type of book Number of hours of study
Feasibility - potential study efficiency
Internal- personal
Moderating variable
Type of book Study efficiency
INTRODUCTION OR BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
Type of home Environment
Springboard that stimulate interest of the reader
Antecedent Variable- influences IV, however,
1. Nature of the situation
may/may not influence the DV
2. Context of the problem / Scope of the Problem
3. Consequence of the Problem if not addressed
Statement of the Problem/Research problem/s
4. Knowledge Gap / What remains unknown about the
- Consist of General and specific statements
problem?
- Consist of major problem and minor problems which
5. Proposed solution
are part of the general question
- Determine research design
Situation
- Coverage should be define
Describe the current scenario considering local,
national, and international factors.
Types:
Provide facts. Provide evidence from reliable sources
- Interrogative
and statistical data to support the problem's existence.
Major to specific questions - what?
Provide a negative situation that requires further
Guides the kind of data to be gathered
research.
e.g. what is the profile of the staff nurses?
Describe the problem's ideal or expected state.
- Declarative
Informing goals
Problem
e.g. specifically, determine the profile of nurses;
Identify the potential cause of the difference between
the actual and problem situations. What's known about
● General Objective- restatement of your title
the problem and what questions remain unanswered?
● Specific Objectives-SMART
Provide gaps that deal with different and lacking
results/variables.

Solution STATEMENT OF THE

This section justifies the issue in this way. State what PROBLEM/RESEARCH PROBLEM/S
gaps have been discovered (e.g. lacking study locally).
State how these gaps can be answered using your
General Objectives (What, Why, Who, Where, and
study.
When)
Ex. This study aims to determine the level of mental
RESEARCH VARIABLE and technical readiness of enrolled freshmen nursing
Types of variables students at Iloilo Doctors College, first semester of
● Independent (CI) academic year 2023-2024.
● Dependent (Effect)
● Intervening/mediator - affected by IV Specific Objectives of the study (the specifics of what
● Moderator - not affected by IV you want to find out) that cover descriptive and
● Antecedent, Extraneous or Confounding inferential research questions.
(temp.) and Exogenous variable
a. It is necessary to specify the precise variables to be
Ex. Optimizing learning: E-Books versus Physical examined.
Books and Its Impact on Study Efficiency b. Mutually exclusive variables should be covered by
each aim; none should overlap.

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 RESEARCH PRELIMS
c. This should be reflected according to the conceptual Scientific studies usually contain simple or complex,
framework directional and null which are stated in operational
manner.
Descriptive- describe
1. Specifically, this study will seek answers to the Directional- (less than/greater than/increase)
following; Non directional- no quantity
Determine the personal profiles of enrolled freshmen
nursing students in a selected College Institution in Alternative
terms of sex, age, and family's monthly income? ● There is A…..
2. Determine the extent of mental readiness of enrolled Null
freshmen nursing students in an online learning ● NO significant…
modality ● Remain the same…
3. Determine the level of technical readiness of
enrolled freshmen nursing students in an online
learning modality DEFINITION OF TERMS

Two main components

INFERENTIAL-CONNECT TWO
Conceptual -Literal/Dictionary/lexical/articles
VARIABLES Operational - accdg. to usage in the study (use “in this
4. Determine whether there is a significant difference study..”)
in the level of mental readiness of enrolled freshmen
nursing students when grouped according to their sex at The definition for each terms is divided into 2 to 3
birth, age, type of academic tracks, type of secondary sentences:
school, and family's monthly income.
5. Determine whether there is a significant difference Sentence 1: Conceptual/ universal definitions
in the level of technical readiness of enrolled freshmen according to textbooks/standardized resources
nursing students when grouped according to their sex at
birth, age, type of academic tracks, type of secondary Sentence 2: Operational Definition according to the
school graduated, and family's monthly income. specific context of your study
6. Determine whether there is a significant relationship
between the level of mental readiness and technical Sentence 3: Method of measurement/ data-gathering
readiness among enrolled freshmen nursing students in used (Only for main variables that you measured).
an online learning modality?
Example:
Hypothesis -is an educated guess anxiety-related symptoms - specific physical,
• Suggested explanation so that it can be tested to see if emotional, and behavioural signs or symptams that
it might be true. meets but not yet fully diagnosed as generalized ardety
• Unify theory and reality diserder under the criteria of Diagnostics and Statetical
• Give direction to research Manual 5th edition (APA-DSM-5, 2012).
• Enhance knowledge In this study, anxiety-related symploms are the
• Not needed in Qualitative subjective feelings of worry, agitation, and unease
• The statement will be based on inferential statement experienced by nursing student before patient
of the problem interactions in their clinical duty. These symptoms
were measured using a 7-item standardized
questionnaire for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-
7). This will be categorized into low, moderate, and
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
high.
• Simple vs complex
• Direct - with directions vs Non-direct Red- conceptual
• (Alternative/statistical -Ha) vs (Null-Ho) Yellow- operational
Black- measured/categorized
Statement of Hypotheses
• Theoretical vs Operational Significance of study
-Beneficiaries of research studies
-Action based connected to Recommendation

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 RESEARCH PRELIMS
-This section describes the potential contributions of vism m Grounded theory interview
the study to an individual or organization. It cites the l Symboli Phenomenological Observation
usefulness of the study to the specific group/end-users. c research l Participa
Here, you need to list people/organizations in order of interacti Heuristic inquiry nt
onism
who would benefit most. Action research l Non-
l Phenom
enology
Discourse analysis participa
l Hermen Feminist nt
SCOPE/CONSTRAINTS/RESTRICTION eutics standpoint Case study
Critical research Life history
The scope is mainly the coverage of your study and the Narrative
limitation is the restriction or control of your study or inquiry
feminism Theme
topic. For the scope, you can be guided by answering identification
the questions: What is the study all about? What are the subjectivis Postmoderni Discourse theory Autoethnogra
variables under study? Who are the respondents? When m sm Archaeology phy
will the study be conducted? Where? How will the data Structuralis Genealogy Semiotics
be gathered? m Deconstruction Literary
Post- analysis
structuralis Pastiche
SCOPE-COVERAGE m Intertextuality
● Who
● What
● When
● Where Objectivism(QUANTI)
● How

LIMITATION- RESTRICTION
● Problem/challenges/deterrent factors

Limitation- the author does not have control

Delimitation- it is the author who controls the
exclusions

Scope:
This study is to focus on...
This study covers the...
This study aims to…

Limitation:
This study does not cover.
This study is limited to...
The following has been excluded from this study..

Epistemol Theoretical methodology methods

ogy perspective
Objectivis Positivism Experimental Sampling
m Post- research Measurement
positivism Survey research and scaling
Statistical
analysis
Questionnaire
Focus group
interview
constructi Interpretivis Ethnography Qualitative

DEANNE LEI A. CATALUÑA BSN 3 E