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Nursing Research First Class 2007

This document provides an introduction to nursing research. It discusses how nursing research is important for developing the evidence base of the profession and improving patient care. The document outlines different research paradigms including quantitative and qualitative approaches. It also describes key aspects of the research process for both quantitative and qualitative studies.

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59 views29 pages

Nursing Research First Class 2007

This document provides an introduction to nursing research. It discusses how nursing research is important for developing the evidence base of the profession and improving patient care. The document outlines different research paradigms including quantitative and qualitative approaches. It also describes key aspects of the research process for both quantitative and qualitative studies.

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Danta Bien-Aime
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Nursing Research

A Beginning

Professor Lisa High


University of Windsor
Introduction to Nursing Research

Welcome to the world of “NURSING RESEARCH”

 Learning a unique new language


 Incorporating new rules
 Expansion of your perceptions and methods of reasoning
Nursing Research

 Hallmark of any profession


 Search for new and unique body of knowledge

 Who was the first researcher is nursing?


 What did the research involve?

 How does the CNO fit into the practice of research?


Definition of Nursing Research

Root meaning:
(1)
(2)

More specifically:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
What is the significance of Nursing
Research
 Primary goal – to develop a scientific knowledge base for
nursing practice.

Significance/Value:
(1) Description
(2) Explanation
(3) Prediction
(4) Control
What Research Contributes To

 To acquire knowledge
 To build a theory base
 To validate reality
 To test reality
 A way of understanding the empirical world
 To test/confirm/refute a premise
Importance of Nursing Research
 Continued improvement in patient care
 Evidence-based practice
 Reinforcement of nursing as a profession
 Today in this “cost containment” healthcare system to
document relevance and effectiveness of nursing practice
 To understand the varied dimensions of the profession
 To describe the characteristics of specific nursing
situations
 To explain phenomena
 To initiate activities to promote desired patient outcomes
What is the Nurses Role?

 Every nurse is responsible (CNO Practice Standards)

 What is “research utilization”?


Nursing Research: Past, Present and
Future
 Florence Nightingale – Notes on Nursing (1859)
 1900 and 1940’s – focused on problems confronting nurses
most studies on nursing education
 1950’s – established the Nursing Research Journal in US
 To study clinical topics/clinical nursing problems
 Canadian Journal of Nursing Research – 1969
 1970’s – need additional communication outlets – additional
journals – Advanced Nursing Science
- Research in Nursing & Health
- Western Journal of Nursing Research
- Journal of Advanced Nursing
Nursing Research: Past, Present and
Future
 1970’s cont’d – shift to teaching, administration and nurses
themselves to the improvement of patient care
 1980’s – 1st review of the Annual Review of Nursing Research
- Federal funding – Canada - National Health Research
Dept.
- US – National Center for Nursing Research
- new journal – Applied Nursing Research
- McMaster – clinical learning strategy developed –
EBM
Nursing Research: Past, Present and
Future
 1990’s – National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
- Canadian Health Services Research Foundation
(CHSRF)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
- several more journals were introduced
Future Directions for Nursing
Research
 Increased focus on outcomes research

 Promotion of evidence-based practice

 Development of a stronger knowledge base through multiple confirmatory strategies


= REPLICATION

 Greater emphasis on “Integrative Reviews”

 Involvement of “Transdisciplinary research”

 Outcomes research (performance indicator, benchmarking)

 Emphasis on the visibility of nursing research

 Expanded dissemination of research findings


Sources of Knowledge - Ways of
Acquiring Knowledge
 Eight Methods:
- tradition
- authority
- borrowing
- trial and error
- assemble information
- personal/clinical experience
- intuition
- logical reasoning
- disciplined research
Reasoning – What is it?

 Definition –

 Stevens (1994) identified 4 patterns of reasoning:


(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
Two Types of Logical Reasoning

(1) DEDUCTIVE -

(2) INDUCTIVE -
Thinking in Nursing

Nursing thought flows along a continuum of both –

(a) Concrete thinking –

(a) Abstract thinking –


Thinking in Nursing

3 major abstract thought process:

(1)

(2)

(3)
Paradigms

What is a paradigm:
Paradigms for Nursing Research

 QUALITATIVE:

 QUANTITATVE:
Paradigms
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
 Positivist or post-positivist paradigm  Naturalistic paradigm
 Assumption: reality can be studied  Soft science
and known
 Focus: usually broad
 Hard science
 Focus: usually concise
 Holistic
 Reductionistic  Subjective
 Objective  Reasoning: dialectic, inductive
 Reasoning: logistic, deductive  Basis of knowing: meaning,
 Basis of knowing: cause & effect discovery
relationships  Shared interpretation
 Tests theory  Communication and observation
 Control  Basic element of analysis: words
 Instruments
 Individual interpretations
 Basic element of analysis: numbers
 Statistical analysis
 Uniqueness
 Generalization
Paradigms & Methods

 “research method” – techniques used to structure a study,


to gather and to analyze information relevant to a research
question

 Quantitative and qualitative researchers use different


approaches – to answer different questions
Scientific Method & Quantitative
Research
Scientific Method:
General set of orderly, discipline procedures
Empirical evidence
- Systematic fashion of data collection
- A series of steps used by the researcher via of a pre-
specified plan of action
- Use mechanisms to control the study
- Minimizes biases
- Precision and validity are maximized
Scientific Method & Qualitative Research

Scientific Method:

- Human complexity/depth of humans


- Idea of truth is a composite of realities
- Focus on the dynamic, holistic and individual aspects
- Flexible, evolving procedures
- Findings emerge over the course of the research
- Analysis progresses concurrently
- Researcher sifts through information, gain insight, new
questions emerge
Paradigms Common Features
 Ultimate goals – knowledge

 External evidence – gather and analyze evidence


empirically

 Reliance on human cooperation – human study participants

 Ethical constraints – research that involves human beings


is guided by ethical principles

 Fallibility of disciplined research – all studies in either


paradigm have limitations, involves trade offs and
decisions
Purpose of Qualitative &Quantitative
Research
Specific Purposes:

(1) Identification
(2) Description
(3) Exploration
(4) Explanation
(5) Prediction and Control
Basic & Applied Research

Basic research: undertaken to accumulate information,


extending the base of knowledge in a discipline – why?
 Pure science (ie. Bench scientists/natural science)

Applied research: focuses on finding an immediate solution


to an existing problem – what is the goal?
 Clinical science (ie. Practice setting, practice setting)
Understanding the “Research Process”
Quantitative Qualitative

Experimental Grounded Theory

Phenomenology

Non-experimental Ethnography
Understanding the “Research Process”
 Major Steps – Quantitative:
Phase I – Conceptual Phase

Phase II - Design and Planning Phase

Phase III - Empirical Phase

Phase IV - Analytic Phase

Phase V - Dissemination Phase


Understanding the “Research Process”

 Major Steps – Qualitative:

Identifying a research problem

Doing a literature review

Selecting and gaining entry into research sites

Designing qualitative studies

Addressing ethical issues

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