PHILIPPINE NAVY

NAVAL RESERVE COMMAND

169th NAVAL RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS UNIT
Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific-Kamaya Point
Bgy Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan

MILITARY SCIENCE 1
(MS-1)

REFERENCE MANUAL

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HISTORY OF ROTC
Commonwealth Act Nr1 also known as the National Defense Act of 1935, as a National
Defense Policy, provides that the preservation of the state is an obligation of every citizen and to
supervise the conduct of Pre-Military Training.
Section 35 of CA Nr 1 mandates the establishment of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps
(ROTC).
First ROTC unit was established in UP in 1934 through the request of the US Army Officer
conducting the training even before the enactment into law of Commonwealth Act Nr1.
Other ROTC units were established pursuant to Executive Order Nr 57 issued by then Pres.
Manuel L Quezon on October 14, 1936 – making President Quezon as the father of ROTC
Program.
After World War II and up to present, the establishment and maintenance of ROTC Units, be it
Army, Navy or Air Force is thru the issuance of orders at the AFP General Headquarters in Camp
Aguinaldo.
The establishment of an ROTC unit is dependent on
 the number of criteria such as cadet/midshipmen enrollment which is 350 or higher
 availability of facilities such as armory, parade grounds, classrooms, etc., which must be
provided by the school.
Presidential Decree Nr 1706 otherwise known as the National Service Law took effect on
September 08,1980 provides for the compulsory national service for Filipino citizens.
Its implementation was suspended and what was followed is the old ROTC concept where
basic ROTC as a requirement for graduation in Baccalaureate course shall consist of four
semesters – NS11 and NS12 for the First Year and NS21 and NS22 for the Second Year.
Republic Act 7077 was enacted into law on June 27,1991 otherwise known as the Philippine
Reservist Act.
The pertinent provisions of RA 7077 are:
1. Section 38 – Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) – Military training for students
enrolled in colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to
the provisions of the National Defense Act and the 1987 Constitution.
2. Section 39 – Establishment of ROTC Units in Schools
3. Section 40 – Acceptance for Advance ROTC
In 1995, the concept of the Expanded ROTC Program (E-ROTC) was adopted by DND/DECS
making the ROTC Program as a purely voluntary endeavor.
The same “voluntary concept for ROTC” was adopted also in the promulgation of the
implementing Rules and Regulations for RA 7077. Under the IRR (RA 7077), all baccalaureate
students are required to attend first the two (2) semesters of Military Service Program.

Thereafter, they are given a choice either to continue MTS or CWTS or LES for another two
(2) semesters to complete the four (4) semesters requirement of the Expanded ROTC Program to
qualify the graduation in their respective baccalaureate endeavors.
In January 23,2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed into law Republic Act 9163
otherwise known as the “National Service Training Program (NSTP)” that took effect March
23,2002, fifteen (15) days after its publication in two (2) newspapers of national publication which
was March 08, 2002.

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 LEGAL BASIS
INTRODUCTION:
Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the National Training Program (NSTP) for the tertiary
level students,
amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 7077,
Presidential Decree No. 1706

Specific Provisions of the Fundamental Law Pertinent to RA 9163

1. Sec 2. RA 9163 hereby affirms the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its
citizens. In turn, it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defend the security of the state and in
the fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal, military or civil
services.
The National Training Service Training Program (NSTP) forms part of the curricula of all
baccalaureate degree courses and at of least two (2) year technical – vocational courses.

The course shall be a requisite for graduation, consisting of the following service components.
 Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC), which is hereby made optional and
 voluntary upon the effectivity of this Act.
 Literacy Training Services; and
 Civic Welfare Training Service

3. Sec. 15(4) of Batas Pambansa Bilang 323 likewise provides that it is the duty and responsibility
of students to participate actively in civic affairs and be involved in the promotion of the general
welfare of the people particularly in the social, economic and cultural development of the
community and in the attainment of a just, compassionate and orderly society.

Implementing Rules and Regulation of RA 9163

Section 12 Republic Act No. 9163 otherwise known as the National Service Training Program
Act of 2001, the Commission of Higher Education, Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority and Department of National Defense in consultation with concerned government
agencies, the Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges, Coordinating Council of
Private Educational Association of the Philippines, Non-government Organizations, hereby jointly
issue, adopt and promulgate the following Implementing Rules and Regulations to implement the
provisions of this Act.

A. Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to RA 9163 (Guiding Principle). While the prime duty of the government
is to serve and protect its citizens, in turn, it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defend the
security of the state, and in the fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to
render personal military or civil service.

B. Sec 2. Rule I, IRR to RA 9163 ( Role of the Youth)

1. In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation building, the state shall promote
civic consciousness among them and shall develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and
social being. It shall inculcate the ideals of patriotism, nationalism, and shall advance their
involvement in public and civic affairs.
2. As the most valuable resources of the nation, they shall be motivated, trained,
organized and involved in military activities, literacy service, civic welfare programs and other
similar endeavors in the service of the nation.

C. Sec. 4, Rule III, IRR to RA 9163 (Coverage)

1. All incoming freshmen students, starting School Year (SY) 2002 –2003, enrolled in any
baccalaureate and in at least two (2) year Technical – Vocational or associate courses, are
required to complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice as a graduation requirement.

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 2. All higher and technical-vocational educational institutions must offer at least one (1) of
the NSTP components.
a. State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), shall offer the ROTC Program and at least
one (1) other NSTP component.
b. The Philippine Military Academy, Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, Philippine
National Police Academy, and other SUCs of similar nature, in view of the special character of
these institutions, are exempted from the NSTP.
c. Private higher and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350
midshipmen may offer the ROTC Program and consequently establish/maintain a Department of
Military Science and Tactics , subject to the existing rules and regulations of the Armed Forces of
the Philippines.

D. Sec. 6 Rule III, IRR to RA 9163 (Duration/ Equivalent Course Unit):

1. Each of the aforementioned NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic period of
two (2) semesters. It shall be credited for three (3) units per semester, for fifty four (54) to ninety
(90) training hours per semester.
2. A one (1) summer program in lieu of the two (2) semester program may be designed,
formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED and TESDA, subject to the capability of the school
and the AFP to handle the same.
E. Sec. 11, Rule V, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Organization of NSTP Graduates):
1. Graduates of the CWTS and LTS components of the NSTP shall belong to the National
Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) and could be tapped by the state for literacy and civic welfare
activities, through the joint efforts of DND, CHED and TESDA in coordination with DILG, DSWD
and other concerned agencies/ associations.
2. The CHED, TESDA and DND in consultation with other concerned government
agencies, shall issue the necessary guidelines for the establishment, organization, maintenance
and utilization of the National Reserve Corps.
3. Graduates of the ROTC program shall form part of the Citizen Armed Force, pursuant
to RA 7077, subject to the requirements of DND.
F. Sec. 13, Rule VI, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Transitory Provisions):
1. Male students who are currently enrolled but have not taken any of the Military Service,
Civic Welfare Service or Law Enforcement Service programs shall be covered by the NSTP law.
2. Male students who have completed two (2) semesters of the Expanded ROTC (E-
ROTC) National Service Program are deemed to have complied with the NSTP law.
3. Students who are not covered by Section 13 of this Rule and have taken only one (1)
semester or Basic ROTC or E-ROTC/ NSP, shall take one more semester of any NSTP
components to qualify for graduation purposes.
4. Students who want to qualify for enlistment in the Reserve Force or attend the
Advance ROTC program shall undertake a special program for this purpose.

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 THE AFP ORGANIZATION
INTRODUCTION:
The Armed Forces of the Philippines
 recognizes the Constitution of the Republic as the legitimate expression of the people’s
will
 mandated to serve and protect the people and
 secure the sovereignty of the state and
 the integrity of its national territory from internal and external threats.
The AFP
 pledges allegiance to the Filipino people,
 adheres to the principle of supremacy of civilian authority over the military at all times and
 vows to uphold and defend the Constitution.

A. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES:

The AFP identifies itself with the Filipino people’s historical struggles for freedom and justice
and their vigilance against any attempt to violate the country’s integrity and sovereignty. It
recognizes the role of our forefathers as freedom fighters and honors them for their democratic
and nationalistic aspirations.
The AFP, as the embodiment of the cherished martial values and traditions of the Filipino
people, traces its roots to certain historical events foremost of which is
 Battle of Mactan on 27 April 1521 where Lapu-Lapu, the acknowledged father of the AFP,
first demonstrated our love for freedom;
 Dagohoy, Revolt in 1744,
 Muslim resistance and other similar uprisings against Spanish colonialism manifesting our
fight against foreign domination;
 Founding of the Katipunan on 07 July 1892 by Andres Bonifacio, considered as the father
of the Philippine Army, who proclaimed Filipinos solidarity;
 Tejeros Convention on 22 March 1897 which proclaimed officially our desire for complete
independence and thereafter gave birth to the Philippine Army.
 Philippine Navy was created on 20 May 1898.
 Philippine Independence was declared on 12 June 1898, at Kawit, Cavite, and for the first
time, the Philippine Flag was unfurled by General Emilio Aguinaldo and our National Hymn
was played.
 The Filipino-American hostilities between 1898 and 1899 demonstrated the Filipino soldier’s
best in terms of honor, valor, loyalty, duty and solidarity despite the overwhelming
superiority of the enemy forces.
 Philippine Military Academy was organized on 25 October 1898.
 National Defense Act was enacted on 21 December 1935, officially to create the AFP.
 The Defense of Bataan and Corregidor from the outbreak of World War II until 09 April and
06 May 1942 respectively against the Japanese invasion forces,
 the active Philippine guerilla movement and the successful Anti-Huk campaign also best
amplified the Filipino soldiers love of country.
 Philippine Air Force was later established on 01 July 1947.
 the AFP had participated in international peace keeping efforts as its commitment to the
United Nations such as the Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (PEFTOK) in the early
50’s,
 the Philippine Air Force Contingent in Congo, Africa in the early 60’s and
 the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAG) in South Vietnam in the late 60’s.
 after the EDSA event, the AFP has vigorously pursued a national reconciliation effort for
peace and progress.

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 THE AFP ORGANIZATION

COMMANDER IN CHIEF, AFP

SEC OF NATL DEFENSE

CHIEF OF STAFF, AFP

PHIL ARMY PHIL AIR FORCE PHIL NAVY

B. MISSION OF THE AFP

“To protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national
territory”.
C. CHAIN OF COMMAND (Commander-In-Chief, DND & AFP)
By virtue of the national Defense Act enacted officially on 21 December 1935, the Armed
Forces of the Philippines was created.
The President is the Commander-In-Chief of the AFP. He/ She exercises strategic direction
over the personnel and the resources of the military establishments through the Secretary of the
Department of National Defense, who also represents his/ her in the executive function and in the
supervision of the Defense Program of the country.
The Chief of Staff, AFP executes the command functions of the President in relation to
strategy, tactics and operations. He is also the immediate adviser of the Secretary of National
Defense Program as prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense.
The Chief of Staff has command and control over all the elements of the AFP.
D. ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES OF THE AFP:
Created by law as an integral part of the Executive Branch of the Government.
Well-organized and disciplined body composed of a citizen armed force necessary for the
defense and security of the state.
Headed by the President as the Commander-In-Chief who exercises control, supervision and
authority through a Chain of Command headed by the Chief of Staff.
The organizational structure of the AFP provides for centralized direction and control of GHQ
 to ensure unity of efforts, and
 the operations of the Major Services and
 other separate units are decentralized to achieve maximum operational efficiency.

As provided for in the National Defense Act, as amended, the Armed Forces of the Philippines
shall be composed of the Regular Force and Reserve Force components.

The Regular Force is the permanent military organization which is maintained in time of
peace and war.
The Reserve Force is the military organization that will come up physical existence only
upon mobilization as may be called upon by the Commander-In-Chief due to state of national
emergency such as war or widespread disorder.

E. MAJOR SERVICE COMMANDS:

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 For operational efficiency and effectiveness, the AFP is presently composed of three(3) Major
Service Commands namely:
 Philippine Army (PA) - conducts ground combat operations;
 Philippine Air Force (PAF) - secures the Philippine air space; and
 Philippine Navy (PN) - secures the Philippine territorial waters
Each service command considers the other services as brothers-in-arms and members of
one big family.
All AFP services maintain harmonious and mutually supportive relationship with each other
and in other government agencies.
F. MAJOR SERVICES RESCOMs AND AFPRESCOM
Prior to the enactment of the AFP Reservist Act (Republic Act Number 7077) on 27 June
1991, reserve force development was already an existing phenomenon in the AFP as far back as
1939 when the then General of the Army, Douglas McArthur was commissioned to the
Commonwealth of the Philippines to organize its citizen army.
The AFP Reservist Act or RA Nr. 7077 provided for the reorganization of the AFP Reserve
Force into four (4) major components, namely:
 the Army Reserve,
 the Navy Reserve,
 the Air Force Reserve, and
 the AFP-Wide technical and Affiliated Reserve Command within one year after its
enactment.
The AFP activated the AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM) on 01 April 1993 pursuant to
General Order No. 22 GHQ, AFP dated 02 March 1993 and Republic Act No. 7077, known as the
Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act.
AFPRESCOM is mandated to provide direction for the development, administration,
organization, training, maintenance and utilization of the Citizen Armed Forces as a base for the
rapid expansion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in times of emergency.
In the performance of its functions, the Command is organized into two (2) major operational
units, namely;
 the Affiliated Reserve Group (ARG) tasked to train and develop affiliated reservists
 the Technical Service Reserve Group (TSRG) tasked to train and develop and technical
service reservists
The training of these reservists is directly under the supervision and control of the Reservists
Training Center (RTC).
2. Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM) - premised on a dedication to service, faced with
the challenge of being in a constant state of readiness and responsiveness if it is to back up the
regular army. Its enduring values of professionalism, integrity and responsibility to the nation
through selfless service must be kept alive to meet the demands of the time.
3. Air Force Reserve Command (AFRESCOM) - is actively involved in the administration and
utilization of the air reservist responding and acting quickly to rescue calls whenever and wherever
disaster occurs.
3. Naval Reserve Command (NAVRESCOM) - tasked to oversee and administer all naval
reservists in our country, in order to provide the navy not only a base for expansion in the event of
war, invasion, rebellion, or disaster and calamity relief but also to assist in socio-economic
development of the country.

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NAVRESCOM has managed to activate eight (8) Naval Reserve centers throughout the country
namely;
a. Naval Reserve Center Northern Luzon (NRCNL) - Poro Point, San Fernando City, La
Union and covers all areas north of NRNCR to Batanes Island.
b. Naval Reserve Center National Capital Region (NRCNCR) - Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City
and covers all areas of National Capital Region.
c. Naval Reserve Center Southern Luzon (NRCSL) - Rawis, Legaspi City and covers areas
from Batangas, Mindoro, Romblon and entire Bicol Region
d. Naval Reserve Center West (NRCW) - Puerto Princesa, Palawan
e. Naval Reserve Center Eastern Visayas (NRCEV) - Cebu City and covers the entire
Visayas, Leyte. Samar.
f. Naval Reserve Center Western Visayas (NRCWV) - Iloilo City and covers the whole western
Visayas to include Panay and Negros.
g. Naval Reserve Center Western Mindanao (NRCWM) - Zamboanga City and covers areas
from Cotabato, Zamboanga, Basilan, Jolo and Tawi-tawi.
h. Naval Reserve Center Eastern Mindanao (NRCEM) - Davao City and covers entire Davao
to Gen Santos City.

These Centers served as its operating units in far flung areas to ensure that its task of reaching
those vast naval reserve manpower be carried with ease and achieve desired goals.

MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE

INTRODUCTION:
Many people think that discipline is nothing more than the enforcement of regulations and the
corresponding punishment when one violates them.
Others associate discipline with the state of subservience where subordinates blindly follow
the orders of their superiors out of habit or fear.
All of these are not true.
As a matter of fact, discipline is that condition wherein men work and get well together for the
accomplishment of a group mission.
It is that climate of orderliness where individuals execute commands and follow regulations
exactly as a result of intelligent and reasoned obedience.
Just like in the civilian world, the observance of military courtesy serves to smoothen the
personal relationship and among men in the profession of arms and strengthen the bond between
them.
They must be thoroughly familiar with the different forms of military courtesy and must be able
to confidently practice them.

A. Definition of Terms:
1. Military Courtesy - the written, officially prescribed code of deportment for members of the
military establishments. In civilian life, courtesy is an expression of consideration for others. This
implies the use of good manners and polished conduct in dealing with other people.
2. Military Discipline - the willingness to accept with conviction and without reservation the
necessity for a common law that rules and coordinates the effort of a group. Obvious, a rather
severe but basic type of discipline is suggested by this definition.
3. Morale - the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit.

B. Necessity for Discipline:

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 Military discipline is necessary to ensure orderly and effective group action, commonly known
as teamwork. Teamwork is particularly important in military operations where its presence or lack
of it may very well spell the difference between victory or defeat.
With discipline, a soldier learns a sense of obligation to himself and to his comrades; to his
commander and the entire organizations. He also realizes that he is a member of a team,
organized, trained and equipped for the purpose of engaging and defeating the enemies of our
country. The ultimate objective of military discipline therefore is unit efficiency in battle – to ensure
that a unit performs its role correctly; that it reaches its objectives, accomplishes its assigned
mission and helps other units to accomplish their mission.

C. Creating a Climate of Discipline:

We find ready application of discipline in all aspects of military life. We often hear of “fire
discipline”, “water discipline”, and “supply discipline”. Favorable climate of discipline may be best
created in unit by a leader thru the following:

1. Training - a soldier learns to work with other soldiers; learn to unify their actions into a
single effort in order to accomplish the group mission and also develops the habit of prompt
obedience to all orders.
2. Judicious Use of Punishment and Reward - the best kind of discipline exacts
obedience by appealing to reason and that which makes use of the so called “positive
incentives” or reward.
3. Instilling a Sense of Confidence and Responsibility - a confident and responsible
soldier realizes that he has an obligation not only to himself but to the other soldier in the
organization, and that violation of the rules of discipline will not only reflect on him as an
individual but will also discredit, if not cause irreparable damage to his unit.
D. Military Courtesy in the Service:
Military Courtesy are acts of politeness, civility and respect that personnel in the military
organization accord to one another. Just like in the civilian world, military courtesy serves to
smooth the personal relationship among men in the profession of arms. The following are some of
the significant forms of courtesy in the AFP:
1. Salute – is the most important and most common form of all military courtesies. Men of
arms have used some form of military salute as an exchange of greeting since the earliest times.
In the Navy, saluting with the left hand is allowed when the right hand is occupied with something
or not available for the execution of the same.
1.1 Who are entitled to the Salute:
a. Commissioned Officers (both male and female) of the AFP, the National Flag and
National Anthem.
b. High ranking civilian officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors rendered
for them.
c. Officers of the Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey and the Public Service when they
are serving with the AFP.
1.2 How to Salute:
a. When not walking render the salute in the position of a soldier at attention. When
walking, continue and render the salute within a recognizable distance (5 paces).
b. Hand salute is rendered smartly and done in the following manner. The forearm
should be inclined 45 degrees. The tip of the fore finger should be slightly touching above the
eyebrow of the right eye, the thumb and fingers must be extended and joined. The upper arm is
parallel to the deck with elbow forward. Hand and wrist in the straight line. The palm is slightly
inward.
c. The salute is made whether headgear is worn or not.
d. Rifle salutes are used in place of the hand salute when carrying a rifle. They are
used when executing present arms, when you give rifle salute at order arms and rifle salute at
shoulder arms.

1.3 When to Salute:

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 a. Aboard ship. When boarding a navy ship where the National Flag is flying, all
persons in the naval service step upon reaching the upper platform of the accommodation ladder
or shipboard end of the prow, face the national flag , and salute. After this, salute the Officer of the
Deck (OOD). When leaving the ship, salute first the OOD and then the national flag. All officers,
captains of ships, and officers senior to themselves salutes each other on every occasion of
meeting, passing near, or when being addressed.
b. In Boats.
1) Men seated in boats where there are no officer, petty officer or acting petty
officer in charge, rises and salute all officers passing near. When there is an officer, petty officer or
acting petty officers in charge of the boat, he alone renders the salute.
2) Officers seated in boats rise in rendering and returning salutes when a senior
enters or leaves the boat or when acknowledging a gun salute.
3) Coxswain in charge of boats rise and salute all officers entering or leaving the
boat. All members of the crew when the boat is not underway and not carrying an officer aboard
stand and salute when an officer comes alongside, leaves the side, or passes near them. If the
boat awning are spread, the men sit at attention and render the hand salute without rising.
4) When Ashore. Same general rules of saluting apply as on board navy ship.
Salute the Captain and all officers senior to you on all occasions salute other officers on first
meeting during the day. The salute also rendered indoors during ceremonies honoring the flag and
in court martial.
5) In a group. If officers and enlisted men are standing together not in formation,
and a senior approaches, the first to perceive him shouts “ATTENTION” and all faces him and
salute. When in formation, cautions his unit to attention before executing the appropriate salute.
6) Accompanying women. When escorting women both officers and men will
render the customary salute. When seated with women, junior officers if covered rise and salute
when senior officers approach.
7) Overtaking and Accompanying a Senior
a) Overtake and pass senior officer only upon his permission. When it
become necessary to walk past a senior officer, pass his left side, salute when you are abreast
and ask, “BY YOUR LEAVE SIR?” When the officer returns the salute you can continue pass him.
b) When in company with a senior, you always walk on his left or put him on
your right. This also applies aboard any vehicle.
8) Reporting. When reporting on deck or outdoors ashore, one is covered and
salute accordingly. When reporting in an officer, he uncovers upon approaching the senior, salute
and states his business.
9) Seated. An enlisted man being seated and without particular occupation rises
upon the approach of an officer, faces him and salutes, if covered. If both remain in the same
vicinity, the salute need not be repeated.
10) Seniority unknown. Officers will know the relative seniority of those with
whom they are in frequent contact. The safest way and the best rule is to salute when in doubt.
11) Sentries. Sentries at gangway salute all officers going or coming over the
side and when passing or being passed by officers close aboard in boats.

1.4 When NOT to Salute

a. When troops are at work.
b. Indoors, except when reporting to an officer
c. When carrying articles with both hands, or being so occupied as to make saluting impracticable
d. When serving as a military prisoner

E. Identification of ranks, Insignias in the AFP

All officers in the AFP are commissioned into the service and are given ranks by the President
of the Republic of the Philippines.

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 1. Armed Forces of the Philippines Rank Insignia

Enlisted personnel (EP) are likewise given ranks by their respective services as well as rates and
ratings depending on the level of their occupational field on a certain job classification.

For the PN, an EP is given a promotional examination (PROMEX) before he/she can be promoted
to the next higher grade.

PN Rank Classification
.

The ranks, rates and ratings of officers and enlisted personnel in the Philippine Navy differ in
name from that of the other branches of service of the AFP including the Philippine Marines.
They are almost a universal tradition for all navies of the world and the difference lies only on the
various uniform insignias, badges, markings and devices.

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Rating - is the term used in the Navy to identify an occupational specialty that is based on the
aptitude, training, experience, knowledge and skills of an individual.
Examples of ratings are: Quartermaster (QM), Boatswainmate (BM), Electronic Technician (ET),
Engineman (EN), Damage Controlman (DC), etc.

Rate - is the term used to identify the level of achievement and expertise within the individual's
rating. Rate may also be called pay grade within a rating. a level of aptitude, training, experience,
knowledge, skill and responsibility within the rating of occupation.

Rank - is the combined rate and rating of the individual. Examples of enlisted ranks are:
Radioman, Third Class (RM3), Electrician's Mate, First Class (EM1), Seaman First, Hospital
Corpsman (S1HM), Gunner's Mate Chief (GMC), etc.

Unrated or non-rated/ unclassified - a term used to identify an individual who has not yet been
classified for a particular rating. His rank would carry an initial (UN). Examples are:ASN(UN),
SN1(UN), PO3(UN), etc.

Striker - a term that applies to an individual in the pay grade E-1 to E-3.
Petty Officer - a term that applies to an individual in the paygrade E-4 to E-7.

Rank Pay grade

Apprentice Seaman / Fireman ( ASN / AFN ) E-1

Seaman 2nd Class / Fireman 2nd Class ( SN2 / FN2 ) E-2

Seaman 1st Class / Fireman 1st Class ( SN1 / FN1 ) E-3

Petty Officer 3rd Class ( PO3 ) E–4

Petty Officer 2nd Class ( PO2 ) E–5

Petty Officer 1st Class ( PO1 ) E–6

Chief Petty Officer ( CPO ) E-7

Senior Chief Petty Officer ( SCPO ) E–8

Master Chief Petty Officer ( MCPO) E-9

Army Air Force Marines Navy

Rank Navy Rates
Insignia Insignia Insignia Insignia

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 Private Apprentice
( PVT ) Seaman/Fireman
( ASN / AFN)
Private First Seaman/Fireman
Class 2nd Class
( PFC ) ( SN2/FN2 )
Seaman/Fireman
Corporal 1st Class
( CPL ) ( SN1/FN1 )

Sergeant Petty Officer

( SGT ) Third Class
( PO3 )

Staff Petty Officer

Sergeant Second Class
( SSGT) ( PO2 )

Technical Petty Officer

Sergeant First Class
( TSGT) ( PO1 )

Master Chief Petty Officer

Sergeant
( CPO)
( MSGT )

Chief
Senior Chief Petty
Master Officer
Sergeant
(SCPO)
(CMS)

Master Chief Petty

Senior Officer
Master (MCPO)
Sergeant
(SMS)

INTERIOR GUARD DUTY

GENERAL

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 An interior duty guard system is installed by Commanders of all military installations to
preserve order, protect property, and enforce military regulations.
Security is part of the commander’s responsibility; therefore, he prescribes the
composition of the interior guard system.

The elements of the interior guard system are classified according to their purposes.
These include the main guard and special guards. The latter category consists of park,
train, boat guards and others detailed for specific purposes. Generally, the interior guard consists
of a system of patrols and fixed posts.

The number of sentinels needed for the routine daytime duty is ordinarily much smaller
than the number required at night or on Sundays and Holidays.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Countersign- consists of a secret challenge and reply to aid the guards/sentinels in the scrutiny
of persons who apply to pass the lines or it may be defined as a secret challenge and the secret
password.
2. Challenge- the command, “HALT, WHO IS THERE?” given by a sentry is used to cause an
unidentified person or party to halt and be identified.
3. Password- word or a distinctive sound used to answer a challenge, identifies the person or party
desiring to enter or pass and is always a secret.
4. Interior Guard- the guard detailed by a commander to preserve order, protect property and
enforces regulations within the jurisdiction of the command.
5. Relief- those members of the guard who, under the supervision of and including a corporal of
the guard, have the same watch; the procedure whereby posted member of the guard.
6. Sentry- an enlisted man assigned to duty as member of the guard, to keep watch, maintain
order, protect person or property, or warn of any attack.
7. Watch- a period of time during which a member of a guard performs the prescribed duties,
beginning from when he is posted and terminates when he is relieved by proper authority.
8. Relieve- to direct any member of the guard to cease performance duties.
9. Post- the place or area where a sentry is stationed or the place where a member of the guard
other than the sentry is required to be when not performing duties elsewhere.
10. Patrol Post- a post within a sentry - a prescribed route within specified limits for the guard to
patrol.
11. Fixed Post- a post within the limits of which a sentry is required to stay for the performance of
his duty.
12. Guardhouse- a building, tent or other location designated as the headquarters of the guard.
13. Detain- the action of any person so authorized used to secure the custody of an illegal
offender.

ELEVEN (11) GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD:

14
 Sentinels of the guard are governed by both general and special orders. General orders
apply to all sentinels, while special orders apply to particular posts and duties. These special
orders may also contain instructions on the use of signs and countersigns.

To take charge of my post and all government property in view.

To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that
takes place within sight or hearing.
To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.
To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse than my own.
To quit my post only when properly relieved.
To receive obey and pass to the sentinel who relieves me all orders from the Commanding
Officer, officer of the Day, Commissioned and Non-Commission Officers of the guard only.
To talk to no one except in line of duty.
To give alarm in case of fire and disorders.
To call the Commander of the Guard in any case not covered by instructions.
To salute all officers, and all colors and standard not cased.
To be especially watchful at night during the time for challenging and to challenge all persons on
or near my post and not to allow no one to pass without proper authority.

15
 MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE

Introduction
Correspondence - a written form of communication which has two purposes,
 to convey information and
 to foster goodwill with its intended reader.

The writer primarily intends to transmit information and

also tries to build harmonious relationship with his reader.
The second purpose of correspondence is often obscured in military correspondence
because of the “command tone” that it always carry.

Nevertheless, the creation of a sense of goodwill is still necessary to ensure that the reader
will promptly and favorably react to the correspondence.

A. CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE CORRESPONDENCE

For a military correspondence to be effective, it has to possess the following characteristics:
1. Simplicity - organized in simple form and style, the words used must be plain, properly
chosen and easily understood.
2. Clarity - Ideas must be presented clearly and must not be subject to misinterpretation.
3. Conciseness - denotes the writing of short and brief correspondence
4. Coherence - all ideas must be presented in an orderly sequence, logical arrangement of
essential information to facilitate understanding by the reader.
5. Emphasis - must carry with a certain force or intensity to give its special impression or
importance, usually achieved by the use of well selected, exact and concrete words to
impress the ideas or information on the mind of the reader.
6. Completeness - contain all the necessary details of the ideas and “possible avenues”,

FORMS OF MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE

In the military service, time is always important hence, correspondence must be written in
uniform format to insure efficient and prompt processing.
Certain styles and organization have to be followed to preclude confusion and
misunderstanding between the writer and his intended reader. Following are the most common
forms of military correspondence:
1. MILITARY LETTER - a formal means of communication used by all units of the AFP and to
foreign military establishments. (Prepared in 8 x 10 ½ paper)
2. NAVAL LETTER - used by all units within the Philippine Navy, and to foreign naval
establishments as a formal means of communication.
3. CIVILIAN LETTER - used by naval establishment for correspondence addressed to
persons with other governmental departments, and the Secretary of National Defense.

16
(Sample of a Naval Letter Form)
Philippine Navy
NAVAL RESERVE COMMAND
169th NAVAL RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING CORPS UNIT
MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC GLE:AAD:brv-4065
Brgy Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan

O/DNST 24 July 2021

From: Commandant, 169th NROTCU

To: Commander, Naval Reserve Command
Attn: AC of S for Opns/Trng, NR3

Subj: Availability of one (1) Instructor

Ref: LOI dtd 03 Jun 07

Encl: (if any)

1. This unit will organize a silent drill platoon to compete for a fancy drill competition with other
ROTC units AFP wide. The silent drill platoon will also perform during Foundation Day and in the
7th National Seafarers’ Day (NSD) this September 2007. However, this unit lacks qualified drill
instructor for this purpose.

2. In this connection, request the availability of one (1) rated drill instructor to assist us in this
endeavor.

3. Representative from this unit will coordinate for the details.

GERLO L ELCHICO
CDR PN

17
 MILITARY JUSTICE
INTRODUCTION
The military justice system enables commanders to dispose of personnel problems in their
units in the most expeditious manner.
Speedy disposition of cases preserves discipline, promotes justice and enhances the
attainment of the Commander’s mission.
In concept, the military justice system is designed to enforce discipline and administer justice
in the military service,
Military Justice System is composed of four (4) components:
1. Investigation - is the process of looking into the circumstances of a case for the purpose of
verifying and establishing the facts. It also involves the gathering, handling, protection and
preservation of evidence to prevent destruction, loss or tampering.
2. Prosecution - the accusation of a crime before a legal tribunal.
3. Trial or adjudication - a legal action before a judge and jury.
4. Judgment or decision - punishment given to the accused who committed such crime.

These components permeate two distinct division of the system, namely:

1. Administrative cases - results in decisions not involving penal sanctions and may take such
mild disciplinary or instructive forms as admonition, reprimand and the like.
 disposed of by all commanders from a detached unit to the highest command level.
 disposed of by other designated staff officers at certain command levels.

2. Punitive cases - results in judgment of fine, hard labor, deprivation of liberty or

combination of these whenever guilt of those involved are proven.

The type of evidence and degree of proof required are also different for these two categories.
 Punitive cases require guilt to be proven beyond reasonable doubt while
 Administrative cases require only preponderance of evidence to gain positive adjudication.

SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW

Our study of military justice should encompass an understanding of military law that we call,
the Articles of War known as Commonwealth Act No. 408, enacted by the Philippine National
Assembly on 14 September 1938.
Among others, the Articles of War defines the offenses punishable under the law and
prescribes the corresponding punishment.

MILITARY JURISDICTION
Military jurisdiction emanates from several sources, among which are the constitution of
the Philippines and International Law, some specific provisions of the Constitution granting
some powers to Congress, and in the authority vested in the President of the Philippines as
Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces.
But how is military jurisdiction exercised and what are the agencies through which it is being
carried out? Its exercises are carried out by the following agencies:
 Court-Martial - General, Special and Summary
 Commanding Officers in exercising their disciplinary powers under AW 105.
 Court of Inquiry
 Military Tribunals or Commission

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 As a general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive jurisdiction over-all persons subject to
military law who commit an offense penalized by the punitive articles of war.

Persons subject to military law:

 All officers and enlisted personnel in the regular force of the AFP
 All reservists from the date of their call to active duty and while on such active duty
 All trainees undergoing military instructions
 All cadets of the PMA and PAF Flying School, and Probationary Lieutenants on actual
training
 Retainers to camp and all persons accompanying or serving with the AFP in the field in time
of war or when martial law is declared
 All persons under sentence adjudged by a court-martial or military tribunal
It would be appropriate to state at this juncture that CAT and ROTC midshipmen are not
“persons subject to military law” because they are not considered as “cadet” as defined by the
Articles of War.

SELECTED PUNITIVE ARTICLES OF WAR

http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ca408-philippine-articles-of-war.html
The Articles of War were promulgated effective September 14, 1938 when the unicameral
Philippine National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 408 which became the basic law
that gave the guidance and operations of the country’s Armed Forces, then known as the Army of
the Philippines.
There are 120 Articles, most of which are lifted from US Uniform Code of Military Justice. It is for
this reason that our articles of war had the same substance as the American Military Code of 1928
which was found applicable to Philippine conditions.
Of the 120 Articles of War, 52 are considered as the punitive, because they specify what
punishment is to be imposed for each military offense committed. Articles of War 54 to 97,
inclusive, are the punitive articles.

PUNITIVE ARTICLES :
Article 54 - Fraudulent Enlistment
Article 55 - Officer Making Unlawful Enlistment
Article 56 - False Muster
Article 57 - False Returns or Omission to Render Returns
Article 58 - Acts to Constitute Desertion
Article 59 - Punishment for Desertion
Article 60 - Advising or Aiding Another to Desert
Article 61 - Entertaining a Deserter
Article 62 - Absence Without Leave
Article 63 - Disrespect Toward the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Chairman of the
National Assembly or Minister of National Defense
Article 64 - Disrespect Toward Superior Officer
Article 65 - Assaulting or Willfully Disobeying Superior Officer
Article 66 - Insubordinate Conduct Toward Non-Commissioned officer
Article 67 - Mutiny or Sedition
Article 68 - Failure to Suppress Mutiny or Sedition
Article 69 - Quarrels, Frays and Disorders
Article 70 - Arrest or Confinement
Article 71 - Charges, Action Upon
Article 72 - Refusal or Receive and Keep Prisoners
Article 73 - Report of Prisoners Received
Article 74 - Releasing Prisoner of Without Proper Authority

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Article 75 - Delivery of Offenders to Civil Authorities
Article 76 - Misbehavior Before the Enemy
Article 77 - Subordinate Compelling Commander to Surrender
Article 78 - Improper Use of Countersign
Article 79 - Forcing A Safeguard
Article 80 - Captured Property to be Secured for Public Service
Article 81 - Dealing in Captured or Abandoned Property
Article 82 - Relieving, Corresponding with or Aiding the Enemy
Article 83 - Spies
Article 84 - Military Property, Willful or Negligent Loss
Article 85 - Waste or Unlawful Disposition of Military Property Issued to Soldiers
Article 86 - Drunk on Duty
Article 87 - Misbehavior of Sentinel
Article 88 - Personal Interest in Sale of Provisions
Article 88A - Unlawfully Influencing Action of Court
Article 89 - Intimidating of Persons Bringing Provisions
Article 90 - Good Order to be Maintained and Wrong Redressed
Article 91 - Provoking Speeches or Gestures
Article 93 - Murder
Article 94 - Various Crimes
Article 95 - Frauds Against the Government
Article 96 - Conduct Unbecoming an Officer and Gentleman
Article 97 - General Article

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIL -MILITARY COURTS

Courts-martial and other military tribunals generally exist to assist commanders in –
 the administration of military justice,
 to enforce discipline in the military establishment and
 to serve as deterrents to military crimes and offenses, and
 hasten the administration of military justice
Courts Martial are classified as follows:
A. GENERAL COURTS MARTIAL
Consist of any number of members not less than five (5) and by whom may be appointed
by the following:
 the President,
 Chief of Staff of the AFP and
 when empowered by the President,
the Commanding Officers of major commands or task forces, division regional commands,
the Superintendent of the Philippine Military Academy,
the Commanding Officers of separate brigades or body of troops.

A general court martial has a jurisdiction over

 all commissioned officers and
 other persons subject to military law who commit an offense capital in nature and
whose possible sentence or punishment includes death, dismissal or dishonorable discharge
from the service, total forfeiture of pay and allowances, or confinement at hard labor.

In the PN, a general court martial can impose the following:

 deprivation of liberty on shore,
 solitary confinement not exceeding thirty days, and
 solitary confinement on diminished rations not exceeding thirty days.
B. SPECIAL COURTS-MARTIAL
Consist of any number of members not less than three (3).

20
The following may appoint special court martial:
Commanding Officers of major commands, task forces, regional commands or divisions and when
empowered by the President,
Commanding Officer of a garrison, camp, brigade, regiment, detached battalion or other detached
command or commissioned vessel.
However, when subject Commanding Officer is the accuser or prosecutor, the court shall be
appointed by superior authority.
A special court martial, has the exclusive jurisdiction to try all other persons subject to military law,
except the officers, for offenses not capital in nature and whose probable sentence includes
confinement not exceeding six (6) months, forfeiture of 2/3 pay per month not to exceed six (6)
months per months, restriction to limits, hard labor without confinement not exceeding three (3)
months, and reprimand, admonition and demotion in rank.

C. SUMMARY COURTS MARTIAL

It shall have the power to try any person subject to military law, except an officer, a
midshipman, a flying midshipman or probationary second lieutenant, for any crime or offense not
capital but punishable by these articles.

D. MILITARY COMMISSIONS OR TRIBUNALS

The commission or tribunal plays the same role as court-martial. During martial law,
which was in effect throughout the country from 1972 to 1981, these commissions or tribunals tried
cases referred to them in the same expeditious way. Even civilians who committed offenses not
triable by courts martial fell under the jurisdiction of these special bodies whose proceedings were
in accordance with procedural law.

HUMAN RIGHTS

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A. HUMAN RIGHTS
Human Rights are the supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, to dignity and to self-
development. It is the essence of these rights that makes man human.

B. BASIC PRINCIPLES IN HUMAN RIGHTS

Man has the basic rights to life, dignity and self-development. Society has the basic right to
survive, self-determination and right to develop as a society. The government is created by the
society or by the people, for the people, and of the people. The Philippines adopts the generally
accepted principles of international law as part of the law of the land and adheres to the policy of
peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.

C. CLASSIFICATIONS OF RIGHTS
Rights can be classified according to the following:
1. According to source:
a. Natural rights are God given rights, acknowledged by everybody to be morally good. They are
unwritten but they prevail as norms of the society. Example, the right to life, dignity and self-
development.
b. Constitutional rights are those rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
c. Statutory rights are those enacted by Congress. Put together, constitutional rights and statutory
rights are sometimes referred to as legal rights.
2. According to recipient:
a. Individual rights are those rights being accorded to individuals.
b. Collective rights are rights of the society, those that can be enjoyed only in company with
others. Example, right to peaceably assemble, right to peace, right to development.
3. According to the aspects of life:
a. Civil rights are those that that the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the
purpose of securing to them the enjoyment of their means of happiness, example, right to a
name, right to form a family, right to security of persons, papers and effects, right against
unreasonable searches and seizures.
b. Political rights are those rights which enable us to participate in affairs of the government –
either directly or indirectly. Example, right to vote, right to information on matters of public
concern, right to initiative and referendum.
c. Economic and social rights are those which the law confers upon the people to enable them to
achieve social and economic development, thereby ensuring them their well-being, happiness and
financial security, like right to property, education, promotion of social justice.
d. Cultural rights are those rights that ensure the well-being of the individual and foster the
preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of national culture based on the principle of unity
in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.
4. According to struggle and recognition:
a. First generation, the first kind of rights that people clamored and fought for these are
the civil and political rights.
b. Second generation of rights are the economic, social and cultural rights.
c. Third generation of rights are collective rights.

5. According to its derogability:

a. Non-derogable or absolute rights can’t be suspended or taken away even or extreme
emergency, like the rights to life and dignity.
b. Derogable or relative rights can be suspended or taken and limited depending on
circumstances.
Example, right to freely move maybe limited through the imposition of curfews. However, three
conditions should be present before a right can be limited/curtailed namely:
1) It is only publicly announced or legislated, it is not by official’s whim only;
2) There is a state of emergency which requires the urgent preservation of the public moral, public
safety and public good and;

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3) There must be a time limit

ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS

Constitutional Guarantees to Human Rights

Sec. 1 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of
law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Sec. 2 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall
be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause
to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Sec. 3 (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceedings.
Sec. 4 No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the
press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of
grievances.
Sec. 5 No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship,
without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required
for the exercise of civil or political rights.
Sec. 6 The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law
shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be
impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be
provided by law.
Sec. 7 The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and to documents, and papers pertaining to official acts,
transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
Sec. 8 The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private
sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be
abridged.
Sec. 9 Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.
Sec. 10 No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Sec. 11 Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.
Sec. 12 (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have
the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must
be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or
other similar forms of detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17
hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. The law shall provide for penal and civil
sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims
torture or similar practices, and their families.

Sec. 13 All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sureties, or be

23
released on recognizance as maybe provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even
when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.
Sec. 14 (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until
the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right so be heard by himself and counsel, to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and
public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment,
trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly
notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable.
Sec. 15 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in
case of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
Sec. 16 All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before
all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
Sec. 17 No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Sec. 18 (1) No person shall be detained solely be reason of his political beliefs and
aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment
for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Sec. 19 Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or in human
punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already
imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
Sec. 20 No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Sec. 21 No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If
an act is punished by law and an ordnance, conviction or acquittal under Either shall constitute a
bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Sec. 22 No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.

THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

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 NATURE OF INSURGENCY
INTRODUCTION

Insurgency aims to seize political power by inciting the populace to overthrow the government. It is
a conscious effort of an organized group to seize political power by inciting the population to
overthrow the existing government thru illegitimate and coercive means. The motivations of the
insurgent group may vary depending on the issues popular to the target masses of a given
country. It is for this reason that most insurgencies are cloaked as nationalistic and religious
struggles.

CAUSES OF INSURGENCY
The insurgency problem is widely believed to be spawned by ills in the social and political order,
wherein the government in unable to satisfy the expectation of the populace.
Some however believed that the Philippine insurgency is an “ exported” struggle, a cultural or
ideological imperialism wherein foreign communist countries impose communist philosophy upon
our people. The ultimate objective of this type is the violent overthrow of the existing democratic
government .Even if the government succeeds in solving the issues presented, the communists
will always find other issues, which they could use to agitate the masses. Our government’s
strategy has always been focused in eliminating the root- causes of insurgency among the
vulnerable population and in the defeating the insurgent organization.
The following are the commonly accepted factors that give rise to insurgency:

1. VULNERABLE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT

Insurgents constantly strive to destabilize the government. The following social and political
conditions that may exist in developing countries adversely affect their government’s ability to
satisfy the wants of their populace and make them fertile ground for any form of insurgencies to
thrive.
a. Population rate is much higher than economic growth.
b. Low educational level and inadequate skills and technological know-how of the citizenry,
resulting to high rate of unemployment.
c. Inefficient, corrupt and unpopular government distrusted by the people.
d. Lack of investment capital and control of nation’s capital assets by foreign nations.
e. Primitive and inadequate technology for agriculture and lack of raw materials for local industries
f. Small or non- existent industrial base.
g. Inequitable distribution of wealth, land and other means of production.
h. Unwillingness of the political elite that rule the country to share or give up power..

2. POPULAR CASE
A popular case is the driving force or the fuel that sustain an insurgency movement. It is an
important requisite for insurgency with which the masses could emotionally identify themselves.
This cause is normally broad and vague enough such that each man can supply his own
interpretation to serve his own wants and expectations in life. Abstract themes such as land
reform, freedom of self- determination, equal opportunities, human rights and others, are often
exploited by the insurgents to win adherents to their cause.

3. UNDERGROUND POLITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The objective of this requisite for a successful insurgency is to provide leadership and direction for
the struggle of the masses. This organization aims to establish a system of dual power, wherein a
subversive shadow government competes with duly constituted government for authority and
control. Generally, an insurgent infrastructure is established in two parts:
a. Underground Political Organization. The insurgent political organization is normally created
down to the levels of municipalities and barangays, and serves to provide leadership and support
base for the military guerilla units.

25
b. Military Guerilla Units. This is the underground political infrastructure that consists of the armed
group, which carry out the military objectives of the political organization in the early stage of
insurgency. The rest of the organized masses will form the main bulk of the military guerrilla units
during the part of the struggle.

B. CATEGORIES OF INSURGENCY
Insurgents groups aim to seize political power by inciting the local populace to overthrow the
existing government thru illegitimate and coercive means. They normally adopt strategy or
technique that suit the nature of their struggle and realized their objective of eventually
overthrowing the government. Regardless of the distinct strategies they may pursue, insurgency
movements generally fall under the following categories:

1. POLITICAL ORGANIZED INSURGENCY - an extensive and complex political structure is

the first developed before any military operation against government forces are initiated, the
main objective is to establish an effective shadow government to determine the authority of
the existing regime.

2. MILITARY ORGANIZED INSURGENCY - characterized by small, decentralized armed

insurgent groups serving as catalyst for mobilizing opposition against the government.

3. TRADITIONALLY ORGANIZED INSURGENCY - utilizes the existing tribal or religious

organizational structures. Insurgents do not follow a unique strategy to attain their objective,
but may adopt any of the strategies of the other types. The recruitment of members is done
mainly on the basis of ethnic exclusivity.

4. URBAN INSURGENCY. the organizational structure for this category of insurgency is the
cellular structures operating under conditions, the insurgents threaten the legitimacy of the
government thru the conduct of urban disruption operations.

C. WEAPONS OF INSURGENCY
The communist visionary Mao Tse Tung wrote that in order to manipulate the inherent conditions
in the society to overthrow the existing social order, the insurgent movement should use the
following weapons:
The PARTY- to provide the brain ;
The ARMY- to provide the military force ;and
the United Front- to provide the shield to protect the party and the army against their enemies.

D. PHASES OF INSURGENCY
Insurgency is a social stage – by - stage process. The growth of the insurgency movement
involves initially the unnoticeable and graduated increase of the insurgent forces and their
activities.
1. phase 1- strategic defensive.
2. phase 2- strategic stalemate
3. phase 3 -strategic offensive

E. COUNTER –INSURGENCY OPERATIONS

In studies of successful counter-insurgency operations all over the world, some common
principles have been found to have been present or have been effectively employed by
government forces. The techniques in applying this factors vary from one campaign to another,
primarily due to the peculiarities in the nature of insurgency, the weather and terrain, as well as the
economic, cultural and political considerations prevailing in a country.
The following are the principles of a successful counter- insurgency operation:

1. Unity of effort
2. Total isolation of insurgent area

26
3. Effective intelligence
4. Security
5. Denial of insurgent sanctuaries
6. Superior mobility
7. Qualitative and numerical superiorities
8. Population and resources control
9. Population support
10. Pressure on insurgents
11. Clear, hold and consolidate

G. RULES AND BEHAVIOR DURING COUNTER-INSURGENCY OPERATIONS

1. Respect the rights of the people be tolerant of their culture, custom and traditions
2. Do not take anything from the people . Pay fair price from anything you buy from them.
3. Do not be burden to the people by letting them “entertain” you at their expense when you visit
their Barangays.
4. Ensure that drivers observe road courtesy and discipline.
5. Do not drink alcoholic drinks in places exposed to the public, especially when in uniform.
6. Be friendly and helpful to the local people in the area.
7. Do not take liberties with the women in the locality.
8. Always act in accordance with the local tradition, customs and tradition, custom and culture.
9. Pay particular respect to the women and to the old people, as well as the local leaders, such
barangay captain, tribal leaders, teachers, priest, and others.
10. Actively participate in Barangay activities and try to help the people in their self help projects.
11. Always treat detainees and suspected guerillas humanely.

TERRORISM AND COUNTER-TERRORISM

INTRODUCTION
The key to defeating terrorists is awareness, education and intelligence in order to deny,
deters, delay and detect terrorist acts. Rapid coordination between agencies, military units, local
police and foreign agencies concerned are essential in denying terrorist, targets and refuge.
A. Definitions
Terrorism - is the unlawful use of force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or
intimidate governments or societies often to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives.
Terrorist Incident - is a violent act dangerous to human life in violation of the criminal laws of the
Philippines to coerce or intimidate government or societies to achieve political, religious or
ideological objectives.
Terrorist - an individual who uses violence, terror and intimidation to achieve a result.
B. Goals of Terrorism
1. Broad Goal -To project uncertainty and instability in economic, social and political arenas.
2. Specific Goals
a. Short-term terrorist goals
1) Gaining recognition
2) Reducing government credibility or showing government incompetence.
3) Obtaining funds and equipment
4) Disrupting communications
5) Demonstrating power
6) Delaying political process
7) Eliminating opposition leaders
8) Reducing the government economy
9) Influencing elections
10) Demoralizing and discrediting the security force

27
11) Intimidating a particular group
12) Causing a government to overact
13) Elevate social anxiety
b. Long-term goals
1) Topple government
2) Influence top-level decisions
3) Gain legitimate recognition for their cause
3. Terrorist Activities
a. Bombings/Explosive g. Hostage-taking
b. Arson h. Robbery and Extortion
c. Skyjacking/Hijacking i. Assassination
d. Seajacking/Marjacking j. International Narcotic Support
e. Ambush k. Thefts
f. Kidnapping

4. Types of Terrorism according to location of incident

Domestic Terrorism – involves groups or individuals who are based and operate within the
territorial jurisdiction of the Philippine Island and are directed at elements of our government or
population.
International Terrorism – involves groups or individuals who are foreign based or directed by
countries or groups outside the Philippine territory or whose activities transcend national
boundaries.

5. Terrorist’s Targets
Non-combatant target
1) Persons – diplomat as symbol of government , business executive as symbol of economic
imperialism, foreign/political leaders, innocent civilian
2) Facilities – communication, power plants/lines
3) Negative Facts. The absence of any conditions, materials, or objects which might
reasonably be expected on the scene in view of the nature and circumstances of the incident is
termed as negative fact. The absence of fingerprints, sabotage devices, tool marks, ejected
shells, blood (blood stains), etc., from the incident scene where their presence would be
appropriate is a negative fact of value in analysis and solution of the case.

C. Strategy to Combat Terrorism

1. Prediction
a. Combating terrorism requires intensive knowledge of the goals, intentions and capabilities of the
terrorists.
b. Active Intelligence program exploiting military, civilian and foreign information.
c. Inter-agencies' coordination and corporation
2. Prevention
a. Physical Security – preventing unauthorized access to equipment facilities, materials and
documents in offices, quarters and installations. regular conduct of physical survey
b. Personnel Security – measures taken to reduce the vulnerability of an individual for attack;
3. Deterrence
a. Strict and hard line policies/laws against terrorism
b. Sanctions to be imposed to states sponsoring terrorism
c. Quick and effective tracking worldwide of terrorists through good inter-agencies cooperation and
coordination
d. Non-acceptance of terrorism as an act to achieve a certain goal
e. Media as a responsible tool to disseminate exact, complete and correct information to avoid
panic to the public or else a very effective tool of terrorist to convey their cause.

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 CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS
DEFINITION:
Civil Military Operations (CMO) – encompasses those economic, psycho-political and psycho-
social activities undertaken by the AFP independent of in coordination with civil government
agencies (CGA), local government units (LGU) and non-government organizations (NGO) prior to
during or subsequent to combat operations and/or natural or man-made disasters and calamities.

CMO objectives are pursued through six (6) interrelated AFP programs generally categorized into:
AFP Personnel-Oriented Programs:
1. Military Values Education (MILVED)
2. Livelihood Enhancement (LIVELIHOOD)
Community-Oriented Programs:
3. Community Relations (COMREL)
4. Civic Action (CIVAC)
5. Public Information (PUBLIC INFO)
Enemy-Oriented Programs
6. Psychological Operations (PSYOP)

CMO COMPONENTS:

MILITARY VALUES EDUCATION (MILVED)

Definition: Military Values Education (MILVED) – the dynamic process of learning
internalizing, upholding and practicing universal truths, moral principles and time-honored intrinsic
military values and ethics essential to the pursuit of AFP goals and objectives.
MILITARY LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM (LIVELIHOOD)
Definition: Military Livelihood Enhancement Program (LIVELIHOOD) – designed to provide
necessary assistance to the soldier and his dependents to embark on productive ventures that
enable him to cope with harsh economic realities while in the active service and during retirement.

MILITARY CIVIC ACTION PROGRAM

Definition: Military Civic Action (CIVAC) – the use of AFP resources in predominantly non-military
projects and activities useful to the people and supportive of combat operations in such fields as
socio-economic: health and sanitation; agri-industrial; education and the like.

COMMUNITY RELATIONS PROGRAM

Definition: Military Community Relations (COMREL) – the active participation of AFP personnel,
individual or collectively as an AFP unit, in people – oriented rallies like: anti-drug abuse, anti-smut
and other campaign against immoral activities. It also includes open-houses, static displays of
military hardware, and use of camp facilities/utilities for people oriented projects.
PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM
Definition: Military Public Information (PUBLIC INFO) – is the dissemination of military information
through all forms of communication media to include inter-personal, face-to-face communication to
the internal audience and more specifically to the public-at-large with the view of informing them
about what the AFP has done, is doing and plans to do to bring about peace and security.

DISASTER RELIEF AND RESCUE OPERATION

http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/

BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

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 INTRODUCTION
Signals are used to transmit commands or information when radio and other means of
communication are not available or during instances when silence must be maintained. The use
of signals is particularly useful during conduct of patrols or during the thick of firefight where verbal
commands are difficult to understand. The use of signals are generally embodied in a unit ‘s
Standing Operating Procedures (SOP) and all members are expected to know them by heart.
Subordinate leaders are required to repeat the signals of their commanders to ensure prompt and
correct execution of the orders by the men.

A. FIVE (5) MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

1. WHISTLE
The whistle is an excellent signal devise used by small unit leaders. It has, however, some
disadvantages. The sound of whistles from adjacent units may confuse the men and its affectivity
as a means of communication may be adversely affected by normal noise that exists in the battle
field. Nevertheless, the whistle may be an effective means of transmitting instant messages to a
large group of men. Remember when you intend to use a whistle as a signal, be sure that it is
pre-arranged and that all the men understand what every whistle sound means.

2. SEMAPHORE
Semaphore flag signaling is rarely used today except in the Navy where such method of
communication is still being used as a back-up communication means between ships at sea.

3. MORSE CODE
Morse Code is an internationally known communication code used as an alternate to voice-
radio communication. Message transmission through the use of Morse Code is much slower than
through voice-radio communication, but it is as reliable. Morse code messages may be relayed
through dots and dashes on the telephone or through short and long flashes on signal lights.

A ._ N _. 1 .____
B _ ... O ___ 2 .. _ _ _
C _._. P .__ 3 ... _ _
D _ .. Q __. 4 .... _
E . R ._. 5 .....
F .. _ . S ... 6 _ ....
G __ T _ 7 _ _ ...
H .... U .. _ 8 _ _ _ ..
I .. V ... _ 9 ____.
J .___ W .__ 0 ___
K _._ X _ .. _ (Period) . _ . _ . _
L . _ .. Y _.__ ? .. _ _ ..
M __ Z _ _ .. Comma _ _ .. _ _

4. SPECIAL SIGNALS
Special signals consist of all special methods and devices used to transmit commands or
information. These may take the form of taps on the helmet or rifle stock to signal “halt”, “danger”,
“move forward” or “assemble here”. Necessity and common sense usually dictate the appropriate
special signal to be used in communicating with the men. Nevertheless, these signals must be
clearly understood and properly rehearsed by the unit before they are used.
Various pyrotechnic and smoke signals may also be effective to signal the time to attack, to
withdraw or to commence performing a specific task, such as to cease or shift supporting fires.
They may also be used to mark the limits of front lines and indicate targets. Before you make use

30
of a special signal for your unit, be sure to check it with other leaders to ensure that they are not
using the same signal which may have different set of meanings.

5. ARM AND HAND SIGNALS

Arm and hand signal are often made a part of a unit’s SOP and it may vary from one unit to
another. This silent means of relaying commands to the men are usually used during patrols or
infiltration missions when silence is extremely important. Following are the standard arm and
hand signals. However, you may device your own for your unit, but be sure your men understand
their meanings before you use them.

Decrease Speed. Extend your arm horizontally sideward with your palm to the front. Then wave
your arm downward several times keeping your arm straight. Do not move your arm above the
horizontal.
Increase Speed or Double Time. Carry your hand to your shoulder with your fist closed. Rapidly
thrust your fist upward vertically to the full extent of your arm and back to your shoulder for several
times.
Change Direction or Column (Right or Left). Extend your left or right arm horizontally to the side
with palm facing to the front.
Enemy in Sight. Hold your rifle horizontally with the butt in your shoulder and the muzzle pointing
in the direction of the enemy.
Commence Firing. Extend your arm in front of your body, hip high with your palm down. Move it
through a wide horizontal arc several times.
Fire Faster. Execute rapidly the signal “Commence Firing”. For the machine gunner, this signal
means change to a higher rate of fire.
Fire Slower. Execute slowly the signal “Commence Firing”. For the machine gunner, this signal
means to slow-down rate of fire.
Cease Firing. Raise your hand in front of the forehead with your palm facing to the front. Then
swing your hand and forearm up and down several times in front of your face.
Assemble. Raise your hand vertically to the full extent of your arm with your fingers extended and
joined with palm facing to the front. Then wave in large horizontal circles with your arm and hand.
Form into Column. Raise either of your arm to the vertical position. Drop your arm to the rear,
describing complete circles in a vertical plane, parallel to your body. This signal may be used to
form troop or vehicular columns.
Form into Echelon (Right or Left). Face the unit being signaled and extend one arm 45 degrees
above and your other arm 45 degrees below the horizontal with your palm facing to the front. Your
lower arm shall indicate the direction of the echelon. Supplementary commands may be given to
ensure prompt and proper execution.
Form into Skirmishers (Fire Team). Raise your both arms laterally until they are horizontal. Keep
your arms and hands extended with the palms down. If it is necessary to indicate a direction,
move in the desired direction at the same time you execute the signal. This signal is also used to
command a squad to form into a line formation.
Form into Wedge. Extend your both arms downward and to your side at an angle of 45 degrees
below the horizontal with your palms facing to the front.
Form into Vee. Extend your arms at an angle of 45 degrees above the horizontal and form the
letter “V” with your arms and torso.
Platoon. Extend both arms forward with your palms down towards the leader or the unit whom
your signal is intended. Then describe large vertical circles with your hands.
Squad. Extend your hand and arm with your palm down, towards the squad leader of the squad
you are addressing. Then distinctly move your hand up and down several times from the wrist,
keeping your arm steady.
Fire Team. Bring your right arm diagonally across your chest.
Close Up. Start your signal with your both arms extended sideward and palms forward. Then
bring your palms together in front of your body momentarily. When repetition of this signal is
necessary, bring your arms back to the starting position by a movement along the front of your
body.

31
Open Up or Extend. Start your signal with your arms extended in front of your body and palms
together. Then bring arms to the horizontal position of your sides with palms facing forward.
When repetition of this signal is necessary, return your arms along the front of your body as in the
starting position. You may repeat the signal until you are understood.
Disperse. Extend your either arm vertically overhead. Wave the hand and arm to the front, left,
right and rear with your palm facing towards the direction of each movement.
Forward, Advance to the Right (Left). This signal is always used when starting from a halt. Face
and move in the desired direction of the march and at the same time extend your arm horizontally
to the rear. Then swing it overhead and forward in the direction of the movement until it is
horizontal with your palms down.
Halt. Carry your hand to your shoulder with your palm facing to the front. Then thrust the hand
upward vertically to the full extent of your arm and hold it in that position until the signal is
understood.
Freeze. Make the signal for “halt” and clinch your hand into a fist.
Down and Take Cover. Extend your arm sideward at an angle of 45 degrees above the horizontal
with your palm down. Then lower your hand to your side. You may use both arms in giving this
signal. Repeat the signal until understood.
Hasty Ambush Right (Left). Raise your fist to your shoulder level and thrust it several times in the
desired direction.
Rally Point. Touch your belt with one hand and point to desired spot on the ground you want to
designate as your unit’s rally point.

SIGNALS FOR COMBAT FORMATIONS AND BATTLE DRILLS

Leaders of dismounted units use arm-and-hand signals to control the movement of individuals,
teams, and squads. These signals are used by infantry and also by combat support and combat
service support elements organized for infantry missions.

DISPERSE ASSEMBLE/RALLY
FOLLOW ME, OR COME FORWARD

FIX BAYONETS DOUBLE TIME ENEMY IN SIGHT TAKE

COVER

32
 WEDGE VEE LINE COIL

ECHELONLEFT ECHELON
RIGHT

PATROLLING ARM-AND-HAND SIGNALS

Patrolling is conducted by many type units. Infantry units patrol in order to conduct combat
operations. Other units patrol for reconnaissance and security. Successful patrols require clearly
understood communication signals among members of a patrol

MAP CHECK FREEZE HEAD COUNT DANGER AREA

B. FAMILIARIZATION OF DIFFERENT RADIO EQUIPMENT, CAPABILITIES AND

LIMITATIONS

The radio is widely used in all the operating units of the Navy. It is flexible and quite
transportable such that it can go where the individual soldier goes. It provides the fastest means
of communication that is adaptable to the varying field conditions.
The major disadvantage of the use of radio, however, is that it is the least secured means of
communication. Since the radio operates on the principle of transmitting electromagnetic waves,
the enemy with his own radio set and a little knowledge of the types of radio government forces
use, could easily intercept our transmissions.
It is on this regard that you should observe radio discipline at all times. You should therefore,
always assume that the enemy is listening whenever you use the radio.

1. Guidelines For Radio Transmission. Follow these guidelines when making radio transmissions:
Always plan or write down your message before transmitting.
Always listen before starting to talk so as not to interrupt other conversations. When about to talk,
press down the button on the side of the hand set and do not talk until the hissing sound ceases.
Talk directly into the microphone.
Speak distinctly and enunciate each word in normal tone. If the receiving operator must write
down your transmission, allow him time for copying.
Follow the standard voice-radio procedures when transmitting.

33
Release the push-to-talk button immediately after the completion of your transmission, otherwise
you will not hear the other station.
Camouflage your radio set when carrying it on you back. Bend the whip antennae slightly
downward and to the rear to make it inconspicuous to the enemy. Several radio men became
casualties because they failed to take this measure.

2. Radio Telephone Procedures

Radio Telephone procedures refer to the system of transmission through the use of voice and
formalized language to simplify radio communications.
Included in this system are a call signs authorized to be used by radio stations and short
procedure words (prowords) and phrases that a radio operator uses to establish communication
with another station. The rationale behind the use of prowords is to prevent misunderstanding
between radio operators and repetition of transmissions. By using short phrases in transmission,
the time is substantially cut down.
To preclude the possibility of committing errors in the transmission of messages thereby giving
rise to confusion between radio operators, the phonetic alphabet, which is of universal applications
is used. Since words have similar sounds, confusion may develop and this can be eliminated by
the use of the phonetic alphabet.
This brings us to the purposes behind the use of phonetic alphabet which are as follows:
a. To prevent the radio operator from getting confused when confronted with words having similar
sounds.
b. To spell out words that are difficult to pronounce.

Call signs are used to identify each station within a radio net. This is one security aspect of radio
communication that prevents the entry of an unauthorized entity into the net. The improper use of
call signs may signify that a violation is already committed.
Procedure words or phrases that have been assigned meanings are used as substitutes for long
sentences for the purpose of expediting message handling. This is one way of keeping voice
transmission as short and clear as possible.
For instance, the prowords “out” means “This is the end of my transmission to you and no answer
is required or expected”. This is also an appropriate prowords to be used when entering a radio
net.
The following are the most commonly used words and phrases in radio transmission and their
corresponding meaning:

Prowords Explanation / Meaning

OVER My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you

OUT My transmission is ended and I expect no response from you (I will turn
off the radio set

ROGER I have received your last transmission satisfactorily

WILCO I will comply to your instruction

QUERRY (These are prowords used before a question)

INTERROGATIVE
Ex: INTERROGATIVE MY SIGNAL How do you receive my transmission?

LIMA CHARLIE I received your message loud (LIMA) and clear (CHARLIE)

SAY AGAIN I did not understand your transmission. Request repeat your transmission

34
I SAY AGAIN I am repeating the transmission or portion thereof as indicated

REPEAT ALL AFTER Request repeat all your transmission after the word.

WAIT ONE Request that you wait for about one minute.

BREAK . . BREAK Emergency, stop your conversation and allow me to use this net for a very
urgent transmission

3. The Phonetic Alphabet

When transmitting messages over the radio or telephone, certain words in the
conversation may be misunderstood because of their similarity in sound to other words. To avoid
misunderstanding by the receiving operator, the message sender should use the phonetic
alphabet to spell out words which might be misunderstood. Following are the letters of the
alphabet and their equivalent phonetics:

LETTER PHONETIC LETTER PHONETIC

A Alpha N November
B Bravo O Oscar
C Charlie P Papa
D Delta Q Quebec
E Echo R Romeo
F Foxtrot S Sierra
G Golf T Tango
H Hotel U Uniform
I India V Victor
J Juliet W Whiskey
K Kilo X X-ray
L Lima Y Yankee
M Mike Z Zebra

4. Numeral Pronunciation
Pronunciation of numbers over the radio and the telephone should be exaggerated to
avoid being misunderstood by the receiving party. Each digit of large numbers is pronounced
separately except in the case of even “hundreds” and “thousands” Here are the numerals and
their corresponding pronunciation:

NUMBER PRONUNCIATION

0 Zero
1 Wun
2 Too
3 Thu-ree
4 Fo-wer
5 Fi-yiv
6 Six
7 Seven
8 Ate
9 Niner
10 Wun-Zero
18 Wun Ate
56 Fi-yiv Six
96 Niner Six

35
 1234 Wun Thu-ree Fo-wer
800 Ate Hundred
805 Ate Zero Fi-yiv
17,000 Wun Seven Thousand
17,500 Wun Seven Thousand Fi-yiv Hundred

INDIVIDUAL COMBAT TRAINNG

INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN MOVEMENT:
Terrain:
Suitable for fast movement
Provide adequate security.
Security:
Use available cover and concealment
Provide good observation
Knowledge of the use of camouflage and concealment.

TECHNIQUES AND AIDS TO DAY MOVEMENT:

Take advantage of anything that provide concealment in the movement.
a. Fogs b. Haze d. Rain e. Smoke f. Darkness

- Tall grasses give good concealment when properly used.

- Move only when the wind blows.
- Avoid moving in a straight line through out.
- Change direction from time to time.
- Be alert on movement of any kind.
- Flight of birds of any kind
- Absence of bird and animals.
- Unusual rustle of leaves and twigs.
- Take advantage of destruction.
- When land moves.
- Exploding shells
- Flying airplanes
- Avoid leaving foot prints.
- Select spots
- Avoid loose rocks or stones
- Avoid wet surface.
- Know how to cross streams.
- Keep arms and ammunitions dry
- Improvise craft to float equipment if possible remove boots and - clothing.
- When crawling plowed fields
- Avoid string dust
- Take route over the hardest surface
- Follow the furrows
- Avoid loading yourself with unnecessary equipment.

INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT
DAY MOVEMENT
Crawling and Creeping

36
 High crawl and creeping – is used when cover and concealment is available and speed is
needed to close up with the objectives.
Body is kept free of the ground with weight resting on firearms and lower legs.
Cradle rifle in your arms to keep muzzle out of dirt.
Move forward by alternately advancing the elbows and knees.
Low Crawl - used when cover and concealment are few and speed is not needed.
Body and chest is flat to the ground.
Drag rifle along toe of the butt with fingers over nuzzle to keep it out from dirt.
Push arms forward and cock left leg forward.
Pull yourself forward with arms and push with left leg.
Rushing - (fastest movement executed from a prone to the next dropping position when
crossing
an open terrain.
Prone to Rushing –
Keep body as flat as possible to the ground.
Slightly raise head and select a new good position and concealed to cover position.
Slowly lower your head back , drown your arms into the body and cock right leg forward.
With one movement raise body by straightening the arms.
Spring to your feet stepping off the left foot and rush to your new selected position,
crouching low in a zigzag way.
Dropping -
Just before you drop, plant both feet on the ground.
Drop your knee and at the same time sliding arms from the small of the stock to the heel of the
butt of the rifle.
Fall forward, breaking fall with the butt of the rifle.
Shift weight to your/right side and roll several; times going to your new position.
Come immediately to firing position.
Application: Individual or by two rushes, Team rushes, Squad rushes
MOVEMENT AT NIGHT
Walking at Night –
Keep weight on one foot as you step.
Feel the ground with your toe before stepping it down.
Do it alternately in the same manner.
Hitting the Ground at Night –
Crouch slowly and hold rifle under armpit and feel the ground with free hand.
Support feet with free hand and opposite knees.
Raise free leg and back and lower it silently to the ground.
Roll quietly into back prone position.
Crawling at Night –
Crawl on hand and knees.
Lay rifle on the ground by your side.
Keep on hand on the spot and bring forward knees until it meet the hand.
With hands feel the ground for the knees .
Clear again next spot for other knees do the same way and alternately and silently.
COVER AND CONCEALMENT

Cover - is the protection against enemy fire or hostile weapons.

Types of cover:
Natural Cover - made by nature/ need no change.
Examples: Ditches of canals, Depression, Embankment, Boulders
Artificial Cover - Constructed from issued materials or made by man.
Examples: Sandbags, Foxholes, Trenches

Concealment - is the protection against enemy observation but not enemy fire.

37
Types of Concealment.
a. Natural Concealment - Made by matters/ need no change.
Examples: Bushes, Grasses, Log pile
b. Artificial Concealment - constructed from issued materials or individual found in the vicinity.

Rules of Concealment
a. Avoid unnecessary movement. ( remain motion- less while observing).
b. Blend with the background. (be sure that the background does not. Contrast with your uniform.
c. Take advantages of the shadow . (Stay in the shadow).
d. Break the regular outline of the object. (Copy the background near your vicinity.
e. Keep off the skyline. (You can observe from even a great distance).

BASIC COMBAT FORMATIONS

GENERAL
You will usually move as a member of a team. Small teams, such as infantry fire teams normally
move in a formation. Each soldier in the team has a set position in the formation, determined by
the type weapon he carries. That position, however, may be changed by the team leader to meet
the situation. The normal distance between soldiers is 10 meters.

FIRE AND MOVEMENT

38
 When a unit makes contact with the enemy, it normally starts firing at and moving toward the
enemy. Sometimes the unit may move away from the enemy. That technique is called fire and
movement. It is conducted either to close with and destroy the enemy, or to move away from the
enemy so as to break contact with him.
The firing and moving take place at the same time. There is a fire element and a movement
element. These elements may be single soldiers, buddy teams, fire teams, or squads. Regardless
of the size of the elements, the action is still fire and movement.
The fire element covers the move of the movement element by firing at the enemy. This helps
keep the enemy from firing back at the movement element. The movement element moves either
to close with the enemy or to reach a better position from which to fire at him. The movement
element should not move until the fire element is firing.
Depending on the distance to the enemy position and on the available cover, the fire element and
the movement element switch roles as needed to keep moving. Before the movement element
moves beyond the supporting range of the fire element (the distance within which the weapons of
the fire element can fire and support the movement element), it should take a position from which
it can fire at the enemy.
The movement element then becomes the next fire element and the fire element becomes the
next movement element. If your team makes contact, your team leader should tell you to fire or to
move. He should also tell you where to fire from, what to fire at, or where to move. When moving,
use the low crawl, high crawl, or rush.

FIRE TEAM FORMATIONS

Formations are arrangements of elements and soldiers in relation to each other. Squads use
formations for control flexibility and security.

Leaders choose formations based on their analysis of the factors of METT-T. Leaders are up front
in formations. This allows the fire team leader to lead by example, “Follow me and do as I do.” All
soldiers in the team must be able to see their leader.

a. Wedge. The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team. The interval between soldiers in the
wedge formation is normally 10 meters. The wedge expands and contracts depending on the
terrain. When rough terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make control of the wedge difficult, fire
teams modify the wedge. The normal interval is reduced so that all team members can still see

39
their team leader and the team leaders can still their squad leader. The sides of the wedge can
contract to the point where the wedge resembles a single file. When moving in less rugged terrain,
where control is easier, soldiers expand or resume their original positions.
b. File. When the terrain precludes use of the wedge, fire teams use the file formation

SQUAD FORMATIONS

Squad formations describe the relationships between fire teams in the squad. They include the
squad column and squad line.
a. Squad Column. The squad column is the squad’s most common formation. It provides good
dispersion laterally and in depth without sacrificing control, and facilitates maneuver. The lead fire
team is the base fire team. When the squad moves independently or as the rear element of the
platoon, the rifleman in the (rail fire team provides rear security
b. Squad Line. The squad line provides maximum firepower to the front. When a squad is acting
as the base squad, the fire team on the right is the base fire team.
c. Squad File. When not traveling in a column or line, squads travel in file. The squad file has the
same characteristics as the fire team file. If the squad leader desires to increase his control over
the formation, exert greater morale presence by leading from the front, and be immediately
available to make key decisions, he will move forward to the first or second position. Additional
control over the rear of the formation can be provided by moving a team leader to the last position.

40
 BASIC MAP READING

INTRODUCTION
Maps and their substitutes are of particular value to the military establishment. It is frequently
necessary to identify ridges, valleys routes of movement, and other characteristics of a section of
terrain that can not be reconnoitered in advance. Plans for the future operations must be based on
knowledge gained in part from maps their substitutes.

Therefore, as future member of the AFP, you must know how to use and read a map. It is
mandatory for you to know the meaning and importance of a map. The primary objective of this
lesson is to enable you to read a map. And apply the theories, principles and techniques that are
considered essential in the total development of small unit leaders. One important fact to consider
is that the finest map made in the world is practically useless unless the user knows how to read
and use it.

Map - is a geographical representation of the earth surface drawn to a scale in a flat plane.

Importance of Map:
a) Used for strategic, tactical planning in all command.
b) Used to show the relative position on a certain given area.
c) Used to show accurate distance, location, best routes and key terrain features.
d) To avoid lost and keep alive.

Care of Map:
a) Proper folding by: Accordion Fold or Slit Fold
b) Carry maps in a waterproof pocket and use acetate to cover the Map. Avoid drawing or
improper marking to avoid confusion.

Security of Maps:
a) Maps must not fail into unauthorized hand.
b) When in danger, destroy the map.
c) Avoid indication of plans or area of interest in the map.

Categories and Uses of Military Maps:

The term Military Map includes all maps designed for use of Military authorities except aeronautics
and hydrographic charts.
Scale - is expressed as a fraction and gives the ratio of map distance to ground distance.
a) Small scale - Maps at the scale of 1:600,000 and smaller are used for general panning for
strategic studies at the high echelon.
b) Medium Scale - Maps at the larger than 1:600,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 are used for
planning operations, including the movement and concentration of troops and supplies.
c) Large Scale - Maps at the scale of 1:75,000 and larger are used for tactical technical and
administrative needs of field units.

Types of Maps:
Planimetric Map - showing only the horizontal (flat) position of features.
Topographic Maps - a two dimensional Map which represents the horizontal (flat and vertical
relief) positions of features represented.
Plastic Relief Map – a topographic map reprinted on plastic material and formed by heat and
vacuum over a reproductive positive mold thus giving the same information as contained on
topographic map.

41
Photo Map - a reproduction of photograph upon grid lines, marginal data, place, names and
boundaries may be added.
Joint Operation Map – used for ground and air operations. The maps are published in a ground
and air edition.
Pictomap – it is a map on which the photographic imaginary of a standard photomap has been
converted into interpretable colors and symbols.
Photomosaic - an assembly of aerial photograph to form a complete picture.
Military City Map - a large scale of topographic Map of a city or town and the standard scale is
1:12,000.
Special Map - maps for special purposes such as traficability Maps, transformation maps and
boundary maps.
Terrain Model - a three dimensional representation of an area Molded on plastic, rubber or another
material symbolically.
Hydrographic Map – a nautical map used as navigational aid either above or below surface.

Marginal Information – are those printed notes outside the printed diagram of maps used as an
instructional guide in reading maps.

1. Sheet Name – found at the upper center margin. A map is named after its outstanding cultural
or geographic features.
2. Sheet Number – found in the upper right margin and used as reference number assigned to
each map.
3. Series Name and Scale – found on the upper left margin. A map series usually comprises a
group of smaller maps at some scale designed to cover a particular geographic area.
4.. Series Number – appears in the upper right margin and lower left margin.
5.. Edition Number – is found in the upper margin and in the lower margin, representing the age of
the map.
6. Bar Scale – located in the center of the lower margin and in the lower margin use for
determination of map distance to the corresponding ground distance with three different units of
measures.
7. Credit Note – in lower left margin, primary purpose is to list the procedures and reference, the
method of compilation for used by technicians.
8.. Index to Adjoining Sheet – in lower margin, it identifies the map sheet covering areas around
the area covered by the map you are using.
9. Index to Boundaries Diagrams – in lower margin, this is a miniature map that shows the
boundaries and special show line that occurs within the map area.
10.. Projection Note – in lower margin, it indicate the method use to portray the map area.
11. Grid Note – in the center lower margin, it gives information pertaining to the grid system used,
the initial guidelines and the number of digit omitted from grid values.
12. Grid Reference Box - usually located at the center of the lower margin. It contains information
identifying the grid zone designation and 100,00 meters square identification.
13. Horizontal Datum Note - located at the center of the lower margin and defined as geodetic
reference point.

14. Legend - at the lower left margin, illustrates identifies the topographic symbols used to depict
some of the prominent features on the map.
15. Declination Diagram - located in he center lower margin and indicates the relationships of true
north and magnetic north.
16.. Protractor Scale – in upper margin, use for laying out a magnetic north line on the map.
17. User Note – located in the lower margin use for connections and errors on the map.
18. Unit Imprint - at the left side of the lower margin, it identifies the agency which printed the
maps with its respective symbols.
19. Contour Interval Note - located in the center of the lower margin. It states the vertical distance
between adjacent contour lines on the map. When supplementary contours are used the interval is
indicated.

42
20 Coverage Diagram – normally in lower margin, it indicates the methods by which the map was
made, dates of photography and other sources material.
21. Graphic Scale - a ruler used to convert map distance to ground distance without going
through mathematical computations.
22. Contour Interval – the contour interval states the vertical distance between adjacent contour
lines on the map. When supplementary contour are used the intervals is indicated.
23. Vertical Datum Note – it designates the basis for all vertical control stations, contours and
elevation appearing in the map.

Map Symbol – it was a sign composed of a diagram number, letters, abbreviation, color or
combination thereof, which is used to identify and distinguish a particular place of area.

A. Purpose:
1. To visualize an area of the earth surface with pertinent feature planning.
2. To represent the natural and manmade feature.

B. Classification:
1. Topographic Symbols – are standard drawing of map features and organized by their colors.
a. Topographic colors:
Black – all manmade features, such as buildings, roads not shown in red, etc.
Blue – all water features, such as lakes, rivers, swamps, streams, etc.
Brown – all land forms, such contours, cuts, fills, etc.
Green – all vegetation, such as forest, orchid, hide grass, jungles, etc.
Red – main roads, built-up areas, and special info.
b. Topographic Symbols: (see legend and other symbols)
2. Military Symbols – a symbol used by the map user when he wants to show the disposition of
troops and overlaying of military installation.
a. Military Colors:
1) Blue – all friendly forces, installations, activities and firepower.
2) Red – all enemy forces, installation and activities (double lines means enemy).
3) Yellow – shows grassed or contaminated areas maybe the result of either friendly or enemy
actions.
4) Green – indicates friendly or enemy demolition, minefield and manmade obstacles.
5) Spare Colors – use for classification and accompanied by legend.

b. Types of Military Symbols:

1) Troops Unit Symbols – are shown by rectangle. (Basic symbols for military unit and activities).
2) Branch Arm of Service and Type – Organization Symbol – used in conjunction either other
symbols to signify a military unit activity or installation.
3) Size of Unit – used to identify the size of a unit or installation.

Grids And Coordinates:

Grids - are parallel lines from east to west, north or south that forms a square used as a reference
system to help the map reader locate areas quickly.
Coordinates - are the numbered grid lines on the map and are further subdivided to show specified
location.
Geographic Coordinates – the location of any point of the earth surface maybe given by stating
into its distance north or south of the equator (latitude) and east or west of prime meridian
(longtitude).
Polar Coordinates – on the map maybe determined or plotted from a known point by giving a
distance along that direction.
Grid Coordinates - the military grid system divides the earth surface into many 100,000 meter
squares. Each of these squares are further subdivided into 1,000 meter squares. The 1,000 meter
squares is the basis of the military grid system which is used in reading military map.

43
Grid Square - can be located or identified by combining the number of the vertical grid line and
horizontal grid line which intersect at the lower left corner of the square.

Characteristics of Grids:
- does not requires knowledge of the area
- applied to large areas
- does not requires land marks
- applies to all map scales
Locating Points within a Grid Squares:
- 4 digits nearest to 1,000 meters
- 6 digits nearest to 100 meters
- 8 digits nearest to 10 meters
- 10 digits nearest to 1 meter

Rule in determining grid coordinate – “read right up”

GRID COORDINATES (GC) – Nearest to 10 meters (8digits)
GC – 17320170 GC – 19140252
GC – 02385578 GC – 89052564
GRID COORDINATES (GC) – Nearest to 1 meter (10 digits)
GC – 1732301702 GC – 1914102520
GC – 0238855780 GC – 8905725642

GRAPHIC (Bar) SCALE – is the most accurate means of measuring distance on a map. It is the
ruler printed on the map on which distances on the map may be measured as actual ground
distance.
GRAPHIC SCALE IS DIVIDED INTO TWO (2) PARTS:
Primary Scale – distance from zero mark to the right.
Scale Extension – from the zero mark to the left. This is divided into ten (10) equal parts to enable
more accurate measurements.
DIRECTIONS:
METHODS OF EXPRESSING DIRECTIONS ARE:
Degrees = 360 Degrees (1) one Circle
Miils = 6,400 Miils (1) one Circle
Grad = 400 Grads (1) one Circle
360 degrees = 6,400 mils
1 degree = 17.8 mils
90 degrees = 100 grads
1 degree = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 click in compass = 3 degrees
THREE (3) BASIC LINES
True North = always constant
Magnetic North = when working with a compass
Grid North = when working with a military map

Elevation And Relief:

A. Definition:
1. Elevation – the height (vertical distance) of an object above or below a datum plane.
2. Datum Plane – a reference from which measurement maybe taken. This datum plane for most
maps is average sea level.
3. Relief – the configuration (shape) of the ground.

B. Effects of the Elevation and Relief:

1. Employment and movement of troops.
2. Limit route and speed

44
 3. Restrict a certain types of equipment
4. Affect attack and defense position
5. Affect observation, field of fire, cover, concealment and the selection of key terrain
features.

C. Methods of Showing Elevation and Relief.

Hackures – are short lines used to indicate significant ground formations not normally revealed by
contour lines.
Characteristics and uses:
a. usually printed in brown
b. don’t represent exact location
c. show the relative slope in places where contour lines or other method fail to accurately show
the relief.
d. the shorter and closer together the lines are drawn, the steeper the slope they represent.
e. hackures radiating out from the center indicate a peak

Layer Tinting – shows relief by means of color.

a. Blue – water level
b. Green – orange and red for successively higher level
c. Brown – high mountain region

NOTE: A legend is printed in the margin of layer-tinted maps to indicate the elevation ranges
represented by each color.

Shading:
Characteristics and uses:
a. Use like layer tinting except that only one color is used.
b. Light shades for low level lands and darker shades for successively higher levels of terrain.
c. Shading does not give determination of elevation but gives the effect of the relief.

Spot Elevation – are points on a map where they are indicated by numbers.
Contour Lines – is an imaginary line on the surface of the earth at the same elevation above or
below sea level.
Uses:
a. to indicate elevation
b. to show the relative configuration of the ground
c. to analyze terrain
Characteristics:
a. indicate vertical distance
b. small curving lines
c. has the same elevation
d. distance between them are the same and never met
e. brown color
Types of Contour:
a. Index Contour – every fifth contour line is an inches line and is indicated by heavier brown line.
b. Intermediate Contour – are the four lighter contour lines drawn between the index contours.
c. Supplementary Contour – represents half intervals between intermediate contours and is shown
by brown lines.
d. Depression Contour – an area that is lower in elevation that all the surroundings terrain is
indicated tick marks pointing down slope.
e. Approximate Contour - are broken lines of the same thickness and type as the contour
replayed.

Using Contour Lines to Identify Ground Forms:

45
a. Hills – represented by series of concentric contour lines which gradually grow smaller, ending
with a small closed contour line in the center.
b. Peaks of Hill Tops – a small closed, relatively circular contour at the center of the series of
concentric contour line identifies a peak or hill top.
c. Ridges – a ridge is a series of connecting peak or hills indicated by a series of elongated
contour lines.
d. Saddles – is a low point between two peaks along the crest of a ridges.
e. Spur – contour lines that form a series of successive rounded U shapes.
f. Cliff C – lines that form a series of successive V-shape, a stream course that neither has nor
developed a valley floor.
g. Draw C – lines that form a series of successive V-shape, a stream course that neither has nor
developed a valley floor.

TWO TYPES OF AZIMUTH

Forward Azimuth
Back Azimuth

PROCEDURE ON HOW TO GET THE BACK AZIMUTH

When the Forward Azimuth is less than 180 degrees, add 180 degrees in order to get the Back
Azimuth.

FORWARD AZIMUTYH = 75 degrees

75 degrees
+ 180 degrees
255 degrees is the Back Azimuth

When the Forward Azimuth is more than 180 degrees, less 180 degrees in order to get the Back
Azimuth.

FORWARD AZIMUTH = 245 degrees

245 degrees
- 180 degrees
65 degrees is the Back Azimuth

When the Forward Azimuth is 180 degrees, either add 180 degrees or less 180 degrees to get the
Back Azimuth.

FORWARD AZIMUTH = 180 degrees

180 degrees
+ 180 degrees
360 degrees Back Azimuth

BEARING – express a direction as an angle measured east or west from a north deference.
Bearing cannot exceed 90 degrees or one quarter of a circle. One quarter of a circle is known as
quadrant.

THE COMPASS AND ITS USES:

The Magnetic Compass is the most commonly used and simplest instrument for measuring
direction and angles in the field. Two varieties of magnetic compass are standard for military use
today, the lensatic compass and the artillery compass (M2). Since the latter is a special purpose
compass, it will not be discusses on it. This is referred to as the Lensatic Compass.

CARE AND USE OF COMPASS:

46
 1. Handle the compass with care. The dial is set at a delicate balance and a shock could
damage.
2. Close and return the compass to its special container when not in use. In this way, it is not
only protected from possible damage, but is readily available for use when needed.
3. When the compass is used in the dark, an initial azimuth should be set, it possible, while
light is still available. With this, initial azimuth set, any other azimuth can be established using this
as a base.
4. Compass reading should never be taken near visible masses of iron or electrical circuits.

The following is the table of approximate safe distances to insure proper functioning of the
compass.

a. High tension power lines - 55 meters

b. Field Gun, truck or tank - 18 meters
c. Telegraph and telephone wires or barbwire - 10 meters
d. Machine Gun - 1 meter
e. Helmet or Rifle - 2 meters

Parts Of Lensatic Compass

1. Luminous Dot 10. Eye Piece

2. Cover 11. Holding Ring
3. Front Sight (Hair Line) 12. 90 Degrees Dot
4. Dial 13. 180 Degrees Dot
5. Stationary Index 14. 270 Degrees Dot
6. Movable Brass Rim 15. Movable Crystal
7. Scale 16. Rim Holder
a Long Luminous Line
b. 45 Degrees Luminous Line
8. Rear Sight
9. Lens

47
Proper way of sighting the lensatic compass
ORIENTATION OF A MAP
Before a map can be used it must be oriented. A map is oriented when it is in a horizontal
position with its north and south corresponding to north and south on the ground.

HOW TO ORIENT THE MAP

By the use of the Lensatic Compass – the map is oriented with the aid of Lensatic Compass
and the use of the declination diagram.
1. With the map in the horizontal position, the compass is placed parallel to a north-south
grid lines with the cover side of the compass pointing toward the top of the map. This will place the
black index line on the dial of the compass parallel to grid north. Since the needle on the compass
point to magnetic north, we have a declination diagram on the face of the compass formed by the
index line and compass needle.
2. Rotate map and compass until the directions of the declination diagram formed by the
black index line and the compass needle match the direction shown on the declination diagram
printed on the margin of the map. The map is then oriented.

BY INSPECTION:
When compass is not available, map orientation requires a careful examination of the map
and the ground to find linear features common to both, such as roads, railroad, fence, lines, power
lines etc. By aligning the feature on the map with the same feature on the ground. The map is now
oriented.

INTERSECTION
The location of an unknown point by successively occupying at least two but preferably three
known positions and sighting point is called intersection. It is used to locate features that are not
defined on the map or which not readily identifiable.

The two methods:

1. MAP AND COMPASS METHOD

a. Orient the map using the compass
b. Locate and mark your position on the map
c. Measure the magnetic azimuth to the unknown position, convert to grid azimuth.
d. Draw a line on the map from your position on this grid azimuth.
e. Move to a second known position on the map and again orient the map using the compass.
Repeat c and d

2. RESECTION:
The location of the user’s position by sighting on two or three known features is called
Resection. Resection can be done with or without compass.

48
A. MAP AND COMPASS:
1. Orient the map using compass.
2. Locate two or three unknown positions on the ground and mark them on the map.
3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to a known position; convert to grid azimuth.
4. Change the grid azimuth to a back azimuth and draw a line on the map from the known
position back toward your unknown position.
5. Repeat (3) and (4) above for a second known position.
6. For a check on your accuracy, repeat (3) and (4) above for a third known position.
7. The intersection of the lines is your position.

B. STRAIGHT EDGE METHOD: (When no compass is available)

1. Orient the map on a flat surface by the inspection method.
2. Locate two or three known position on the ground and mark them on the map.
3. Lay straight edge on the map as a center of the straight edge at a known position pivot point
and rotate the straight edge until the known position on the map is aligned with the known position
on the ground.
4. Draw a line along the straight edge until the known position on the ground towards your
position.
5. Repeat (3) above using a second known position and as a check on your accuracy repeat (3)
above using a third known position.

CONTOUR LINE
There are several ways of indicating elevation and relief on the maps. The most common way
is by contour lines. A contour line is a line representing an imaginary line on the ground along
which all points are at the same elevation. Contour lines indicate a vertical distance above or
below a datum plane. Starting at sea level. The vertical distance between adjacent contour lines is
known as the contour interval and the amount of the contour interval is given in the marginal
information. On most maps the contour lines are printed in brown. Starting at zero elevation, every
fifth contour line is drawn in heavier line. These are known as index contours and some place
along each index contour the line broken and its elevation is given. The contour lines falling
between the index contours are called intermediate contours. They are drawn in a finer line than
the index contour and usually do not have their elevation given.

HOW TO DETERMINE THE ELEVATION USING THE CONTOUR LINES

1. Finding the contour interval from the marginal information and noting both the amount and
the unit of measure.
2. Finding the numbered contour line or given elevation nearest the point which the elevation
is being sought.
3. Determining the direction of the slope from the numbered contour line to the desired point.
4. Counting the number of contour lines that must be crossed to go from numbered line to
the desired point and noting the direction up or down. The number of lines crossed multiplied by
the contour interval is the distance above or below the starting value.
a. If the desired point is contour line, its elevation is that of the contour.

49
 b. To estimate the elevation of the top of an unmarked hill, add half the contour interval
to the elevation of the highest contour line around the hill.

THE SPACING OF THE CONTOUR LINES INDICATES THE NATURE OF THE SLOPE
1. Contour lines evenly spaced and wide apart indicates a uniform, gentle slope.
2. Contour lines evenly spaced and closed together indicate a uniform, steep slope. The
closer the contour lines to each other, the steeper the slope.
3. Contour line closely spaced at the top and widely spaced at the bottom indicate a concave
slope. Considering relief only an observer at the top of a concave slope can observe the entire
slope and the terrain at the bottom. Conversely, a unit attacking up such slope would no cover and
concealment from observers or weapons at or hear the top, also the farther top the slope the more
difficult is to climb.
4. Contour lines widely spaced at the top and closely spaced at the bottom indicate a convex
slope. An observer at the top of a convex slope has no observation of most of the slope or of the
terrain at the bottom. Conversely, a unit attacking up such slope has a such greater degree of
cover and concealment than on a concave slope, also the farther up the slope the easier is the
climb.

MAJOR RELIEF INFORMATION

1. Hill – a point or small area of high ground. When you are located on a hilltop, the ground
slopes down in all direction.
2. Valley – a stream course which has at least a limited extent of reasonably level ground
bordered on the sides by higher ground. Contours indicating a valley are U-shaped and tend to
parallel a major stress before crossing.
3. Ridge – a line on high grounds, with normally minor variation along it. The ridge is not simply a
line of hills, all point of the ridge crest are appreciably higher than the ground on both sides of the
ridges.
4. Spur – a usually short, continuously sloping line of higher ground normally jutting out from the
side of a ridge. A spur is often formed by two roughly parallel streams cutting draws down the side
of ridge.
5. Saddle – a dip or low point along the crest of a ridge. A saddle is not necessarily the lower
ground between two hilltops, it may be simply a dip or break along and otherwise level ridge crest.
6. Depression – a low point or sinkhole, surrounded on all sides by higher grounds.
7. Cuts and Fills – man made features by which the bed of a road or a railroad is graded or
leveled off by cutting through high areas and filling in low areas along the right-of-way.
8. Cliff – a vertical of near vertical slope. When a slope is so steep that it cannot be shown at the
contour interval without the contour coalescing, it is shown by a ticked “carrying” contour or
contours. The ticks always point towards lower ground.
Major Relief Information

50
THE M16 RIFLE

Characteristics:
1. Air-cooled – natural ventilation
2. Gas Operated – weapons that uses the pressure of the expanding gases to move the bolt
through a as cylinder.
3. Magazine fed – box type ; short – 20 rds, long – 30 rds
4. Shoulder and hip fired weapon – it is a weapon fired from the shoulder or hip.
5. Semi-automatic and automatic mode – the weapon by changing the setting of the selector lever
can be made to fire either in automatic or semi-automatic mode

Gun Data:
1. Weights:
a. Rifle without magazine and sling - - - 6.5 lbs
b. Empty magazine aluminum - - - - .2 lbs
c. Full magazine (20 rds) - - - - .7 lbs
d. Sling M1 - - - -- - - - - - .4 lbs

51
e Firing weight (fully loaded with sling)- - 7.6 lbs
f. Bipod - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .6 lbs
g. Bayonet-knife M7 - - - - - - - - - - - - .6 lbs
h. Scabbard M8A1 ------------ .3 lbs
2. Lengths:
a. Rifle with Bayonet - - - - - - - - - - - 44.25 in
b. Rifle overall with flash suppressor - 39 in
c. Barrel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 in
d. Barrel w/o suppressor - - - - - - - - - - - 20 in

3. Sights:
a. Front adjustable, click type post. Each click is equal to 2.8 centimeters per 100 meters of
range.
b. Rear-adjustable flif-type. Normal range setting is for 0 to 300 meters, long range setting (L)
300 to 500 meters. Each notch of the windage drum equals 2.8 centimeters for every 100 meters
of range. On a weapons set for battle sight of 250 meters fllif to long range aperture weapon is
then zeroed to 290-375 meters.

4. Operation Characteristics
a. Cyclic rate of fire ----- 700 – 8– rds per min
b. Muzzle velocity - - - - - - - 3,250 fps
c. Maximum range- - - - - - 2,653 meters
d. Maximum effective range- - 460 meters
e. Maximum rate of fire:
1) Semi-automatic- - - - - - 45 – 65 rds per min
2) Automatic - - - - - - - - 150 – 200 rpm
3) Sustained rate of fire - - 12 – 15 rpm

52
Disassembly/Assembly:
1.Disassembly
a. Remove magazine
b. Open bolt & inspect chamber
c. Remove handguards
d. Disengage take down pin
e. Withdraw charging handle and bolt carrier
f. Remove bolt carrier group
g. Remove retaining pin
h. Remove firing pin
i. Remove bolt cam pin
j. Remove bolt from bolt carrier
k. Remove extractor pin
l. Remove extractor
m. Remove sling
n. Remove charging handle
o. Disengage receiver pivot pin
p. Separate upper receiver and lower receiver groups
q. Press in buffer assembly, depress buffer retainer and then release buffer assembly.
r. Remove buffer assembly and spring
2. Assembly – is just the reverse of disassembly.

U.S. RIFLE 7.62 mm M-14

Characteristics:
1. Air-cooled – natural ventilation
2. Gas Operated – weapons that uses the pressure of the expanding gases to move the bolt
through a gas cylinder.
3. Magazine fed – box type; short – 20 rds, long – 30 rds
4. Shoulder weapon
5. Provided with bayonet lug – for the attachment of bayonet or grenade launcher.
6. Provided with spindle valve – to control the use of gases to operate the rifle.
Gun Data:
1. Length of rifle (overall) w/ flash suppressor M-14 - - - 44.3
2. Weight of M14 with full magazine - - - - - - - - - - 9.5 lbs
w/o fully load magazine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 lbs
- w/ empty magazine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.5 lbs
3. Weight of empty magazine - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- .5 lbs
4. Weight of full magazine w/ ball ammunition - - - - - - 1.5 lbs
5. Muzzle velocity - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,800 fps
6. Cyclic rate of fire ---------------------- 750 rds/min
7. Maximum effective range (semi-auto w/o bi-pod) - - - 460 meters
8. Maximum effective range (semi-auto w/ bi-pod) - - - 700 meters
9.. Maximum effective range (auto w/ bi-pod) - - - - - - 460 meters
10. Maximum range - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,725 meters
11. Sights:
a. Front – fixed
b. Rear – adjustable – 1 click of elevation or windage moves the strike of the bullet .7 centimeter
at 25 meters or 2.8 cm or 1.1 inch at 100 meters.

53
12. Use seven types of ammunition:
a. Armor piercing – AP – NATO M16
b. Ball – NATO M60
c. Tracer – NATO – M62
d. Dummy – NATO M63
e. Blank – NATO M82
f. Incendiary – NATO M118
g. Grenade launcher ammo – NATO M64

Nomenclature:
1. selector
2. safety a. safe position b. firing position
3. gas spindle
4. rear sight controls a. windage knob b. pinion
5. operating rode handle

Disassembly:
1. Press in magazine latch and remove magazine.
2. Cock rifle and place safety in safe position.
3. Disengage rear end of trigger guard from firing mechanism
4. Swing trigger guard away from stock and pull straight away from stock to remove firing
mechanism. Do not rotate trigger guard more than 90 degrees during this operation.
5. Grasp the receiver firmly with one hand and strike the butt with palm of the other, lifting the
stock from barrel and receiver group.
6. Depress rear sight to lowest position, and turn the barrel and receiver group on its side with
the right side upward.
7. If rifle has selector, press in and rotate until face marked with “A” is toward the rear of the right
knob.
8. Push forward on rear of connector assembly with right thumb, until the front end can be lifted
off the connector lock.
9. Rotate connector assembly about 35 degrees in a clockwise direction, or until the slot at the
rear is aligned with the elongated stud on the sear release. Lower the front end of the connector
assembly and lift it off the rear release.
10. Turn barrel and receiver group upside down on a padded surface.
11. Pull forward on operating rod spring, removing pressure on the connector lock pin. Pull the
lock outward to remove the operating rod spring guide and operating rod spring.
12. Turn barrel and receiver group right side up.
13. Pull back on operating rod, aligning key on its lower surface with notch in receiver. Lift
operating rod free and pull to rear, disengaging it from operating rod guide.
14. Remove the bolt by grasping the bolt roller that engages with the operating rod and slide it
forward. Lift upward and outward with a slight rotating motion to the right to remove bolt from
receiver.
Assembly:
1. Insert the bolt from receiver group by slight rotating potion to the right.
2. Insert operating rod from operating rod guide, aligning key on its lower surface with bolt
engage from operating rod, then pull it forward.
3. Turn the barrel and receiver group upside down on padded surface.

54
4. Insert the operating rod spring with operating rod guide from the hole of operating rod.
5. Push it forward, to insert it from connector lock and push connector lock pin.
6. Insert the small hole to the rear end of connector from elongated stud, then turn it the
connector assembly to the left, then push it forward until the connector lock, lock from operating
rod.
7. Install stock group from receiver group.
8. Install trigger group from stock, until it engage from receiver group.
9. Push trigger guard downward, until it engage to the trigger mechanism.
10. Insert the magazine smoothly and firmly until it lock from the magazine latch.

HAND GRENADES

INTRODUCTION
From a historical point of view, the grenade as a weapon is known to have been made with the
discovery of explosives. It is reported to have been used as early as the 15 th century. During that
time, the grenade was shaped like a French pomegranate.
In the middle of the 17th century, selected soldiers, then called “grenadiers”, were using the
grenade with fatal effects. But soon, it fell into disuse as improved versions of the rifle were
introduced which consequently increased the range between front lines. Sometime later,
particularly in the 20th century, attacking troops found the grenade to be an essential weapon. It
was discovered to be effective in clearing enemy at short ranges.
Grenades are of two (2) basic types – hand and launched. The hand grenade is thrown away,
while the launched grenade is fired from a launcher.
Grenades are further classified as explosive, chemical, and practice. Explosive grenades, which
produce fragmentation or blast, are primarily used for anti personnel, harassing, incendiary,
smoke-screening, or signaling purposes. Practice grenades may be inert or have a small charge
for marking practice throws.
Launched grenades are most likely to be either the anti-personnel explosive type, with
fragmentation warhead, or high explosive anti-tank one. The latter’s shaped charge warhead is
very effective against armor.

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Hand grenades are fitted with a delayed action fuze. For explosive grenades, the delay is about
4.5 seconds. The fuze of a chemical grenade, on the other hand, has a delayed action of 2
seconds and usually burns rather than explodes. Launched grenades have instant fuzes.

Techniques / Procedures to be Employed:

Grip the hand grenade. The safest way to grip a hand grenade for throwing is to holds it so that
the safety lever is held down by the thumb, while keeping the pull ring (and safety clip if present)
free and facing the non-throwing hand .

Position body, and arm the hand grenade. You should always be in a comfortable and natural
position. The two most important points in accurate throwing are body-target alignment and eye-
target focus. Line up your body with target as though you were going to throw a football or
baseball. Keep watching the target as you throw, and let your arm swing naturally to it. Follow
through with your throwing motion and take cover. If possible, you or a buddy should watch where
the grenade lands. Make sure you properly arm the grenade before you throw it. The safety pin
and clip should be removed while behind cover.

Fragmentation grenade M67 with time delay fuse 213 is your best all around choice.
can be thrown a little over 40 meters by most soldiers
will kill or injure exposed soldiers within 15 meters when it explodes.

Offensive Grenades
contain an explosive charge in a fiber body and a designed for concussion effect to stun the
enemy in enclosed places so that the thrower can charge while the enemy is a dazed condition.

Chemical Grenades
designed to produce a toxic, irritating effect, a casualty effect, a screening or signal smoke, an
incendiary action, or a combination of these other effects.

Fuses of Grenades
Fuses for hand grenades are classified as either detonating or igniting.
detonating fuse contains a small quantity of violent and sensitive explosive which sets off the more
inert explosive charge in the body of the fragmentation grenade
igniting fuze contains a small quantity of black powder which ignites the filler as though lighted
match were applied.

The fuze has a simple functioning system. Upon the removal of the safety pin and the release
of the safety lever, the striker rotates, pushing off the safety lever, and continues its rotation until it
strikes the primer. The impact of the striker sets off the primer, which in turn ignites the delay
element. After the delay element burns through its length, it sets off either the detonator or igniter
cap.

Safety Considerations
The following constitute the precautionary measures in handling grenades:
Do not drop a grenade after the safety pin has been removed.
Do not use ball ammunition or ordinary blank cartridge to proper grenades.
Do not tamper with duds or non-exploding grenades.
Do not pull the safety pin until you are ready to throw the grenade.

If a grenade is accidentally dropped after the safety pin has been removed immediately pick up,
throw it in the intended direction, should “grenade,” and then seek nearby shelter, or drop to the
ground with the helmet toward the grenade.

RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP

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Definition
Marksmanship - is the skillful art of shooting with a rifle and hitting the target at a given or
known distance. Essentially to be a qualified marksman, you must first be able to assume the
correct firing positions, which will make you and your rifle a single steady unit. Secondly, you must
know how to correctly align your rifle with the target and fire the weapon without disturbing this
alignment.

Fundamentals of Firing
A soldier's development of good marksmanship skills is generally based on how well he masters
the two principles of: proper aiming and keeping proper and steady hold of the rifle. Understand
and master these basic principles of good rifle marksmanship:

PROPER AIMING. In aiming, the firer must concern himself on how to correctly point his rifle so
that his projectile will hit the target when he fires. To do this, he must have his rear sight, the
blades of his front sight and the target or aiming points in their proper relationship as shown in the
following figure. This is known as the proper sight picture. The following are the basic elements of
a correct sight picture:

Sight Alignment. To obtain correct sigh alignment, the top center of the front sight blade must be
exactly in the center of the rear sight aperture. If an imaginary horizontal line were drawn through
the center of the rear sight aperture, the top of the front sight blade will appear to touch this line. If
an imaginary vertical line were drawn through the center of the sight aperture, the line would pass
though the center of the front sight blade. The firer can ensure that he has perfect sight alignment
by concentrating his attention and focusing his eye on the front sight blade through the indistinct or
blurry appearing rear sight aperture. By doing this, any error in sight alignment can easily be
detected and corrected.

Placement of Aiming Point. An aiming point is the specific area on the target on which the firer
is aligning his rifle sights. A correctly place aiming point is exactly centered on and appears to
touch the top of the sight blade. If the aiming point is correctly positioned, an imaginary vertical
line drawn through the center of the point sight blade will appear to cut it in a half.

Sight Picture. The correct sight picture is obtained when the sight are properly aligned and the
aiming point is in the correct relationship to the front
sight blade.

2. KEEPING PROPER AND STEADY HOLD. By assuming proper hold of the rifle, the firer is
able to steadily hold the weapon, when he aligns the sights and when he fires the weapon.
Following are the eight factors that may affect your proper holding of a rifle in a steady position:
Left Hand Grip. The grip on the rifle should be relaxed but at the same time exerting a slight
rearward pressure. The rifle must be held at a point, which suits the natural contour of the firer's

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body and the location of the target. The left elbow should be placed directly under the rifle such
that bones and not the muscles of the arm support the rifle.
Rifle Butt in the Pocket of the Shoulder. The firer must place the rifle butt into the pocket of flesh,
which is formed in his right shoulder. The proper placement of the rifle butt lessens the effect of
recoil, help steady the rifle and prevents the rifle butt from slipping on the shoulder during firing.
Right Hand Grip. The firer's right hand should grip the small of the stock firmly but not rigidly. A
firm rearward pressure must also be exerted by the right hand to keep the rifle butt in proper
position in the pocket of he shoulder and to keep it secured enough against the shoulder and to
reduce the effects of recoil. The trigger finger should be positioned on the trigger so there is no
contact between the finger and the side of the stock.
Right Elbow Placement. Proper placement of the right elbow provides balance to the firer's
position. When correctly positioned, the right elbow form a pocket of flesh in the shoulder upon
which the rifle butt is comfortably rested.
Constant Stock Weld. It is the point of firm contact between the firer's cheek and the stock.
Proper stock weld is obtained by lowering the cheek to the small tock. This enables the head and
weapon to recoil as one unit, thereby allowing the rapid recovery between round. The stock weld
also enables the eye to be positioned at the same distance behind the rear sight aperture each
rifle is fired.

Breathing. If the firer continues his normal breathing while aiming and firing his rifle, the
movement of his chest will cause corresponding movement on his weapon. To avoid this, you
must learn to hold your breath for the few seconds required while aiming and firing the rifle.
Initially, you should take a normal breath, release part of it and hold the remaining air in your
lungs. You should not hold your breath for more than 10 seconds, otherwise your vision may blur
and the strain on your lungs will cause muscular tension.
Relaxation. You should be able to relax properly in each firing position. Undue muscular strain or
tension causes trembling of parts of the body, which in turn causes a corresponding movement of
the rifle.
Trigger Control. Is the skillful manipulation of the trigger causing the rifle to fire without disturbing
the alignment of the rifle with respect to the target.

C. RIFLE FIRING POSITIONS

In combat situations, a soldier should be able to assume the steadiest possible firing position,
which can provide him observation of the target area and some cover and concealment. Due to
the fast-changing situations in the battlefield, he must be able to fire his rifle effectively from
different firing positions at deferent ranges. Here are the proper procedures in assuming the
different firing positions for the M16 rifle:

A. The Prone Position. Here are the steps in properly assuming the prone firing position.
Step One – Stand at ready position facing your target with left foot slightly forward.
Step Two – Drop to your knees as you hold your rifle securely.
Step Three – Slowly drop to the ground. Hold the heel of the rifle stock with your hand and break
fall with the toe of your rifle butt.
Step Four – Hit the ground with your left elbow as far right and forward as possible so that it will be
directly under the rifle when your position is completed.
Step Five – Place the butt of the rifle on your shoulder and press your check against the stock. As
in other firing positions, you should maintain constant contact with your cheek and the stock, while
firing. This is known as maintaining a constant "spot weld."
Step Six – Keep your feet well apart for stability. Your shoulder elbow slanted on the ground.
Step Seven – Keep your feet well apart for stability. Your shoulder must be level with the ground.

B. Sitting Position. Here are the steps in properly assuming the sitting firing position.

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Step One – Stand at ready position with your left foot crossed over your right foot.
Step Two – Slowly drop to he ground, breaking your fall with our right hand. Keep your feet in
place.
Step Three – your feet must be either crossed or placed slightly apart, which ever is more
comfortable or offer more stable firing position.
Step Four – Place your left elbow far down or inside of your left leg.
Step Five – Place the rifle butt on your shoulder and press your cheek against the stock.
Step Six – Place your right elbow on inside of your right leg. Grasp pistol grip with finger on the
trigger. Your back should be bent well forward. The closer your keep your elbows to the ground,
the steadier you will be.

C. Kneeling Position. Here are the steps in properly assuming the kneeling firing position:
Step One – Stand at ready position facing the target with your left slightly forward.
Step Two – Drop to your right knee with your right leg parallel to the target. Your right foot should
be at right angle to your leg, midway between the foot and the knee.
Step Three – Sit back on your heel while holding your foot upright. You may also sit on the side of
your right foot flat on the ground. This is a good position when properly used. You must sit well
forward and maintain your balance.
Step Four – Place your elbow on the flat of your knee, so it will be directly under the rifle when
position is completed.
Step Five – Place the rifle butt on your shoulder and press your cheek against the stock and
maintain constant spot-weld.
Step Six – Grasp the pistol grip, with right hand in the line with your shoulder and ball of your
finger on the trigger.

D. Standing Position. Here are the steps in properly assuming the standing firing position:
Step One – Stand at ready position with your feet at a comfortable distance apart, to ensure
perfect balance. Also, distribute your weight equally on your both feet.
Step Two – Place the rifle butt on our shoulder while holding your left arm under the rifle in the
most comfortable and balanced position. Your left hand should be grasping the upper hand guard,
slightly forward at the balance of the rifle.
Step Three – Grasp the pistol grip with the ball of our finger on the trigger. Keep your elbow in line
or above your shoulder.
Step Four – When in standing position, always keep your body erect.

TRIANGULATION.
It is a method in pre-marksmanship training wherein a shooter is taught of proper sight
alignment of his rifle with respect to his target. This method is usually done during dry firing. A
shooter must master this method to assure that he will hit his target with accuracy and precision.
Following are the basic steps in triangulation.

Paste a plain bond paper to a target frame at least 25 meters away from the firer.
Provide a movable marker to the assistant. Movable marker is a round shape cartons at least 3
inches in diameter with a pen hole at the center and a 12 inches long stick that will serve as
holder.
The Firer assumes his good and steady prone position and aimed his rifle to the dead end center
of the bond paper.
The assistant will position the round marker either to the left or right of the bond paper and upon
order of the firer, he will move the marker slowly to the left or right, up or down depending on the
firer’s request.
When the moving marker reach the center of the line of sight of the firer, he will then shout
“MARK”. At this point, the assistant will mark the white bond paper by a point of a ball pen or
pencil at the pen hole of the marker. This will be the first mark of his line of sight.
After marking the fist line of sight, the firer will put his rifle down and repeat the above procedures
twice to create a triangle in the bond paper.

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Upon completing the above procedures, the assistant can now assess or determine whether the
firer had obtained a correct sight alignment through the method of triangulation.

COACH AND PUPIL TECHNIQUE.

During the conduct of familiarization and record firing the shooter and the assigned assistant
create a coach and pupil relationship. The assigned assistant to individual firer during firing serves
as the coach and provide him the most needed materials like magazines, ammunitions and target
papers. The coach also serves as the firer’s adviser whether he is hitting or not on his target. The
coach also reminds the firer’s about range safety.

B. RIFLE FIRING POSITION

1) PRONE POSITION
step one. - Stand at ready position facing your target. Your left foot slightly forward.
Step two. Drop to your knees.
Step three. Slowly drop to the ground. Hold the heel of the rifle with your right hand.
Step four. Hit the ground with left elbow as far right as forward possible.
Step five. Place the butt of the rifle on your shoulder and press your cheek against the small of
the stock. As in other firing position, you should maintain a constant pressure with your cheek and
the stock while firing.
Step six. Grasp the pistol grip with your right hand and keep your elbow slanted on the ground.
Step seven. Keep your feet well apart for added stability. Your shoulder must be level with the
ground.

2) SITTING POSITION
STEP ONE - Stand at ready position with your left foot crossed over your right foot.
STEP TWO - Slowly drop to the ground, breaking your fall with your right hand. Keep your feet in
place.
STEP THREE - Your feet must be either crossed or placed slightly apart, which ever is more
comfortable or offer a more stable firing position.
STEP FOUR - Place left elbow far down or inside of left leg.
STEP FIVE - Place the rifle butt on your shoulder and press your cheek against the stock.
STEP SIX - Place your right elbow on inside of our right leg. Grasp the pistol grip with finger on the
trigger. Your back should be bent well forward. The closer you keep your elbows to the ground,
the steadier you will be.

3) KNEELING POSITION
STEP ONE - Stand at ready position facing the target with your left foot slightly forward.
STEP TWO - Drop to your right knee with your right leg parallel to the target. Your right foot should
be at right angle to your right leg, midway between the foot and the knee.
STEP THREE - Sit back on your heel while holding your foot upright. You may also sit on the side
of your right foot flat on the ground. This is a good position when properly used. You must sit well
forward and maintain your balance.
STEP FOUR - Place your elbow on the flat of your knee, so it will be directly under the rifle when
position is completed.
STEP FIVE - Place the rifle butt on your shoulder and press your cheek against the stock and
maintain constant "spot weld."
STEP SIX - Grasp the pistol grip with right hand in line with your shoulder and ball of your finger
on the trigger.

STANDING POSITION
STEP ONE - Stand at ready position with your feet at comfortable distance apart, to ensure
perfect balance. Also distribute your weight equally on your both feet.

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STEP TWO - Place the rifle butt on your shoulder while holding your left arm under the rifle in the
most comfortable and balanced position. Your left hand should be grasping the upper hand guard,
slightly forward at the balance of the rifle.
STEP THREE - Grasp the pistol grip with the ball of your finger on the trigger. Keep your elbow in
line with or above your shoulder.
STEP FOUR - When in standing position, always keep your body erect.

Compiled by :

QM3 Mon Albert L Montelibano 877067 PN

Petty Officer In Charge
Operations and Training Branch
Revised JUNE 2021

PHILIPPINE NAVY
NAVAL RESERVE COMMAND
169th NAVAL RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS UNIT
Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific-Kamaya Point
Bgy Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan

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