Center of Mass

(Center of Gravity)
Theorem
The Center of Mass Theorem is a fundamental concept in physics. It
describes the unique point in an object or system where the distributed mass
is concentrated. This theorem has wide-ranging applications in mechanics,
engineering, and everyday life.
Introduction
1 Definition 2 Importance 3 Applications
The center of mass is the average It simplifies complex mechanical Crucial in engineering, sports, and
position of matter in a body or systems and predicts object space exploration for
system. behavior under various forces. understanding stability and motion.
Understanding Center of Mass
Physical Meaning Mathematical Relation to Gravity Effect of Shape
Representation
The point where an object's Often coincides with the Influenced by the distribution
mass is concentrated for Calculated using integrals for center of gravity in uniform of mass within the object.
calculations. continuous bodies or gravitational fields. For example, a symmetrical
summations for discrete object has its center of mass
systems. at its geometric center, while
an asymmetrical object has
its center of mass shifted.
Properties of Center of Mass
Uniqueness Independence
Each object or system has only It moves as if all the mass were
one center of mass. concentrated at that point.

Weighted Average Rotational Axis

Its position is the average of all Objects naturally rotate around
mass positions, weighted by their an axis through their center of
masses. mass.
Statement of Center of Mass
Theorem
1 Definition
The center of mass of a system is the average position of its
mass.

2 Formula
For discrete systems: R_cm = (Σm_i * r_i) / M, where M is total
mass.

3 Continuous Case
For continuous bodies: R_cm = (∫ r dm) / M, integrating over
the entire body.
Proof of Center of Mass
Theorem
Start with Definition
1 Begin with the definition of center of mass as the average
position of mass.

Apply Conservation of Mass

2 Use the principle that total mass remains constant in a closed
system.

Use Newton's Second Law

3 Apply F = ma to the system and individual particles.

Derive Final Equation

4 Show that the acceleration of the center of mass equals the net
force divided by total mass.
Formulas and equations of
Center of Mass
For Discrete Systems

For Continuous systems

For Discrete Systems

For Continuous System

4
Problem 1: Calculating Center
of Mass for a Uniform Rod
Given: Uniform rod of length L = 2m and
mass M = 5kg

To Find: Center of mass position

Solution: For uniform rod, center of mass is

at L/2 = 1m from either end

Result: Center of mass is at the midpoint

of the rod
Problem 2: Calculating
Center of Mass for a
Triangular Plate
1 Given
Triangular plate with base b = 6cm and height h = 8cm

2 Formula
Center of mass: x = b/3, y = h/3 from the base's midpoint

3 Solution
Using the formula, the x-coordinate of the center of mass is x
= 6cm / 3 = 2cm from the base's midpoint. Similarly, the y-
coordinate is y = 8cm / 3 = 2.67cm from the base's midpoint.
Therefore, the center of mass is located 2cm to the right and
2.67cm above the base's midpoint.
Problem 3: Calculating Center of Mass for a
Composite System
Given Calculation Result
A rod with a mass of 2 kg and a length of To find the center of mass of this The center of mass of this composite
1 meter, with a sphere of 3 kg attached composite system, we use the formula system is located 0.7 meters from the
to one end of the rod. for the center of mass of a two-particle fixed end of the rod. This calculation
system: R_cm = (m1r1 + m2r2) / (m1 + takes into account the masses of both
m2), where m1 and m2 are the masses the rod and the sphere, as well as their
of the rod and sphere, respectively, and respective positions in the system.
r1 and r2 are their distances from a
reference point (in this case, the fixed
end of the rod).
Application and Conclusion
Center of mass calculations are essential in the design of aircraft,
buildings, and sports equipment to ensure stability and performance.
The concept of center of mass applies to all objects, whether they have a
regular or irregular shape.
Understanding the center of mass can be helpful for solving problems in
statics, dynamics, and rotational motion.
It is a fundamental concept in physics and engineering, and its
applications are widespread.
The center of mass is a useful tool for analyzing the motion of objects,
particularly in situations involving forces or rotations.

In motorsport vehicles, the center of mass is crucial for optimizing

handling, stability, and overall performance.