Q1.

Velocity field in two dimensional flow is given by the equation,

  
V  2 xy i  x y j2 2

Calculate the vorticity in the flow shown

in figure ;
C(3,2)
D
3#2

A B
SOL.

Vorticity,


  (1 / s)
A

Definition of circulation;

  B   C   D  A  3 2
   V . dr   V dr   V dr   V dr   V dr   (2 xy i  x yj)(dxi)   (2 xy i  x yj)dyj
2 2 2 2

A B C D 0 0

0 0
  ( 2 xy 2i  x 2 yj )(dxi )   ( 2 xy 2i  x 2 yj )(dyj )
3 2

  B C B C 3 2
   V . dr   Vdr   Vdr   Vdr   Vdr   (2 x0 i  x 0 j )(dxi)   (2.3 y i  3 yj )dyj
2 2 2 2

A B A B 0 0

0 0
  (2.x 2 2 i  x 2 2 j )(dxi)   (2.0 y 2 i  0 2 yj )(dyj )
3 2

 0  18  36  0  18m / s2

 18
    9 (1 / s )
A 3x 2
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Q.2. In a potential flow medium, a cylinder with a diameter of 30 cm is
under the effect of a flow with a clockwise circulation 6 m2 / s and a free
flow velocity , 15 m / s. Calculate locations of the stagnation points on
the cylinder and resistance for unit length of the cylinder.

Note:Fluid is air.

Sol:


U

Location of the stagnation points;

K  6
sin   , K   0.95 
2Ua 2 2
 0.95 of the
sin    0.105  1  6o (354o ),  2  174o (186o )
2 x15x0.30
stagnation points are the lower part of the cylinder.

L 0

D=0



SP

-6 o

-174 o
As flow is symmetric about the y axis. There is no resistance force (Drag), but there
is a lift force, L=U=1.2x15x6=108N/m
Q.3. In the two dimensional flow field, a source with strength of 2 is
located at the point (1,2) while a sink with the strength of 2 is located at
the point (-1,2) . Determine the stream function for these superpositions
of the flows, and velocity at the location P(0.5;0.5).

SOL:
y
Q(x,y)
r2
r1
2
1  , VP
-m(-1,2) m(1,2)
P
x

VPSour

V PSink

y2
 Sour  m1  m tan 1
x 1

y2
 Sink  m  m tan 1
2
x 1

Stream function of the superpositions of these flows;

y2 y2
 S   Sour   Sink  m(tan1  tan 1
x 1 x 1
Velocity components at P can be calculated by using the definition
equations;
  S  S
u ,v  
y xy00..55 x xy00..55

Or

Problem can be solved by the vectorel summations of velocities at point

P.

Velocity at P(0.5,0.5) =?

Velocities caused by Source and Sink ;

VPSour=m/r1=2/1.58=1.26 unit,

Velocities caused by Sink

VPSink=m/r2=2/2.12=0.94 unit

r1 is distance between source and location P,

r2 is distance between sink and location P,

Q(x,y)
r2
r1
2
1  , VP
-m(-1,2) m(1,2)
P
x

VPSour

V PSink

Angles of the velocity vectors with the x axis for source and sink are
calculated to be 71 o and 45o respectively (from the geometry),
Velocity vectors=?

 , VP

VPSour = -1.26cos 71 i -1.26sin71 j = - 0.41 i - 1.191 j

VPSink = -0.94cos45 i + 0.94xsin45 j = -0.66 i + 0.66 j

VP=VSour/P+VSink/P= -1.074 i-0.53 j

Resultant velocity is 1.17 unit.

VP  (1.074) 2  (0.53)2  1.17

It’s angle with the x axis is

0.53
  tan 1  26o
1.074

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Q4. Stream function about a cylinder is given as

 a2  
  U sin  1    ln r
 r  2
a) Is the flow field potential?
b) Calculate the potential function,
c) Using the values of U= 2 m/s, a=0,2m and = 0,5 m2/s obtain the
stagnation points on the cylinder,
d) Drive the pressure distribution about the cylinder,
e) Calculate the lift and drag acting on cylinder with 80 cm in length.
Note: Fluid is air at T= 20oC.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
SOL:
a) If the stream function satisfy the Laplace Equation, flow is potential
flow,

Laplace equation;
 1    1  2
 2   r  0
r  r  r 2  2

Using the stram function equation,

 a2  
  U sin  1    ln r
 r  2
we get,

 2  0 Flow is potential flow.

b) As flow is potential, there is a potential function,

Definition;

1  
Vr  
r  r
 1 
V   
r r 
 can be calculated.

c) Velocity components on the cylinder,

Inserting r=a into equations, we get,

Vr  0


V  2U sin  
2a

Locations of the stagnation pints are obtained by

  0.5
V  2U sin    0  2 x 2 sin   0
2a 2x0.2

0.5
sin    0.099  1  5.7 o and  2  174.3o
5.02

S.P S.P

d) Drag force =0,

Lift Force;
L  Uxl  1.2 x 2 x0.5 x0.8  0.96 N

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Q5. The flow field is defined by the complex potential function,

f(z)= Uz+mlnz)

a) Define the stream and potential functions,

b) This is a superpositions of the two potential flows. Define these
potential flows,
c) Using the values, U=5 m/s and m=2 m2/s determine the pressure
distribution.

Sol: a)

f(z)= Uz+mlnz)

Using the definition,

z=x+iy=rei=r(cos+isin)
f ( z )    i  Uz  m ln z  U r (cos  i sin  )  m ln(rei )
 Ur cos   m ln r  i (U sin   m )

  Ur cos  m ln r
  U sin   m
b)This is the combinations of uniform flow and source flow.
Velocity distribution;

1  1  m
Vr   (Ur sin   m )  U cos 
r  r  r

V    U sin 
r

Pressure distribution;Using the Bernoulli equation,

V 2  Vr2  V2

2
 m
U cos    U sin 
2 2
P  P V 2
r
 1   1 
1 / 2 U 2
U 2
U2
m m2
U 2 cos 2   2U cos  2  U 2 sin 2 
1 r r
U2
m m2
U (cos   sin  )  2U cos  2
2 2 2

1 r r
2
U

m m2 2 m 1 m2 1 
U  2U cos   2
2 U 
 1  2 cos   
r r  U r U 2 r 2 
CP  1   1
U2 U2
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Q6.Consider the steady, two-dimensional, incompressible velocity field of

K

V  e
r
where K is constant.

a) Is the flow incompressible?,

b) Calculate the pressure as a functions of r and ,

Sol:

a) Continiuty equation has to be justified to get incompressible flow.

The continuity equation in cylindirical coordianate system should be

used in the solution.

There is only tangential velocity component in the flow field,

 K K
V  e   u  , u r  0, uz  0
r r

Thus, the incompressible continuity equation is satisfied.

b)Pressure distribution=?

Using the NSE,

  K K
V  e   u  , u r  0, uz  0
r r

 component of the Navier–Stokes equation

(1)

Likewise, from the radial component of the NSE,

(2)

Equations (1) and (2) are used to determine the pressure distribution.

Important Point:

If P(r, ) is a smooth function of r and , the cross products of equations

(1) and (2) have to be some.

Cross product of equation;

are justified.

Thus, Pressure , P is a smooth fucntion of r and . Then, equations

above will be used to optain pressure distribution. If P is not smooth
functions of r and , the pressure distrubition can not be determined by
this method. Probably, numerical solution is needed.

We can use eqs. (I) and (2) to obtain pressure distrubition.

Starts from eq. (1)

P
 0   dp  0  P  f ( r )
 (3)
f (r )  ?
Second equation (2) has to be used to obtain f(r).

(2)

Take eq. (3)

P df K2 K2
P  f (r )     3   df    dr
r dr r r3

1 K2
f   C ( 4)
2 r2
Inserting eq.(4) int o Eq.(3)
2
1 K
P(r )    C
2 r2
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&66
Q7-Consider the steady, two-dimensional, incompressible velocity field,

where a, b, and c are constants. Calculate the pressure as a function of x

and y.

SOL:

Continuity is satisfied.

Now we look at the x component of the Navier-Stokes equation:

Likewise, y momentum equation becomes

If P is smooth functions of x and y, the pressure distribution can be

determined by using Eq. (2) and (3).

Mathematically, this requires that the order of differentiation of P (x then

y verses y then x so called cross differentiation) should not matter.

Cross-differentiation:
Equation 4 shows that indeed, P is a smooth function of x and y. Thus,
we should be able to calculate the pressure field.

Pressure field from x-momentum:

First using Eq (2) ,

we get,

g(y)=?

Diferentiation eq (5) with respect to y and using Eq (3)

We get,

Inserting eq (7) into eq (5) we get,