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Rio Declaration

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51 views3 pages

Rio Declaration

Uploaded by

priyam.bajaj120
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RIO DECLARATION

Introduction   

The United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) ,


also known as the Earth Summit was a major United Nation Conference held in
Rio de Janeiro from 3rd to 14th June, 1992, wherein more than 150
governments participated.

This was the largest UN conference ever held and it put the world on a path of
sustainable development which aim at meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs .

The Earth Summit forced the people worldwide to rethink how their lives
affect natural environment and resources and to confront a new environment
that determines the surroundings in which they live.

   In 2012 the United Nation Conference on sustainable development was


also held in Rio, and is only commonly called Rio + 20 or Rio Earth Summit
2012.

172 Govt. participated, with 116 sending their heads or Govt.

Some 2400 representative of nongovernmental organizations ,(NGOs) attend


with 17000 people at the parallel NGO “Global Form” who had consultative
status.

27 Principles…

According to principle 1 of the Declaration, human beings are at the centre of


concerns for sustainable development . They are entitled to a healthy and
productive life in harmony with nature.

Principle 2 of the declaration puts the duty on the states that while they are
exploiting their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and
development policies, it is their responsibility to ensure that their activities do
not cause damage to the environment of other states.

According to principle 3, “ the right to development must be fulfilled so as to


equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future
generations.” Thus, the concept of “inter-generational rights” has been
recognized in this principle.

It is further provided in principle 4 that in order to achieve sustainable


development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the
development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

Eradication of poverty is considered as an indispensable requirement for


sustainable development in principle 5 of the Declaration and all States and all
people are required to co-operate in this essential task. This principle is of
particular advantage to the developing countries which face the problem of
poverty.

It may mentioned here that our former Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi
while speaking at the Stockholm Conference had said: “Of all the pollutants we
face, the worst is poverty. We want more development” The Rio Declaration
has taken cognizance of the fact that in order to achieve sustainable
development, eradication of poverty is indispensable and thus developmental
process and environmental protection must go on simultaneously    I

n principle 8 of the Declaration it is provided that in order to achieve


sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States
should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and
consumption .

Principle 9 call for an international transfer of the scientific knowledge needed


for sustainable development.

Principle 10 recognizes the fact that environmental issues are best handled
with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. It is well
established fact that law is a regulator of human conduct. Therefore, principle
11 requires the States to enact effective environmental legislation .   

Principle 12 requires the States to cooperate to promote a supportive and


open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and
sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of
environmental degradation .
Principle 13 says that the States shall develop national law regarding liability
and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental
damage.

The “precautionary principle” has been incorporated in principle 15 according


to which where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full
scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost effective
measures to prevent environmental degradation.

The “Polluter Pays Principle” has ben incorporated in principle 16 which


provides that national authorities should endeavour to promote the
internationalization of environmental cost and the use of economic
instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should , in
principle, bear the cost of pollution , with due regard to the public interest and
without distorting international trade and investment.   

The need of having environmental impact assessment (EIA) for proposed


activities, that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the
environment, has been recognized in principle 17 of the Declaration.

Principle 24 provides that warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable


development. States shall therefore respect international law providing
protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and co-operate in its
further development, as necessary.

Principles 25 provides that “peace, development and environmental protection


are interdependent and indivisible”.

And lastly, principle 27 says that States and people shall co-operate in good
faith and in a spirit of partnership in the fulfilment of the principles embodied
in the Declaration and in the further development of international law in the
field of sustainable development

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