Chapter 2: Derivatives

Lecture 3

By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Outline
1. Derivatives of Inverse Functions
2. Hyperbolic Functions
3. Logarithmic Differentiation
4. Related Rates
5. Linear Approximations and Differentials

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 1. Derivatives of Inverse Functions
−1
Inverse function y = f ( x), where x = f ( y)
dy dy 1 1
Chain rule: 1 = f '( y )  = =
dx dx f '( y ) f '( f −1 ( x))

(f −1
( x) ) ' =
1
f '( f −1 ( x))

Example

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 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

Derivative of a Logarithmic Function:

d 1
log a x =
dx x ln a
Generalized Rule for Logarithm Functions
If u is a differentiable function, then
d u '( x)
log a u ( x) =
dx u ln a
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Proof
−1
y = log a x = f ( x), x = f ( y ) = a y

1st way: Apply Implicit Differentiation

1 1
a (ln a) y ' = 1  y ' = y
y
=
a ln a x ln a
2nd way: Apply Derivative of Inverse Functions

( f ( x) ) ' = f '( f −1 ( x)) = f '( y) = a y ln a = x ln a

−1 1 1 1 1

1
Consequently, take a = e  (ln x) ' =
x
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Differentiation of Logarithmic
Functions
log 4 ( ( x + 2 )( 3 − 4 x ) )
d
Ex.
dx
d
= log 4 ( x + 2 ) + log 4 ( 3 − 4 x )
dx
1 1
= + (−4)
( x + 2) ln 4 (3 − 4 x) ln 4

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 Derivative of Logarithms of
Absolute Values

( ln u )
d 1 du ' u '( x)
ln u = =
dx u dx u

( loga u )
d 1 du ' u '( x)
log a u = =
dx u ln a dx u ln a
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Derivative of Logarithms of
Absolute Values

d 1
Ex. ln 8 x − 3 = 2
2
(16 x )
dx 8x − 3

d 1 1  1 
Ex. log 3 + 2 =  − 2
dx x (1/ x + 2 ) ln 3  x 
1
=−
( )
x + 2 x ln 3
2
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 2. Logarithmic Differentiation
Logarithmic Differentiation: Method to find derivatives
of complicated functions by taking logarithms

Example 1. Find the derivative of y = 3x + 2 ( 9 x − 1)

5

ln y = ln ( 3x + 2 ( 9 x − 1)
5
) Apply ln

1
ln y = ln ( 3x + 2 ) + 5ln ( 9 x − 1) Properties of ln
2
1 dy 3 5(9)
= + Differentiate
y dx 2 ( 3x + 2 ) 9 x − 1
dy 5 3 45 
= 3 x + 2 ( 9 x − 1)  +  Solve

dx  2 ( 3x + 2 ) 9 x − 1 
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Example 2. y=x . x
Find y '(1) = ?
Solution: Taking ln both sides gives us
ln y = ln x x = x ln x
Taking derivative both sides yields

(ln y ) ' = ( x ln x) '

y' 1
= ln x + x = ln x + 1
y x

 y ' = y (ln x + 1) = x (ln x + 1)

x

 y '(1) = 1(0 + 1) = 1
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 3. Related Rates
Look at how the rate of change of one quantity is related to
the rate of change of another quantity

Example 1: Two cars leave from an intersection at the same time.

One car travels north at 35 mi./hr., the other travels east at 60 mi./hr.
How fast is the distance between them changing after 2 hours?

dx
= 60
dt Distance = z
dy y
= 35
dt
x
x = 120
y = 70 x +y =z
2 2 2

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dx dy
= 60 = 35 Distance = z
dt dt y

x = 120 y = 70
x
From original
x2 + y 2 = z 2 relationship

dx dy dz
2x + 2 y = 2z
dt dt dt
(
2(120)(60) + 2(70)(35) = 2 10 193
dz
dt
)
dz
 69.5 mi./hr.
dt
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Example 2. A water tank has the shape of an inverted circular cone with base
radius 2 m and height 4 m. If water is being pumped into the tank at a rate of 2
m3/min, find the rate at which the water level is rising when the water is 3 m deep
Solution V, r, h: volume of the water, the radius of the surface, and the
height of the water at time t, where t is measured in minutes

Use similar triangles:

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 Related Rates: Problem Solving Strategy

1. Read the problem carefully.

2. Draw a diagram if possible.
3. Introduce notation. Assign symbols to all quantities that are
functions of time.
4. Express the given information and the required rate in terms
of derivatives.
5. Write an equation that relates the various quantities of the
problem.
6. Use the Chain Rule to differentiate both sides of the equation
with respect to t
7. Substitute the given information into the resulting equation
and solve for the unknown rate.

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 4. Linear Approximations and Differentials
Use tangent line to approximate functions near tangent point
Equation of tangent line

y = f (a) + f '(a)( x − a )

𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎
is called the linear approximation
or tangent line approximation of f at a

𝐿 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑎 is called the linearization of f at a

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 Solution

Approximations are overestimates because the tangent line lies above the curve

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Solution
Accuracy to within 0.5 means that the functions should differ by less than 0.5:

Linear approximation should lie between the curves obtained by shifting the
curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 upward and downward by an amount 0.5.

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Example 2: (continued)

and Q

Zooming in and using the cursor, we

estimate that the x-coordinate of P is about
-2.66 and the x-coordinate of Q is about 8.66

Looking at graph:

Similarly, from Figure we see

that the approximation is
accurate to within 0.1 when
− 1.1 < 𝑥 < 3.9
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Differentials
y=f(x) is differentiable function,
dx can be given any real number
The differential dy is defined by

dy = f '( x)dx, y = f ( x)

df ( x) = f '( x)dx

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 Solution (a)

(b)

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Example 4: The radius of a sphere was measured and found to be
21 cm with a possible error in measurement of at most 0.05 cm.
What is the maximum error in using this value of the radius to
compute the volume of the sphere?
Solution
r: radius
Error in the measured value of r is denoted by 𝑑𝑟 = ∆𝑟
Corresponding error in the calculated value of V is ∆V
∆𝑉 ≈ 𝑑𝑉 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟

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