Subject : Turbo Machines

Unit No:1
Introduction to Turbo
Machinery &
Impulse Water Turbines
 SYLLABUS
Introduction to Turbo Machinery (08 hrs)
Impulse momentum principle and its applications,
Force excreted on fixed plate, moving flat plate and
curved vanes, series of plates, velocity triangles and
their analysis, work done equations , efficiency.
Impulse Water Turbines
Pelton wheel- construction, principle of working,
velocity diagrams and analysis, design aspects,
governing and performance characteristics,
specific speed, selection of turbines, multi-jet.
Introduction To Turbo Machinery
Turbo machines:
It is device that extracts energy from or imparts
energy to a continuously moving stream of fluid
(liquid or gas)
A turbo machine is a power or head
generating machine which employs the dynamic
action of a rotating element, the rotor; the action of
the rotor changes the energy level of the
continuously flowing fluid through the machine.
 Impulse Momentum Principle
When jet of water strikes on a flat plate or vane, it
exerts a force in the direction of jet which is equal to
rate of change in momentum in that direction.

Force= rate of change in momentum

[𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚−𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚]
F=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑋 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑦−𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑋 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
F=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
F= (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑦)
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
 Force exerted by the jet on stationery
vertical plate
Let,
V = Velocity of jet
d = diameter of jet
a = cross section area
of jet

The Force exerted by the jet on stationery vertical

plate in the direction of jet
F=rate of change of momentum in the direction of force
Force exerted by the jet on stationery
vertical plate
initial mometum  final momntum
F
time
mass * initial velocity  mass * final velocity
F
time
mass
F [initial velocity  final velocity ]
time
F  aV (V  0)
F  aV 2
 Force exerted by the jet on stationery
inclined flat plate

Mass of the water striking the plate= ρaV

Let, Ѳ = angle between jet and plate
V = Velocity of jet
d = diameter of jet
a = cross section area of jet
The Force exerted by the jet on inclined flat plate in
the direction normal to the plate.
 Force exerted by the jet on stationery
inclined flat plate
F=mass of the jet striking per second *( (initial velocity
of the jet in the direction normal to the plate- final
velocity of jet after striking in the normal direction)
F= ρaV ( V sinѲ- 0)= ρaV2 sinѲ
This force can be resolved into two component. One
in the direction of jet and other in the perpendicular
direction of jet
The force in normal
direction of jet,
The force in direction of jet,
Fy = F X sin (90- Ѳ)
Fx = F X cos (90- Ѳ)
= F cos Ѳ
= F sin Ѳ
= ρaV2 sinѲ cos Ѳ……
= ρaV sin Ѳ…………….
2 2
Force exerted by a jet on a stationary curved
plate

Component of velocity in the direction of jet = -v cosѲ

 Force exerted by a jet on a stationary curved
plate
Force exerted by jet in the direction of jet,
Fx = ( mass / sec ) *(initial velocity in the direction of jet –
final velocity in the direction of jet)
Fx = ρaV [ V – (- V cosѲ)]
= ρaV2 [ 1+cosѲ]

Force exerted by jet in the normal direction of jet,

Fy = ( mass / sec ) * (initial velocity – final velocity in
the normal direction of jet)
Fx = ρaV [ 0 – VsinѲ)]
= - ρaV2 sin Ѳ
Force exerted by the Jet on a curved plate at one end
tangentially when the plate is symmetrical
 Force exerted by the Jet on a curved plate at one end
tangentially when the plate is symmetrical

Force exerted by jet in X direction

Fx = ( mass / sec ) * (initial velocity in the direction of X –
final velocity in the direction of X)

Fx = ρaV [( V cosѲ-(- V cosѲ) ]

= ρaV [( V cosѲ + V cosѲ) ]
= 2ρaV2 cos2Ѳ

Fy = ρaV [( V sinѲ - VsinѲ) ]

=0
Force exerted by the Jet on a curved plate at one end
tangentially when the plate is unsymmetrical

Let Ѳ = angle made by the tangent at inlet

Φ = angle made by the tangent at outlet
 Force exerted by the Jet on a curved plate at one
end tangentially when the plate is unsymmetrical

Fx = ( mass / sec ) * (initial velocity in the direction of X

– final velocity in the direction of X)

Fx = ρaV [( V cosѲ-(- V cos Φ) ]

= ρaV [( V cosѲ + V cos Φ) ]
= ρaV2 (cosѲ + cos Φ)

Fy = ρaV [( V sinѲ – Vsin Φ) ]

= ρaV2 (sinѲ – sin Φ)
Force exerted by a jet on a hinged plate
 Force exerted by a jet on a hinged plate

X= distance if the centre if jet from hinge O

Ѳ = angle of swing about hinge
W = weight o the plate acting at C.G. of the plate
Ѳ’ = angle between jet and plane

At equilibrium , two forces are acting on the plate,

normal to the plate
1.force due to jet of water
Fn= ρaV2 sinѲ’
2. Weight of the plate, W
 Force exerted by a jet on a hinged plate

Moment of the Fn about hinge= Fn X OB= ρaV2sinѲ’ X OB

= ρaV2 sin (90-Ѳ) X OB
= ρaV2cosѲ X OB
𝑂𝐴
= ρaV cosѲ X
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= ρaV2 X x
Moment of weight w about hinge = W X OA’ sin Ѳ
= W X xX sin Ѳ

For equilibrium of the plate, W X x X sin Ѳ = ρaV2 X x

ρaV2
sin Ѳ=
𝑊
Force exerted by a jet on a moving plate in the
direction of jet
 Force exerted by a jet on a moving plate in the
direction of jet
Let, V = absolute velocity of the jet
a = cross section area of the jet
u = velocity of the flat plate
Jet does not strike the plate with velocity V but with a
relative velocity.
Relative velocity of the jet with respect to plate = V- u
Mass of the water striking the plate per sec = ρa(V-u)
Force exerted by jet on the moving plate in the direction of jet
= mass of water striking per sec X [ initial velocity with which
water strikes- final velocity ]
= ρa(V-u)[ (V-u) – 0 ]
= ρa(V-u)2
Force exerted by a jet on a moving inclined plate in
the direction of jet

Let,
V = absolute velocity of the jet
a = cross section area of the jet
u = velocity of the flat plate
Ѳ = angle between the plate and jet
Force exerted by a jet on a moving inclined plate in
the direction of jet
Relative velocity of the jet with respect to plate = V- u
Mass of the water striking the plate per sec = ρa(V-u)
Force exerted by jet on the moving plate in the normal
direction of plate = mass of water striking per sec X [
initial velocity with which water strikes in the
direction normal to the plate- final velocity ]
Fn = ρa(V-u)[ (V-u)sin Ѳ – 0 ]
Fn = ρa(V-u)2 sin Ѳ
Fx = Fn sinѲ = ρa(V-u)2 sin Ѳ sin Ѳ
Fx = ρa(V-u)2 sin2 Ѳ
Fy = Fn cosѲ = ρa(V-u)2 sin Ѳ cos Ѳ
Fy = ρa(V-u)2 sin Ѳ cos Ѳ
Force exerted by a jet on a moving curved plate in
the direction of jet
 Force exerted by a jet on a moving curved plate in
the direction of jet

Component of velocity in the direction of jet = -(V-u) cosѲ

Force exerted by jet in the direction of jet,
Fx = ( mass / sec ) * (initial velocity in the direction of jet –
final velocity in the direction of jet)
Fx = ρa(V-u) [( V-u) – (- V cosѲ)]
= ρa(V-u)2 [ 1+cosѲ]
Force exerted by jet in the normal direction of jet,
Fx = ( mass / sec ) * (initial velocity in the normal direction
of jet – final velocity in the normal direction of jet)
Fx = ρa(V-u) [ 0 – (V-u)sinѲ)]
= - ρa(V-u)2 sin Ѳ
Force exerted by a jet on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of the
tips
Force exerted by a jet on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of the
tips
V1 = Velocity of the jet at inlet
u1 = velocity of the vane at inlet
Vr1 = relative velocity of the jet and plate at inlet
α = angle between the direction of the jet and direction
of motion of the plate ( Guide blade angle)
Ѳ = angle made by the relative velocity with direction of
motion at the inlet ( Vane angle at inlet)
Vw1 = velocity of whirl at inlet ( component of V1 in the
direction of motion)
Vf1 = velocity of flow at inlet ( component of V1 in the
direction perpendicular of motion)
Force exerted by a jet on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of the
tips
Similarly,
V2 = Velocity of the jet at outlet
u2 = velocity of the vane at outlet
Vr2 = relative velocity of the jet and plate at outlet
β = angle between the direction of the jet and direction
of motion of the plate ( Guide blade angle)
Φ = angle made by the relative velocity with direction
of motion at the outlet ( Vane angle at outlet)
Vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet
( component of V2 in the direction of motion)
Vf2 = velocity of flow at outlet
(component of V2 in the direction perpendicular of motion)
 Force exerted by a jet on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of
the tips
Inlet velocity Triangle:
AC = V1 , AB = u1, BC = Vr1, AD = Vw1, BD = Vf1
Outlet velocity triangle:
GF = V2 , EF = u2, EG = Vr2, FH = Vw2, GH = Vf2
As water glides smoothly ,
therefore neglecting friction between vane and water
Vr1= Vr2

Also tip velocity at inlet and outlet are same.

u1 = u2
 Force exerted by a jet on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of
the tips
Force exerted by the jet in the direction of motion
= mass of water striking per sec X (initial velocity with
which jet strikes the water in the dir. Of jet – final
velocity in Direction of jet)
F= ρaVr1 [ (Vw1-u1)-(-u2 +Vw2)]
=ρaVr1 [ (Vw1-u1+u2 +Vw2)]
F =ρaVr1 [ Vw1+Vw2]
If β= 900 then Vw2=0 ……….F= ρaVr1 [ Vw1]
If β > 900 then Vw2= ……….F= ρaVr1 [ Vw1-Vw2]
Force exerted by a jet on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of the
tips
In general, F=ρaVr1[Vw1± Vw2]

Work Done:
Work done per sec by the jet = Force X Distance per sec
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
W.D. = F X
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= F=ρaVr1 [Vw1± Vw2] X u
Force exerted by a jet on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of
the tips
Work Done :
Work done per sec per unit weight of striking per sec
= Force X Distance per sec / weight of water stinking per
sec
aVr [Vw  Vw ] Xu
F
1 1 2

g X aVr 1

[Vw 1 ± Vw 2 ] Xu
F= m
gX
Force exerted by a jet on an unsymmetrical moving
curved plate when jet strikes tangentially at one of the
tips
Efficiency :
It is a ratio of work done per sec to initial K.E. of Work
done per sec per unit weight of striking per sec of jet

ρaVr 1 [Vw 1 ± Vw 2 ] X u
η=
1
X mV 1 2
2
Force exerted on series of curved vanes

Mass of water striking the vanes per sec= ρaV1

moment of water striking in vanes in the tangential

direction per sec at the inlet =
mass of water X component of V1 = ρaV1 X Vw1
Similarly moment of water at outlet per sec = ρaV1 X (- Vw1)
Angular momentum per second at inlet
= momentum at inlet X radius = ρaV1 X Vw1 X R1
Angular momentum per second at outlet
= momentum at inlet X radius = -ρaV1 X Vw2 X R2
Force exerted on series of curved vanes

Let, R1= radius of vane at the inlet of vane

R1= radius of vane at the outlet of vane
𝜔= angular speed of the wheel
u1= R1 𝜔 u2=R2𝜔
 Force exerted on series of curved vanes

Torque exerted by the water on the runner,

T= rate of change of angular momentum
= (ρaV1 X Vw1 X R1)-(-ρaV 1 X Vw2 X R2 )
= (ρaV1 ) X (Vw1 X R1+Vw2 X R2 )………………….
Work Done per sec = Torque X angular velocity
= (ρaV1 ) X (Vw1 X R1+Vw2 X R2 ) x 𝜔
= (ρaV1 ) X (Vw1 X R1 x 𝜔 +Vw2 X R2 x 𝜔)
W.D. = (ρaV1 ) X (Vw1 X u1 +Vw2 X u2)

If angle β= 900, then W.D.= (ρaV1 ) X (Vw1 X u1 )

If angle β > 900, then W.D.= (ρaV1 ) X (Vw1 X -Vw2 X u2 )
Force exerted on series of curved vanes

Efficiency of radial curve vane

work done per sec ond

η=
kinetic energy per sec ond
ρav 1[Vw 1u1 ± Vw 2u 2 ] η=
2[Vw 1u1 ± Vw 2u 2 ]
η=
1 V 12
mV 1 2
2

2[Vw 1u1 ± Vw 2u 2 ]
η=
V 12
Force exerted on series of curved vanes

Efficiency of radial curve vane

Also
W.D.per sec= change in K.E

change in kinetic energy per sec ond

η=
kinetic energy per sec ond
2
V
η = (1 -
2
2
)
V1
 Impulse Water Turbines
Hydraulic Machines:
-Machine
- Hydraulic Machine
Types of Hydraulic Machines
- Turbine
(Converts Hydraulic energy into mechanical energy)
- Pump
(Converts mechanical energy into Hydraulic energy)
 Impulse Water Turbines

Classification of Hydraulic Turbine

1. Depending upon energy available at the inlet of turbine
1. Impulse
2. Reaction
2. According to the flow direction of flow through runner
a. Tangetial flow
b. Axial flow
c. Radial flow
d. Mixed flow
 Impulse Water Turbines

Classification of Hydraulic Turbine

3. Depending upon head available at the inlet of turbine
1. Low head T
2. High head T
3. Medium head T
4. According to the specific speed of the turbine
a. Low specific speed turbine
b. High specific speed turbine
c. Medium specific speed turbine
 Impulse Water Turbines

Classification of Hydraulic Turbine

5. Depending upon position of shaft
1. Vertical shaft T
2. Horizontal shaft T

6. According to Name of Inventor

a. Pelton turbine
b. Kaplan turbine
c. Fransis turbine
 Impulse Water Turbines
Pelton Wheel or Pelton Turbine
General Layout of hydraulic turbine
 Impulse Water Turbines
Pelton Wheel or Pelton Turbine

Construction and working of pelton wheel.

Construction and working of pelton wheel

1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement

2.
. Runner and bucket
3. Casing
4. Breaking jet
 velocity Triangle for pelton wheel

.
 Velocity Triangle for of Pelton wheel

Let,
H= net head available at the inlet of the turbine
D= diameter of the runner
d=. diameter of jet
a = c/s area of jet
N = speed of runner / wheel in RPM
V1 = Velocity of jet at inlet = 2𝑔H
Or
V1 = Cv 2𝑔H Cv= Coefficient of velocity
𝜋𝑑𝑁
Velocity of Blade= u1=u2=
60
 Velocity Triangle for of Pelton wheel

Inlet Triangle
Inlet triangle at inlet will be at straight line
 Vr1 = V1 – u1 = V1 – u
.
 Vw1 = V1
 α = o, Ѳ = 0

Outlet Triangle
As vane surface is smooth, neglecting friction
 Vr1 = Vr2
 Vw2 = Vr2cos Ѳ-u2
 Work Done for Pelton wheel

Force Exerted:
the Force exerted jet of water in direction of motion
F =ρaVr1 [ Vw1+Vw2]………..for single vane
F =ρaV
. 1[ Vw1+±Vw2]………..for series of vane
** When 𝛽 < 90° then F =ρaVr1 [ Vw1+Vw2]
𝛽 = 90° then F =ρaVr1 [ Vw1]
𝛽 > 90° then F =ρaVr1 [ Vw1 -Vw2]
Work Done:
Work done per sec by the jet = Force X Distance per sec
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
W.D. = F X
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
=F=ρaV1[Vw1± Vw2] X u
 Work Done for Pelton wheel

Work Done :
Work done per sec per unit weight of striking per sec
= Force X Distance per sec / weight of water stinking per
sec.
Work Done:
Work done per sec by the jet = Force X Distance per sec
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
W.D. = F X
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
=F=ρaV1[Vw1± Vw2] X u

ρaV 1 [Vw 1 ± Vw 2 ] Xu [Vw 1 ± Vw 2 ] Xu

F= F= m
g X ρaV 1 g
 Efficiencies for Pelton wheel

(A) Hydraulic efficiency ηh

work done per sec ond
η=
K .E .of jet per sec
.
work done per sec ond
η=
K .E .of jet per sec
σaV 1[Vw 1 + Vw 2 ] X u
η=
1
( σaV 1 ) xV 1 2
2
[Vw 1 + Vw 2 ] X u
η=
V 12
 Hydraulic efficiency for Pelton wheel

Maximum Hydraulic efficiency η

differentiating and equating it to zero.
We get,
V1
. u=
2
Efficiency of the Pelton wheel is maximum when the velocity
of the wheel is the half the velocity of the

1 + cos φ
ηm =
2
 Hydraulic efficiency for Pelton wheel

Maximum Hydraulic efficiency η

differentiating and equating it to zero.
We get,
V1
. u=
2
Efficiency of the Pelton wheel is maximum when the velocity
of the wheel is the half the velocity of the

1 + cos φ
ηmax =
2
 Hydraulic efficiency for Pelton wheel

Hydraulic efficiency η
runner power 1
ηh =
water power
.
ρgQH
water power = kW
1000
Water power

ρgQH
water power = kW
1000
 Hydraulic efficiency for Pelton wheel

Mechanical efficiency η
shaft power
ηm =
runner power
.

Volumetric efficiency

volume of water actual striking the runner

ηvol =
volume of water sup plied to the runner
 Hydraulic efficiency for Pelton wheel

Overall efficiency η
shaft power runner power
ηo = x
runner power water power
.
shaft power runner power
ηo = x
water power runner power

ηo = ηh x ηm
 Design aspect of Pelton wheel

1. Velocity of jet V1= Cv 2𝑔𝐻Cv= coefficient of velocity

2. Velocity of Wheel u = Φ 2𝑔𝐻 … … .Φ= speed ratio
3. The angle of deflection 165° ( If not given)
4. Jet ratio m=(D/d)
5. Number of bucket Z= 15 + (D /2d)
6. Number of jet = ratio of total rate of flow through the
turbine to rate of water through single jet
 Performance of Pelton wheel

Turbines are designed to work under a given head ,discharge

and output. To check performance of turbine under different
working condition following parameters are observed.
1. Speed
2. Head
3. Discharge
4. Power
5. Overall efficiency
By keeping one independent parameter constant, variation
of the parameters are plotted.
These curves are called characteristic curve.
 Characteristic Curve

1. Main characteristic curve or constant head curve

2. Operating characteristic curve or constant speed curve
3. constant efficiency curve

Main characteristic
curve or
constant head curve
 Characteristic Curve

1. Operating characteristic curve or constant speed curve

 Characteristic Curve

Constant
efficiency
curve
 Governing of Pelton wheel
Process by which speed of the turbine is kept constant
at all operating condition
Oil pressure governor
 Specific speed of Pelton wheel

It is speed of turbine which is identical in shape ,geometrical

dimension ,blade angle with the actual turbine But of small
size so it will develop unit power working under unit head
N P
Ns = 5
H4
Application of specific speed
Sr. Specific speed Specifc speed in Type of Turbine
No, in MKS SI
1 10-35 8.5-30 Pelton wheel with single jet
2 35-60 30-51 Pelton wheel with two jet
3 60-300 51-225 Fransis turbine
4 00-1000 225-860 Kaplan turbine
 Solved Numerical

Q.1A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/sec with

jet of water flowing at the rate of 700 lit /s under a head of 30
meters. The buckets deflects the jet trough an angle of 1600 .
Calculate the power given by water to the runner and the
hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assume coefficient of
velocity as 0.98
Given Data:Speed of the bucket, u1=u2=u=10 m/s
Discharge Q= 700 lit /s m3 /s
Head of the water H=30 m
Angle of deflection =160
Angle Ф =180-160=200
coefficient of velocity = 0.98
 Solution

the velocity of the jet

= V1= Cv 2gh = 23.77 m/s

Vr1= V1-u1=23.77-10=13.77 m/s

Vw1=V1=23.77 m/s

From outlet velocity triangle

Vr1= Vr2=13.77 m/s
Vw2=-Vr2cosФ-u2
=13.77 cos 200-10 =2.94 m/s
 Solution

W.D./sec
W.D./sec = ρaV1 (Vw1 +Vw2] X u
=1000 *0.7*[23.77+2.94] *10
=186970 Nm /s
Power Given to the turbine,
P = 186970 /1000 = 186.97 kW

The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine given by the equation

ηh =2 [vw1 =vw2]*u /V12

=0.9454=94.54%
 Solved Numerical-2

Q. Two jets strikes the bucket of pelton wheel which having

shaft power as 15450 KW. The diameter of each jet is given as
200 m. if the net head at the turbine is 400 m, find the overall
efficiency of the turbine. Take Cv = 1.
Given Number of jet =2
Shaft power = p =15450 KW
Diameter of jet= d= 200mm =0.20m
Area of the jet =a = 0.31416 m2
Net head = H= 400m
Cv =1
 Solution

Velocity of the jet = Power at the inlet of the turbine ,

V1= Cv 2gh WP= ρgQH /1000 kW
=1000*9.81* 5.56*400 /1000
= 1 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 400
= 21817.44 kW
= 88.58 m/s
discharge of each jet
=q = a * V1 = 2.78 m2 Overall efficiency is given as =
η0 = SP/WP
Total discharges =15450 /21817.44
= Q= 2*2.78 = 70.8
= 5.56 m3/s
Thank you !!!