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FM - Impact of Jet-25-10-2021

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25 views26 pages

FM - Impact of Jet-25-10-2021

Uploaded by

fisogi7287
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ME2004D

Fluid Mechanics and Fluid


Machinery
Dr. A Shaija
Professor
MED, NITC
Fluid Machines
Turbine is fluid machine that extract energy from the fluid and transfer most of that
energy to mechanical energy, typically in the form of a rotating shaft. Hence it is a
power producing machine.
In a hydroelectric power plant, hydraulic energy of water is converted to mechanical
energy and then to electrical energy as the turbine is coupled to a generator.

Pump is a fluid machine that runs by a prime-mover like a motor and adds energy to a
fluid through churning and moves water from lower level to higher level or from one
place to another. Hence, it is an energy absorbing device.
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate
Impact of Jets

The jet is a stream of liquid comes out from nozzle with a high velocity under
constant pressure. When the jet impinges on plates or vanes, its momentum is changed
due to the force exerted by the vanes.
A Vane or blade is a flat or curved plate fixed to the rim of the wheel.
1. Force exerted by the jet on a stationary and moving plate
a) Plate is vertical to the jet
b) Plate is inclined to the jet
c) Plate is curved
2. Force exerted by the jet on a series of moving plates/ vanes
a) Plate is vertical to the jet
b) Plate is curved (jet striking at the centre or tangentially)
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM ANALYSIS FOR FLOW SYSTEMS

From Newton's 2nd Law defined for a system:

F = m a = m (V2 V1) / t

Steady linear momentum equation


Impulse-Momentum Principle

Impulse of a force is given by the change in momentum caused by the force


exerted by the plate (vane) on the jet.

F x t = mV2 mV1 = Final Momentum Initial Momentum

IIIrd law of motion:

Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet, F = m (V1 V2) / t

= (Mass / Time) (Initial Velocity Final Velocity)

= ( Q) (V1 V2) = ( aV) (V1 V2)


Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate
If the Plate is vertical to the jet velocity V

Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the


direction of jet, F = m (V1 V2) / t

= ( Q) (V1 V2)

= ( aV) (V)

F = aV2
Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate

If the jet velocity is V and the Plate is moving with a

F = a(V-u)(V-u -0), where V-u = Vr is relative


velocity with which the jet hits the plate

F = a(V-u)2

moves away from the nozzle which is fixed.


Hence the mass flow rate a(V-u) striking the
plate will become zero.
Impact of jet on a series of flat vanes mounted radially on the
periphery of a circular wheel

Force exerted by the jet on the blade in the


direction of jet
F = aV (V-u -0)
F = aV (V-u)
W.D/ sec = Force x distance per unit time of the blade
=Fxu
= aV (V-u) u
Efficiency = output/ input
= aV (V-u) u/ K.E of the jet

where K.E = 0.5 ( aV) V2


Impact of jet on a series of flat vanes mounted radially on the
periphery of a circular wheel

Find the condition for maximum efficiency for a given


jet velocity V, and its condition.

Differentiate efficiency or W.D w.r.t to blade velocity, u


and equate to zero.

We get u = V/2

And max = 50 %
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary inclined plate

Plate is inclined to the jet

FN = aV2 sin

Fx = FN sin
Fy = FN cos
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary curved plate

Plate is Curved and Jet strikes at Centre

Force exerted by the jet on the plate in


the direction of jet

F = aV (V (- V cos ))

= aV2 (1+ cos )


Force exerted by the jet on a moving curved plate

Plate is Curved and Jet strikes at Centre

Force exerted by the jet on the plate in


the direction of jet

F = a(V-u) ((V-u) - -(V-u) cos )


= a(V-u)2 (1 + cos )
Problems:
1. A jet of water of diameter 50 mm strikes a stationary, symmetrical curved plate
with a velocity of 40 m/s. Find the force extended by the jet at the centre of plate
along its axis if the jet is deflected through 1200 at the outlet of the curved plate

2. A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through 600 from its direction by a curved
plate to which water enters tangentially without shock with a velocity of 30m/s
and leaver with a velocity of 25 m/s. If the discharge from the nozzle is 0.8 kg/s,
calculate the magnitude and direction of resultant force on the vane.
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary curved plate
(Symmetrical Plate)

Plate is Curved and Jet strikes at tip

Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the


direction of jet

Fx = aV ( V cos - -V Cos )
= 2 aV2 cos
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary curved plate
(Unsymmetrical Plate)

Plate is Curved and Jet strikes at tip

Force exerted by the jet on the plate in


the direction of jet

Fx = aV2 (cos + cos )


Problems:
1. A jet of water strikes a stationery curved plate tangentially at one end at an angle
of 300 . The jet of 75 mm diameter has a velocity of 30 m/s. The jet leaves at the
other end at angle of 200 to the horizontal. Determine the magnitude of force exerted
along and directions.
Force exerted by the jet on a moving curved plate with
tangential jet
Inlet velocity triangle
Let V1 = abs. velocity of jet at inlet,
u1 = blade velocity at inlet
Vr1 = relative velocity at inlet, velocity with
which jet strikes (vector difference of V and u)
= blade angle at inlet
= nozzle angle with the direction of rotation of blade

Outlet velocity triangle


Let V2 = abs. velocity of jet at outlet,
u2 = blade velocity at outlet
Vr2 = relative velocity at outlet
= blade angle at outlet
Force exerted by the jet on a moving curved plate
with tangential jet

Inlet velo. le Let < 900


Velo. of whirl, Vw1 = V1 Cos
Velo. of flow, Vf1 = V1 Sin

Outlet velo. le
Velo. of whirl, Vw2 = V2 Cos
Velo. of flow, Vf2 = V2 Sin

Force F = Q (Vw1 + Vw2)

W.D/s = Q (Vw1 + Vw2) u


Force exerted by the jet on a moving curved plate with
tangential jet

Vf2 = V2, If = 900

Vw2 = 0

Force F = Q (Vw1)

W.D/s = Q (Vw1) u
Force exerted by the jet on a moving curved plate with
tangential jet

If > 900
Force F = Q (Vw1 - Vw2)

W.D/s = Q (Vw1 - Vw2) u


Force exerted by the jet on a moving curved
plate with tangential jet
Considering Relative Velocity,

If < 900
Fx = aV (Vr1 cos + Vr2 cos )
OR
Fx = aV (VW1 + VW2)
Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate
Considering Relative Velocity,

If = 900
Fx = aV (Vr1 cos Vr2 cos )
OR
Fx = aV (VW1)
Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate
Considering Relative Velocity,

If > 900
Fx = aV (Vr1 cos Vr2 cos )
OR
Fx = aV (VW1 VW2)
Impact of jet on a series of flat vanes mounted radially on the periphery of a
circular wheel

Force exerted by the jet on the plate in


the direction of jet

F = aV (V-U) (1+ cos )


Problems:
1. A jet of water of diameter 75 mm strikes a curved plate at its centre with a velocity
of 25 m/s. The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s along the direction of
jet. If the jet gets deflected through 1650 in the smooth vane, compute.
a) Force exerted by the jet.
b) Power of jet.
c) Efficiency of jet.

2. A jet of water impinges a curved plate with a velocity of 20 m/s making an angle of
200 with the direction of motion of vane at inlet and leaves at 1300 to the direction of
motion at outlet. The vane is moving with a velocity of 10 m/s. Compute.
i) Vane angles, so that water enters and leaves without shock.
ii) Work done per unit mass flow rate
thank you

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