Hydraulic Machines

Through lUorked Out Problems

tl

N Guide vaDe

N Sc.oU casing

Dr. Md. Ouomrul lslom

 PREFACE

This book .ontains a .ollection o, s€tected probtrms in

Hydrauli€s Ma(hines and is desigoed prirnarity for the benefir of rh€
unde€raduaie students. At the beginning of most chapters the
relev.rnt formulae have b€en deduced for refcrence purposes which js

.. followed by a large number of v,orked exanlples. A set of probtems

with ,nswers.is provided in cach .hrpter for practising purpose.
Throughout thi6 book SI units have been used.
Every efforr h.E been mad€ to avoid erroE. tt (annot be hop€d
howeve., that all mistakes have be€n dis.ovcred and the author will
appr€cirte commenrs and suggestiqns from readers for rhc
improvements of the book.

Nov€mber I, 1998 The Author

 CONTENTS

PaAe
CHAIYTER 1 IMPACI OF 1- t07
'ET
1.1 In troduction ,l

I.2 F rrces oI stahon,rrv plates

1
1-3 Force exerted bl, a j€r on movint plares
I ..1 Water wheels
9

CHA}TER 2 IMPULSE TURBINE

10a - l71

2.1liii$duction
108
2.2 Pelron whel
108
2.3 Pelton n hed efficiencies
110
2.4 Workingproportions of pelton wheet
113

CHAPTFR 3 REACTION ,'URBINE

a72 - 304

3.1 Intr(duction
172
3.2 Sp.'cific spe€d of a hrrbine
172
3.3 Outward flow turbire
172
3.,1 Inward flow readion turbine
175
3.5 Francis ttrrbinc
177
3.6 Propellerand Kaplan turbine
1n3
. CHAPTER 4 PERFORMANCE CHARACTENISTICS 305 - 358
OF TURBINES

{.1 Introductron 305

.1.2 Spff'fic speed of .r turbinc 306
4.3 Unrt powcr 309
4.4 Lnit specd 310
4.5 Unit dischdrte 311
.1.6 Relations for geometrically similar turbines 312

CHATTER 5 CENTRIFUGAL PIJMP .

359 - 463

5.l lntroduction 359

5.2 Working of a centrifugal pump 359
5.3 Ccntrifugal,pump ef liciencies 361

CHAPTER 6 RECIPROCATING PUMP 464 - 544

6.1 Introduction 464

6.2 Dctajls of the pump 46+
6.3 Dischargc and work (to,1e 465
6.+ C(Elfrcrcnl (!f di.ch.rrl;c 167
6.5 SIip of the pump 167
6.6 lndicak)r diagram of a reciprocating pump 468
6.7 Air l'essel in a rcciprocating pump
 APPENDICES 545 - 570

Appendix 1 The Creek alphah v5

Appendix 2 The standard atmcphere 546
Appendix 3 Units of physical quantities 547
Appendix 4 SI units and SI unitprefixes 548
Appendix 5 Physical properties of wate. in English rmits 549
Appendix 6 Physical properries of water in SI units 550
Appendix 7 Properties of air at standard atmospheric 551
pressure in Erytish units
Appendix 8 Properties oI air at standard atmospheric 552
pressure in SI units
App€ndix 9 Standard atmosphere in English units 553
Appendix 10 Standard atmosphere in SI units 554
Appendix 11 Propeties of liquids at standard ntmospheric 555
pressure in English units
Appendix 12 Propeties of liquids at standard ntmospheric 556
pressure in SI units
Appendix 13 Thermodynamic properties of common 557

Sases atSTPin Sl units .

Appendix 14 Thermodynamic properties ofcommon Bas€s 558

at STP in English units
Appcndr\ I5 r4nn<ur.1lion of surf.lcc' rnd solic.
Appendix 16 Conversion table
Appendix 17 Moment of inertja and C. G. distances
for surfaces
 6 - 57o
Appen.lix 18 FiSures

Fig. 1a Dynamic viscosity of cornmon fltrids as a 566

luncuon of temPeralllre
Fi8.2a Kinematicviscosity of common flldds as a 567

function of temPerature
F't. Jn Specilic gravity of water.and mer(ury as a 568

lunchon of temPerafure
Fig.4a Relative roughness for PiPes of commoi 569

engin!'ering materials
Fig, 5a Friction factor for fully dwetoped flow 570

in circutdr PiFs
571
References
572
Index
 CHAPTER 1

IMPACT OF JET

1.1 Introduction
A stream of fluid coming out fronr a nozzle is called iet and
the iet possesses kinetic enerSy. If this iet striles a surface Placed in its
path, it will exert a Iorce on the surfaee. ilis imPlessecl force is known as
impact of the jet. From the impr se_morirantum PrinciPle the force excrted

by the fluid iet on the surface can be found out i.e. the force exerted by a
momentum in that
iet on a surface is equal to the rateqf:dlange of
direction. Force exerted by free iets 6n siiionary and moving platcs or
vanes of different shaPes have been discuiSed in this chaPter'

1.2 Forces on Stationary Plates

The following cases will be considert:d for the imPact of iet on
stati(mary plates-
- Flat plate norrnal to iet
- Flat plate inclined to iet
- Jet striking at the centre of a curved Plate
- Jet striking at one end of a curved plate
The forces acting on Plates by the imPact of iet will be
discussed here.

1.2.1 Flat PlateNormal to Jel :

Consider a iet of fluid imPinges normally at the middlc of
the surface of a fixed flat Plate. After striking the Plate the iet of fluid is
deflected by 90o. Therefore, the comPonent of ttre iet velocity leavinS thc
plate h the original direction of the iet will be z( ro Considereng the Platc
ns smoolh, lhe Irictional resislance bctween thc jet and the Plate can bc
neSle.tecl. The Pressure is atmosPheric belore and after the imPact of thc
iet. The exit velo.ity of fluid will be equal to the initial
velocity of the iet'

lxed
plate

I
v

Fig. 1.1 : Ftuid jet striking a fixed l etical Plate'

For a jet of velocity V. cross_sectional area a and det'sity of fluid p, the

force exerted by the iet on the Plate is given by
F = mass flow rate X change of velocity
or, F = paV(V-O)
o., p = paVl
To find this force only the velocity change in x-direction has been
considered. Force exerted by the Plate on the iet- will be equal and
oPposite to this force. As the Plate is stahonary, therefore, the work done
on the plate is zero.
1.2.2 Flat PlateInctined to Jet I
flai Plate
Consider a,et of fluid imPinsos on a smooth
o( the iet' Neglecting frictional
inclined at an angle e b the direction
resistancethe velocity of the incoming jet will
b' equal'to the velocity of

F
x
ixed Plate

Fi8. 1.2 : Fluid jet striking a stationarv inclined Plate

the iet leaving the Plate. Normal force acting

on the Plate is Siven by
' Oow rate X change in velocity normal
to Plate
frl = *r"
or, Fn = PaV(Vsin0 - 0)
or, Fn- PaVT sine
force' One acting along the x_
There are two comPonents o[ the [olmal
These comPonents are
direction and another actint along the ydirection'
given by
Fx = PaV1sintro
and Fy = Pav'zsinocoso
work done oit the Plate is zero'
Since the plate is stationary, therefore, the
1.2.3 Jet Strikin8 at the Centre of a Curued Plate :

Consider a iet of flLrid striking at the centre of a fixed curved

plate. If the plate is smooth and there is no loss of energ)' dxe to the
i pact of the ict, the iet after striking the Plate (omes out with the samc
vclo.ity in the tagential direction of the curved plate. Due to symmetry of
the plate, the net force in a dire.tion PerPendicrdar to the direction of the
iet will be zero. Now force acting on the Plate in the direction of
the iet is

VsiDe

Jet
u""aru{ trixed
iurved plate

Vcose

Fig. 1.3 : Jet srtiking a fixed curved pt,rte at the centre

Bven by
Fx = mass flow rate X chanSe oI v( locity
or, I'\ PdV[V - { -V co'0) I
or, t\ paV:(l+co{or
As the plate is fixed, the work done on the Platr' is zero.
L2.a let StrikinS at One End of a Curved Plate :

Consider a iet of fluid strikinga cur|cd fixed Plate at one end

tangentially. If the Plate is smooth and loss ol energy clue to imPact is
zero, ihe \.elocity of fluid at the outlet tiP of the curvcd Plate wili be
equal to the inlet velocity. The force exerted by the jet of fluid in thc
direction of x is eqlrat to
Fx = mass flow mte x change of welocity
or, Fx = Pavlvcoso- (-Vcoso)]
oi, Fx = pavr(coso+cosQ)

Vsitro
,.
'\l t'
vcosa
---hJ

Vsin e

Fis. 1.4 ; Jet striking a curved fixed Plate at on€ end

The Iorce exerted by the iet of fluid in they-'lire'tion

Fy = mass flow iate X chanSe of velocity
or, Fy = PaV(Vsin0 - Vsin O)
or, Fy = pav:(sine -sin0)
As.the plate is fixed, the distance moved try the plate is zero and
therefore, no *ork isdoneby the iet.
1-3 Force Exerted by a Tet 9n Moving Plates:
for the imPact of jet on
The following cases lYill be considertd
moving Plates-
in the directioiofjet
- Flat ve.tical ptot.,,toving away
ofthciet
- Inclined flat Plate movint in ti'e direction
of the iet
- Curved Plate moving in the direction
by the let will be
The force and leork done on the Plate
discussed here.

i.i.l Flal Plate Normal to ret :

cf the
Col'$ider a imPinS€s normalty at the middle
jet o( fluid
is moving in the same
su ace of a moving smooth dat Piat' The Plate
'lhis velocity of the Plate
OL.u"" * the jet and let its velocity be u
the The rolative velocity of the iet
,ft" velocity oI iet
riorfa u. f"o ,lt.n
V-u
I
llr
l11

1,.
I

t1
i
v- u

Fig 1.5 : Iet strikint a flat vertical nDvins plate

with resPect to the Plate is equal to - u)'

(V
Force exeited by the jet on the moving lrlate in the direction of the iet
;s

aven by
Fx = mass of fluid strikin8 the Plate Per sec x chante of velocity
or, Fx = Pa(V u)kV-u)-01
or fx = pa(V - u)r
Work done per second by the iet on the plah
= force X velmity of Plate in xdire.tion
=FrXtl
- Pd{V-.u)rt
= pau(V - u )l

1.3.2 Flat Plate lnclined to Jet :

Consider a iet of fluid stdkes a flal PIat€ inclined at an angle

O, which is movinS with a uniform vel(ity in the di.lrtion of the iet lf

V-n

Fig.l.6:Jer strikinS an inclined moving Platc

the plate is smooth and loss of energy due to inrPact of the jet is assumcd
to be zero, the iet of water will leaYe the inclined Plate with a velocity
 jet on the Plate in the direction
cqual to (V - ) The force exerted by the
normal to the Plate is giYen by
plaie p.r sec X change of velocity
Fn = mass of fluid siriking the
normal to Plate
or, Fn = Pa(V - u)[(V - tt)sin0-
0]

or, I-.= Pa(V u):sine

cornPonents' namely Fx and
This normal force can be resolved into lwo
of the jet
F- in the direction oI the iet and PerPendicular to the direction
resPectively-
Now Fx = Pa(V'u)l sinr 0
an.l Fi, = pa(V - u)r sin 0coso
plate
The work done Per second by the iei on thr
=FxXu
= Pau(V - u)']sin'?0
1.3.3 ret Striking at Centre of a Curved Plat€
:

of a curved Plate
Consider a ,:et of fluid striking at the centre
w hi.h r. moving B ith''rnilorm velcritv
in the' lirection of the iel lf the
( V- u)sin I

-- ---.t I l
,,1}
( V-u ) cos o

(v-u)
(v-u)slne
Fig. 1.7 : Iet strikinS .1t the centre of a moving
curved Plate
 plate is smooth and the Ioss of energv dtre to imPact of ict is zero, the
velffitv s'ith lvhich the jet will leave the curve(l bladc is equal k' lV u)'
Force cxerted bv the jel on the curl'ed Plate ir1 the direction of thc iet is
given by,
Fx = Mass of fluid striking Per sec X change oflelocioty
parV u{rV u) i-(V-'rrcosO}l
= pa(V u)l(l+coso)
Work done by the iet on the Plate Per sec
fx I vclo.itY of Plate
=FxXu
Pau(V-u)r(i-.os0)

1.4 Water Wheels

From early times, PeoPle started using water wheels to convert
hydraulic energy into mechanical energy by wn ter wheels However, the
efficienc], of these water wheels was verv low in comParison to modcrq
hrrbines. lv.iter wheeis consist of a circular irame sith a nunrbcr of
on' ('r
buckets or vanes mounted on the PeriPhery' As water strikes ovcr
more buckets. the wheel'is rotated The sPeed of the whcel is
comparatively low.

Types of water Wheels:

There are different tyP€s of water whe.ls' Some imPortant watcr
$ heels dre menrioned below.
- Overshot water wh€el
- Undershot waterwl€el
- Breast water wheel
- Jet reaction wheel

9.
 brieilt elcscribcd below
working PrirciPle of these wheels are
1..1.1 Overshot Water lvheel
frame nude of slood
Ix this \vhoel, L'trckcis ire ti\ed on 'ir'ular
Water
by the grarrtl' action of \{nicr'
or irln This lvhcel nxx es cntircly to the
at the toP of the w'hetl Due
fronr the hcad race strikes the buckets
direction and ihe s4ree]
,..,=,r, ", .'.4. ouckets mo\,e in doi{'\{ar!t
". is disclrargcd ink)
,.,",.. ,n" n**"ts rea'hcs the bottom thc $'ater
^.
tn,' ,",, -.. The tlo\Y rnilr of wnter
is controlle'l at ihe head race
b-v a

be at i certain dePth bclow thc

:;.,,.: *";. ,,.. trip or ttlc wheel should velocity' The
,.'.n ...., *. U1at ray strikc tlrc buckets lvith some
".1te

Bucket

Fig. 1.8 : Overshot watcr !\ heel

above the tail rate to avoid

bottom of the wheel should be sliShtly
for very low and very high heads'
splashing This wheel is not suitable

10
Since w.rter sirikes the buckets al thc toP of the whe.'l and hcnce, ihis
l(rn,c.l r.".,."-h,,r $'.rlir\'lr.(1..
r\,lluul is
I.4.2 Undershot Water Wheel:

H6ad race

,:i8, 1.9: Undershot waterl!'heel

In this type of wheel the head of i{ater is converted inb the
kinchc ener$/beforc striking the\?nes. This tyfe of wheel rotatcs
e'nti.ely due to the impulse action of the iet of \vater. So these wheels are
knort as impulse h.ater lvheels. Since water strikes ihe vanes at thL'
botbm of thc \^,heel, these are also loown as unLlershot water wheels.

Sluice gaie

Tail race

Fig. 1-10: Poncelet la'ater u heel

II
 in
Ar imProvement of this wheel is thc Poncelet water wheel
with(rut shock Water entcrs rn
which ihe s,ater strikes the cllrved lanes
result cificiency is increased' Thc'
the ditcctn n Parallel to thc tiPs' As a
to suit thc cuvaturc of
flow rate of water is regulated by a sltdce shaErd

1.4.3 Breast Wat€r Wheel :

the weiSht of water
This tvpe of wheel rotates Partly due to
are
of water' tfl this wheel buckets
and partly dre to the imPulse action
at the shaft levcl or
r',.r","a o" " -.."1., rin- Waier strikes the bnckets
a little beiow it. In or.ter to keeP the
buckets full of water untii it reachcs
fronl the head race to the ta;l
n1" ,o,, ,n.", o.t oP..r,-t or breast is Provide'l

luice gale

Brea

,, Fi8. 1.11 : Breast water wheel

.;
in thc sluice
race- The ftorv ratA 6f water can be controlled by oPenin8s
Jlate.

12
 1.4.4 Jet Rea.tion Wheel :
This type ofwheel works at a Pressure which is morc than the

Water

Fit- 1.12 : Barker's mill

atmosphere pressure. An examPle is the Barker's mill.ln this mill two or

more horizontal radiat Pipes are bent at right anStes at the ends and
atta€hed to a vertical pipe- As the vertical PiPe is mound on bearings, it
is able to rotate. ln the.€ntral PiPe water is introduced under Pressure. a
iel ol w.rler issues oul in lhc lanSentidl drrecti,rn oul ol e.rch horr,/ont.rl
pipc. Due to the change in momentum of thc iet of water, the whole
arrantement starts rotatinS in the oPPosite direction to that of the issuing
jei.

r3
Problem 1.1
of rvatcr which
Fin.t an exPrcssion for the force
normally strikcs a stationar-v flat Plate'

Solution
a lldt Plrte
of lLater 4trikes normally
rer

Plate is equal
h ihe Lhange of mommtum Per srcond'

L
a = c;oss-sectional area
of iet
Let
V = velocity of the jet
of water
P = mass density
1 = sPecific weiSht of water

Derivation oI Equation; V
After strikiflS the Plate, the iet sPreads Fit P 1.1
the Plate'
sidewdys over lhe surface of
is de'lrore"
fhc m^mFnlum n^rmal to lhc Pldte
sec ' O = aV
Volume ofwater str;king the Plate Per
plate Per sec-' m = piv
Mass of water striking the
v
Initial velociiy ofjet normat to the Plate =
0
Finat velocity of iet after imPact =
V
Now chanSe of velocity = V- 0 =
F rate ofchaflSe.o
iet
Force apPlied on the Plate' =
floi! rate x change of veloci ty
= mass
therefore, F = PaVxV = PaV2

1-l
. Problem 1.2
Derive an expression of work done for the force exerted by a iet
of water which strikes a flat plate when the plale
i) moves with a velocity u
ii) moves with a iel(!(ity u and inclined at an angle e
' i) Normal Plate

'-l,l]='
il
-__J'h
IJ
I
I

Fig. P1.2(a)
Nomenala[ure;
Let V = initial velocity of iet
u = velocity of plate
a = cross-se€tional area of iet
P = density o( wdter
y = specific weighl ol water
Derivation of Equation:
Final l,elocity of iet = velmity of plate = u
Therefore, change of velocity = V - u
The iet r/ill strike the plate with relative velocit\-(V - u).
Masa of water striking the plate = pa(V - u)

r5
Therefore, force acting on the Plate,
F = rate of change of momentum of iet
F = mass of water/sec x change of velocity

or, Fpa(V - u) x (V - u) = oa(V - u12 = I"1y - ,,;z

:
a
Work done by the iet = Force x distance moved/sec
=Fxu
= Pa(v - u)2 u
= Ia(v - uP u

b) Inclined Plare

y'^-'
v-u I'y
Fis. P1-2(b)
Nomenclature:
t€t e = angle between ier and Plate
u = velocity of Plate
p density of water
Derivation of Equalio
Mass of water striking the.Plate = pa(V - u)
Force acting normal to the Plate,
Fn = mass of water stdking the.Plate x dtnge of.velocity in
normal direction '4 ' : '?'

l6
 = pa(V - d Iry - u) sino -01
= pa(V - r02 sine
The normal force can be rcsoh,ed into two coml.onents Fr and Fv
Now F, = Fn sine = pa(V - u)2sin2e
and Fv = Fn cosB = Pa(V - d2sin0cos0
Work done rorce x dislance moved/!ec
= Fx x u = pa(V - u)2sin26 1 1 = p.-ru (V - rr)2sin20
P.oblem 1.3
The velo€ity of a 55mm diameter jet of rvater is 30 m/s. It strikes
inclined at an angle of 45o with the axis oI the iet. If the Pl-tte
a flat plate
moves away wilh d velocity of l8 m/\ in the dire(tion of thc iet, lind lhe
power and efficiency of the system-
Solution

t--
Fig. P1.3
Given Data:
Velocity of ret, V = 30 m/s
Velocity of plate, u = 18 m/s
Diameter of jet, d = 55mm = 0.055 m
Angle of inclination of plate, e = 45o
To Find:
- Power developed
- Efficiency of the system

17
 Solulion:
Lel ,r r cross-sectional ared of lel
P= density of water
Now masb of water striking the Plate, m = pa (\' - u)
= loo1 x ft/4 x (0.05s)2 x (30 -18)
= 28.57 kg/ s
Force normal to the Plate, Fn = m(V-u) sino
= 28-51 (30 -18) sin45o

= 0.24 kN
Power, P = work done by the jet Per sec
=Fxxu
=Fnsin6xu
sin 45o x 18 = 305
= 0.24 kW Ans'
output Power
F.thcrencv = ---__
' Kinehc
------ energy oi ,et
P

3.05 x 1000
----......-.--.
I 1000 .1x (.055)2 x 30 <(30)z
24^
= 0.0951 or. 9.51% Ans.

Problem 1.4 This Angle is (90-x) of Ali Sir Note

Derive an exPression for the force exL'rted by a lel of atea'a'

plate with a
which strikes a flat Plate at an angle of 0 normal to the
velocity V. The Plate is moving with a velo'ity u in the direction
of

normal to lhe Plate surface.

,-i
:::
a;4
18
 />
l_
cos 0

Fig. P1.4
Solution
Nomenclature:
Let 6 = angle between jet and Plate
u = velocity of Plate
V = r,elocity of iet
P = densitY of water
a = cfoss-sectional area of jet
Derivation of Equation:
Mass ofwater leaving the nozzle Per sec - pav
'u
Component of Plate velooty in the direction of ft = - ;

Mass ofwater used to extend jet per sec = pax -3-

Mass of water stsikint lhe Plate Per sec - p"(v -+)

l9
Initial cornponent ofveiocity normal to Plate = Vcoso
Cirange ofvelocity normal to Plate = Vcose - u
Iorce norlllal to Plate, F = mass/6ec x ch'rng€ of velocity

(Vcoso u)-
or. t=p"
.oro
ProbleE 15
A 30mm diameter jet striking a 6xed Pl'rte iflclined at an angle of
the
30o wilh the axis of the iet. If the {orce acting on the Plate along
d;rection of the ietis 950N, find the flow rate ofwater'

Fig Pl 5

Civen Drla:
Diameter of jeL d = 30 mm
For.e along x-direction, Fr = 950 N
Angle, O = 30o

20
{ To Find:
Flow rate oI water, Q
Solution
Let, V = velocity of iet
a = cross-sectional area of iet
Y= sPecific weitht of water

Mass ofwater striking the Plate persec= laV

c
Normal force acting on the plate, F = mass of fluid striking the Plate Per
sec x change of velocity normal to Plate

n, P- IaV . {v.os(e0o-0)-01

or,F=faVrsinO
8
Now, Fx = F cos (90o- 0) = Fsin0
Y..1V'?sin /
or, P^ - 0
c.
.. sso -
9 8-1.' r . t.0-l)': V: rsir:J0"
9.81 4 ^
or, =
V 69.56 n/s.
Flow rate, Q = aV = rI/4 x (.03)2 x 69.56 m3/s. = 0.049 m3ls. Ans.

Problem 1.6
A Ft of water 250 mm diameter strikes a flat Plate normally. The
plate is moving ah'ay in the direction of the iet with a velocity of 0-60
m/s. The flow rate of water is 0.14 m3ls. Find the force and work done
on the plate.

21
 FiS Pl 5

Given Data:
Diameter.of jet, d = 250 mIrr
Velocity of Plate, u = 0 60 rnls
Flow rate of water' Q = o 1"+ m3'ls'
To find:
- Force acting on the Platr, F
- !\ or . done on rhe Plare
S.s.ls!ion
Let A = cross-sectional area of iet
o o14
. iet V i-;- ,,_
lnrhal velo.ri)'cl
A z. );i
=l'^)m/s
I --'
Change or r,locrtv - V u

\lics or w.ter strrlinc.F

lhe plate - x A ' (V r tr)

jet
Force acting on the Plate, F = rate of change of nromentumof
x change oi l elocity
= mass ofrvater -<riking the plak

= 1xA x(V - u) xV u)

at2
 = lxAx(V - u):
a

= 2{1^ I,1.25y: 12.8s - 0.6 )r

9.81 + "
= 0.25 kN Ans.
Work done on the Plate
= 0.25 x 0.60
= 0.15 kN m/s Ans.

Problem 1.7
A jet striking a movinS curved yane at ('ne end .lnd teavint at the
other end. Find an €xpression of the ef&ciency ol thc vane.

Solutio!

..1,2
Oilet Velocity Triangle (B> 90")
Outlet \bb.iynna.9le{i<

,,^
). l, l"
/ /el
tr"-_-l lnlei veb<ily Trjanqle

Fig. P.7.7

23
I-et us consicler a jet of fluid impinges on a cLrrved vane tanSentially at '
bne en<I. The velocity triangles consists of th( absolute velocity oF
the 1

fluid, the velocity of the vane and the relative vrlocity .:,: r,'l
'1,
Nomenclature:
t-et, V = absolLrte velocity of iet at inlet
Vt = absolute velo.ify ofjet at outlet
u = velocity of vane
Vr = rclative velocity ofjet and vane at inlet
Vfl = relative velocity oI iet and vane at outlet
Vw = \'elocitY of whirl at inlet
in the direction of
= comPonent of absolute velociba at inlet
motion of the vane.
Vw, = velocity of whirt at outlet
= comPonent of at'solute at outlet in the dircction of motion
of\the vane
Vf = velocity of flow at inlet
= component oI the absolute velocity ,rt inlet at right
angles

to the direction of motion of the vane

Vf1 = velocity of flow at outlet
at right angles
= comPoncnt of the absolute velocity at outlet
to the direction of motion of the vane
o = angle between direction of motion ol vane arld absolute
velocitY at inlet
Stride v.rne dngle
anEle belween direction of motion ol vdne ab\olute
ll 'nd
.'vclo(ilY.1l outlet
€ : an8le between direction of motion and relative velocity at inlet
. inlet v.rne an6lc

21
 direction of motio' and relati(e velocity at
O = an8le between
outlet
anSle
= outlet vane
of fluid
P = mass density
jet
a = cross-sectional area of
Dedu.lion of EfficiPn(Y Fquation:
"---- with the dir€€tion ol motion of vane'
If
,+tl ungl", -"
^easured vane are neSlccted' the relative veioc;ty
the friction benveen the fluid
and
velocity at inlet'
at exir equals the relative
i.e. Vr = Vrr
Mass flow rate through t1't"
t\o"1s = paV

paVl
Mass of fluid striking t1-t" 'uns =
the direction of motir)n
Force actint on the \'ane in
x of vekritv of whirl
a, =1"'"i n",o "riuins the vane/sec 'hange
=p.rvr IVw - (-vw )l
pavr (Vcosc + V,co:P)
=
the angle 0 is less ihan 90o'
This equation is applicable when
90o' in lh'rl case
lf the anEle p,( Bre'rrer lh'rn
;, =;;,;" - v*'1 ' pavl lVcoso- vrcos {rsoo - 0'l
pav' Vw
ihen p = 90o, in this cas€ Vw1 = 0 and Fx =
Force x yelocitv of vane
Noh' work done Per sec on vane =
=Fx xu
= Pavr (Vtr vwr) t'
+

= PaVr (V'osct + Vrcosp) u

done in the dira-tion of motion'
The generat expression ofwork (1)
= Pavr (vw rvw) u
the iet Per
the change of k'netic energy of
The work done is also equal to

25
Therefore, work done p..,"' =BL v' - !!! v1

- P'Y,
2
(v, - v,r (2)

(2)' we have
Equating two values of work clone from equatnrns (1) and

2(V-JV*,)u
2(V,.iV*,)u :1-{L),

Now kineticenergy supptea = (oav,) v'?

]

Effil:iency of vane,
work dme Der src
'' Kinetlc energy suPPlied Per sec
. P!'1uz
- uz,
o-!!,uz
2

=r-(+)'z=
Problem 1.8
A iet of water having a velocity of 13 m/s strikinS a symmetncal
an angle of 1200
cnrved vane at one end. The vane deflects the iet through
when stationary. The velocity of the va'e is 55 m/s and the
relative
the vane'
velocity at the outlet is 0.95 of that at the inlet.due to friction in
at inlet and
Calculate the angle of the iet so that there is no shock
calculate the
magnitude and direction of absolute velocit]' at outlet Also
work done per uJlit weiSht of water'

26
 ,q out l e t llelgqillp1ils!3L

---t>,/
L200

Inlet Velocitv Diasram

rUl
l-_vu_-
FiA. P1.8
Giwen Datai
Velocity of jeL V = 13 m/s
Velcity of yane, U = Ur = 5.5 m/s
To find:
- Angle ofiet at inlet, o
- Absolute velocity at oudet, Vr
- Angle ofabsolute velocity atoutlet, P
- Work done per unit weiSht of water
Solution
Let 0 = vane angle at inlet

O = vane angle atoutlet

27
The iet is deflected b)' the slmmetrical \''ne throrth l20o !\fien
staiionary. The vane angles at inletand outlet '1J!-
equ'rl'
rso" - l:0"
Nnr\',e=O=-=nr
2
From the inlet velocit-v diagram aPPlying sine rtrle
VU
sin(180" -O) sjn(30" o)
13 5.5
' 'sin(180" - 30 ') sin(30" o)
nr,., - 17.8" Ans.
Vetociry of flow at inlet, Vf = V sino = ]3 sin 77 Ao = 397 m/s
Vc].'city of whirt at inlet V6, = V cosd = 13 cos 17'80 = 12 38 m/s
Again, Vf = Vr sin3oo

o,. v.
v
-sin30-L,
3.97 -^.
=al=r.,u*,,
Relative vel(rity at outlet' vrr = 095 vr = 7-54 !n/s
From the outlet velocity dia8ram,
vcbcitv of flow, Vr, : V., sin O = 7-54 x sin3,{t" :3-77m/s
velocitv of whirl, v* - vr-co\o' Ur -751 r''s:or' 5'5 l0'rm/\
Now tanE:--r:
v. 3.77
---:=
v .., l. uJ

or,$ - 74.72" Ans.

v, a:7
----:::- - =f 9l m/s
Ab.olute velocilv dt outlel, V, = ---i =
' sin1 sin74.72"
Ans'

Now work done per s€r Per unit weiSht of water

V..,1 / tl.V.-,
I
-',u- *t*- I -II-112.36 t l'm)-7'52Nn/' Ans'

28
 Problem 1.9
A jet of water striking a ljeries of riltial cu ed vanes fixed
rn(tialil- to thc r'm of a rotating wheei. Water is enioing each vane at on€
tip and leaving at the othcr tiP Deduce the Ettler-momenirm equatiotl.
Find also the effi.iency of the wheel.

Sdstisa

Outlet Velocity
Outlet Velocif Diasram (9> 90" )
Diasram (g<90')

vw,
Inlet Velocity Diagram

Fig. P1.9(a)

In this case fluid particles move either radially inwards towards the axis
oi the wheel or radially outwards awdy from the axis. Figure P. 1.9(a)
shows a outward flow wheel-

29
 Nomenclatur€:
Let rt = radius ofwheel at inlet
12 = radius of wheel at outlet
(o = angular velocity of wheel

w: weight of lluid llowiiS Per sec.

Ur - tan#ntial velocity of blade tiP at inlet
V.r = relative vetocity ofjet and vane at inlet
Vr2 = relative velocity of jet and vane at outlei
Vwr = velocitY of whirl at inlet
V-2 = velocity of whirl at outlet
vfr= vetocity offlow at inlet
Vfz: velocity of flow at outlet
Vr = absolute velocity at inlet
V2 = absolute velocity at outlet

Deduction of Equatioir:
Angular rnomentum pe{ sec = rrass flow rate x comPonent of absolute
Ielocity in tangential direction x radius
AnS lar momentum per second at the intet of imPeller = Y*v-, *r,
W
AnAr rla r momentum p€r second at the ou tlet of irnpeller. -_g x V- xr/
Torque produced by fluid on the wheel = rate of change of angular
roW
momenrum = lllr,v-, (-rrv- )l = j_(r,V', +r/V.-)
Work done on the wheel per second = torque x angular velmity
= !I1r,v. , , r,v*.1,
But Ur = r,(l)

3()
 1'
':(U,V +U V" )
Therefore, worl doneon $hc'I, "e' - ts '
the angle B is
This equation has been develoPed ofl the assumPtion that
Iess thall 90o- If the angle p is Sreater than 90o, in that
case
w1u,v-.
\a per.ec
ort done 'g - - u,v*, )

bv'
fhe Seneral e\Pression for the work done on the wheel is Siven

work done per sec -' [1u,v-. *urv*,)

'g
For radial discharge at the outlet tiP of the vane, P = 90o and Vwz = 0
Since the work done Per second is the rate of mlYty transfer
then'

rate of ener8y transfer/unit weiSht of fluid,

. g= 1ru,v-, ru,v.,) (t)
c
Equation (1) is known as Euler-momentum equation This equahon can be
applied both for tuibines or PurnPs with the dMnge of siSn'
Mass of fluid striking s€ries of,anes ptr set = ry
I
Kinetic energy supplied by iel Per
Wvr
sec -g r
"

Efficienry of wheel,
work done per s€. ond
Kinetic energy of jei PLt second

{1iJ,v*, ru,v..)

2(U,V.., .+ U,V-
vi

31
 If the iet entersthe outer PeriPhery, the velocity diagrams are shou'n in
Figure P1.9(b)- In this case the exPressions of \vork done, efFiciency etc'
are same as before.

Outlet Velocityl r2
Diagram ( P<eo" ) ri
uz

Outlet Veloeity
llecletrt ( ()X0' )

-/
u,
--4. ,ol"a v"ro.iru Di^*rr*
1",
f-- u,--l I

Fig- P1.9(b)

32
 Iroblem 1.I0
A jct of ivater having a velocity of 30 m/s striking a serie's of
radial curl.ed lanes fixed on the rim of a wheel rotating at 250 rpm. The
iet makes an angle of 30o with the tangent to the B'heel at th€ inlet tip. .
The inlet an(i outlet radii of the whcel are 420mm and 210mm
respectively- t{ater leaves the wheel with a velocity of 5 m/s at an angle
of 1350 to the tangent to the wheel ai outl€t. C.lculate the vane angles at
inlet and outlet, work done per second per unit mass and efficiency.

Outlet Velocity
DiaAram

Vr IDlet Velocit s
'r Diagrar?

Fig. P1.10

33
 Given Data:
Velocity ofiet Vr = 30 m/s
at inlet,
Speed ofwheel, N = 250 rpm
Angle of iet, c. = 30o
Inlet radius of wheel, rr = ,120 rnm
Outlet radius of wheel, r, = 210 mrt
Absolute velocity ofwater at oulet, V, = 5 m/s
Angle of absolute velocity at outlet, p = 1800 - 1350 = 45o
To find:
- vane anSle at inlel 0
- vane angle at outlet 0
- work done per second per unit hass
- efficiency, rl
Solution
Angular velocity of wh€rl, (l)--2ntr'J- 2nx250 .26.18rad/s
@a -
Considering inlet velocitv diaSram,
PeriPheral velocity af inlet, Ur = 116) = 0.42 x 26.18 m/s = 11 rn/s
velocity of flow at inlet, Vfr = Vrsino( = 30 sin 30o = 15 m/s
velocity of whirl at inlet Vwr = Vi cosq = 30 cos 30o = 25.98 m/s
Yr-
tuo= I
_ at inlet.
Vane anele
V*, Ut
15
or, lan 0 =
- 11
L5_94

or,e = 4<o Ans.

From outlet velocity diagram,-
PeriPheral welocity at o'utlet, Uz = t2 @ = .21x26.1a m/s = 5.5 n/s
velocity of flow at outlet, Vf2 = V2 sin p = 5 sin 45o = 3.54 m/s
velocity of whirl at outlet, Vw, = V2 cosF = 5cos 45o = 3.54 rn/s

34
 Vf.
Vane anSte at outlet, tanO=-
. w2

. 354
or, t""0 =
fs*asa
or'O = 2L3Ao An6'

Now work done per s€cond Per unit mass = Nwlur + Vw'?U'
= (25.98 x 11 + 3.54 x 5.5)

= 3{15 W Ans.
2(U,V.. rU,V-.) zx3os
Etriciency, n . -- va-- (30)t
=0'6778 or'67'78"/" Ans'
Problem1.11
-- of 2omm diameter and makint an antle
of 45o rT ith
A 1", of -u,"t If
vane noving with a velocity of 12 m/s
the horizontat strikes a curved
the
*" ,"*O .*;"a O m/s, calsrlate the h'ori7-ontal force acting on
" is 15o-
outlet
vane. Vane angle at

outlet velocitY

Diasr@

Fig. P1.11

35
 Given Data:
Velocity of jet, V = 22 m/s
Velocity of vane, U = 12 m/s
Angleofiet,C[=45o
Outtet vane angle, O = 15o
Diameter of iet, d = 20 rrun
.
To find:
-horizontal force acting on the vane
Solulion
From inlet velocity diagram,
velocity of flow Vf = Vsino = ?2 sin 45o = 15.56 m/c
' velocity cf whirl, Vw = Vcoso = 22 co's 45o = 15.56 m/s

'
t hprefare lan 6 =
v.-u
'
15.56-12
ot, O =77.L1o ,

Relativc velocity .it inlet, Vr = ___J- =

v. 15.56
= l5.9bm / s
srno sin77.1l"
Il lhere ir no frictron.rl le.s, Vr. V1,

From oullel velociry diagram, -

velocity of whirl, Vwl = Vn coso - U = 15.96 coslso - 72 = 3.42 m/s
Mass of water striking the vane, m = pavr
=1cf,,o\t /4 x (.02)2 x15.96
=, kq/s
Now, horizontal fdrce acting on the vane = firass of water strikin8 Per sec
x chante of velocity of whirl
=rn{vw-Gvwr)}
=m(Vw+Vwr)
= 5(15.56 + 3.42) = 94.9 N Ans.

36
 Problem 1.12
A jet of r-ater having a velocity of 25 m/s striking a series of
radial cuned blades fixed on thc rimof a whe( l rotating at 250 rPm. The
iet nakes an angle of 35o with the tangent to ihe wheel at the iniei tiP.
The inlet and outlet radii of wheel are 0-90 m and 0-70m resPectively.
Water leaves the wheel radiaUy at a velocity of 4 m/s. Calculate the
blade angles at inlet and outlet, outlet relatile velocity and hydraulic
effi( ien(y.

IDlet Velocit y
V
r- Diagram

Outlet Vefocity
Diagram

Fig. P1.12
Given Data:
Absolutc velocity at inlet, V = 25 rn/s
Ontside diameter of wheel, D:0.9 m
Inside diameter of wheel, Dr = 0.7m

37
 Angle ofabsolute velocity at inlet, (l = 35o
Speed of wheel, N = 25() rpm
Absolute velocity of water at outlet, V1 = 4 m/s
Angle of absolute velocity at outlet, fl = 90o

To Iind:
- Blade angle at inlet, 0
- Blade angle atoutlet, 0
- Relative velocity at outlet, Vrr
- Hydrdulic efEcimry, nh
Solution
From inlet veiocity diagram velocity of whirl
Vw - Vcoso{ = 25cos35a= 20.48 rft/s
oDN o 9 * 250
Tanpential velocitv at i.t"r-,
'fi5r1
= = "0 : lL78 m / s
Velocity of flow at ir et Vf = Vsina = 25sin35o = 14.34 m/s
Now. Vf
tan6 = V*-u ,

14.34
or, [anU - 20.4a - t1.78
or,e =58.780 Ans-
I an"enlirl vpl.. v:r
rD,N T xO.7 x250 ^ -16m/s
_ r,-=-=-
-9
^!'f'pr 60 60
-
From outlet velocity diagram,
tand = __r
v. 4
' q =-9.16
o( q=2374r Ans'
V,
Relative velociry at outlet, V., =--.
slno
or. v. -- 4
" sin23.74"
or, V,, = 9.94 m /s Ans.

38
Velocity of h'hirl at outlet, Vwr = 0
Work done per tlrlit mass olwater = 1(V,vU Yryrur) = VrvU
Kinetic energy supplied bv iet Per unit mass of \vater = 1 V2l2
'tl,eJerore, wr'rk 'lr)rrc
' lh" =
hvdr.:rhceihcienq. ,kineli( er er6y suppii('d
v*u
or rth - _--
T
2x
--#11.78 ' 20.4R
" -0'7721\r7720 "An''
or. nr,
\z))
Problem 1.13
A jet of water striking a series of smooth blades at an angle a in
the direction of motion of blades. The blade arl8le at ir et and outlet is
aqual to 0. Prove that the force acting on the blades is equal to lavl8
(Vcosd - u + Vr coso), where the notations have their usual meanings.
lf t = 16 m/s,Y = 32 m/s and o = 30(', find out the values of 0
and V1. The velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet-

ul'u
/
-4 roler verociry
.,r'/ I
//" ./r_ W" praErM
4_b:)'
l--,--1 |

Fi8. P1.13
 Solution
. Tangential velocitv, tr = ul
Velo(itY oi lct )l rnlet = V
Cross-sectional area of jet = a
Velocity of whirl at inlet = Vw = Vcoso
Velocity of whirl at ontlet = Vw't = u - Vrrcoso
ReLltive velocity at iniet = Vr
Rclative velocity at outlet = Vrr
If tl'tere is no Irictionatloss, Vr = Vrt
M-5s flow rare = ]"V/g
Force acting on the blades, F = mass flov/ rate x change of
velocity of
whirl

",,
F.leY \(v- v..)
61, p =-E x[Vcoscc-(u - V,, co60)l

or, F =EY11y.o.t-u+V., co6o) 'Proved'

Solution of Second Part:

Now vet(rrty of blade, U = Io m/s
Absolute velocity of ieLV =32r /s
Angle, d = 30o
velocit), of flow at inlet and outlet are equal i e vf = Vf1
From inlet velocity diagram,
V* = Vcosq = 32 x cos30o = 27 71 m/s
Velocit-v o{ flow, Vr = Vsino = 32 x sin3oo = 16 m/s
V'
trrercfore-' tan 0 -
V," -u
16
or-' t.rn e =
27.71- 16

-
40
 or, e = 53.80 Ans.
Relative velocity, V., = V. : \,.
sine
16
sin53.8"
=19.83m/s
Velo.ity ol whirl at outlet, Vw,=u-Vr,coso
or, Vwr = 16 - 19-33 cos53.8u
or, Vwr = 4.29 m/s
Iherefore, Vt =.rmfi
16.57 mls Ans.
Problem 1.14
A jet of water having a velocity of 32 m/s striking a se.ies of
radial curved blades fixed on the rim of a whcel. The inlct and outl.t
radii of the wheel are 1 m and 0.dm respectively. The iet makes nn angtc
of 30o ivith the tangent to the wheel .rt the inkr tip. Thc inlcr .rnd outlrr
blade angles are 35o and 45o respectively. Ihe \ elocity of flow .t outlet is
6 m/s. Calcutate th€ rpm of wheel and hydrauli. efficiency.

['r
wr,
I

P14s4c
-\,
-1r \
-----\----\

"Y,/'-"1lv.-r\c tr". eet@ite

P:!r4-'
-4' 4", t
t",+-;
FiB. l'1.r-1

+l
Given Data:
Outside diameter oflvheel. D = 1
Insicte .liameter of lvheel, Dr = 0 75 m
ALrsohtre velocity of jet at inlet, V = 32 m/s
Angle of absolute velocity at inlet, d = 30o
Blade anSle at inlei, 6 = 35o
BlaLle angle at outlet, o = 45o
Velocity of flow at o tlet,Vfr=6mls
To find:
- Wheel rPm, N
- Hydraulic efficien(y, nh
Solution
From inlet vclocity diagram vel(rity of whirl
Vx = Vc(,\rr = 32.os30o = 27.71 m/s
velocity of flow at inlet,-vf = vsinc = 32 sin30{'= 15 m/s
Rptar\e\etn.rrv. V,
v., 16
=-lI .- -:+,.-27.9nl,/s
TanSential velocity at inlet, u = Vw - Vr cosg
ot, u = 27.77 - 27 '') cos 35o

or,u=4.86n1/s
rDN
Ar.rin u =
'50
- = ,r\1xN
or. 4.86
(,o
or, N = 92.82 rpm Ans.
L n8enliar vclo(ir\' al outlet, u | = r[DtN
92.42
or, ur = 7r r0'75 \
-o
or, ur = 3.65 m/s

42
 Velocrly of r{rrrl .rtnt'tlct. V,,
'' -f tan O -rr1
6
or' V''' =- -l'6'
tan 45"
or, V,., = 2.35m / s

Work done per unit mass of water =fluv.-GV*,ur)l

.= uV* + rtrvr4,r

= 4.86 x 27.71 + 3.65 x 2.35

= 143 20 Nm,/s
Kinetic energy snpplied by iet pei unit mass o f wate]t = 1.V2 /2
Therefore, hvdrauhc etficiency, nr, =
"' ----ILI\jg"
kinetic orergy supplied

=TuV* +ul V-

=lff =o'zs o' za"t" 1.n"'

' Probl€rn l.l5

A iet of water of 30 mm diameter srriki'rg a series of bladcs at an
angle of 0o with an absolute velocity of 75 m/t. After skikjng the blade
the ict is dellected through.-tn angle of 1500. U the relative velcity is
reduced by 10'2. due to irichm find (i) velffily of blade for m.rximum
efficicncyi (ii) force achng on theblade in the direction ofjet
 Outlet Velocity
Diagra-m

\\
l--.,-t'.J 150'
a€\-
l-_ ___*l
v
1n 1et Ve loc:ljqy r4lgjg

Fi8. P1.15

Giwen Data:
Velocity of iet at inlet, V =75 n/s
Diameter of ict, d = 30 mm
AnElc, e lhoo- i50"-l(1"

Fo find:
- Velocity ofblade for maximum efficicnc\, u
- Force actin8 on the btade in thc dircction ofiet' Fx

.l+
 Solution
Let u = velocity of blade at inlet
Relltive Yelocity at iniet of blade, Vr = V - u = 75 u
Velocity ol whirl at inlet Vw = V = 75 m/s
Relative velcity ofwater at outlet, Vrr = 0.9 Vr
Peripheral velocity at outlet, ur = u
Velocity of whtul at outlet
Vwr - - Vrr coi]oo
'rr
or, Vwr = u - 0-9 Vr cos3oo
or, Vwr = u - 0.9 (V - u) cos3oo
l-et W = weight flow rate of water
Cross-section.l area ol iet,
'44a =1xd? - I * (.0:rt' rn'

Work done per second =

w
-:-(uV* - ulV*, )

=" [uV - {u - 0.9(V - u)cos30'lu]

a
' ' luv - u' r 0.78u (V u)l
I
''
1]{/
x1.78u (V u)
c
Kinetic enerty suppliea p., secona 1x E v2

work done per second

Therefore. efficieno- n=
kineti( ener8y supplied
w x 1.78u(V
-e - u)

",,n=_1 x W _ v'
2g ^
3.65u(V - u)
'' __ v2
or, n
-

45
 dn ^"
For ma\imumethcrenry' ;;r
or' 3'65V - 3'56 x 2u = 0
oL t=Y /2-- 37'5r /s Ltrs'
Velocity of whirl at ourlet. Vw1 = u - O 9 (V{'cos3oo
8 27 m/s
= 37 5 - O'g Q5 - 37 5) x coc1oo =

ditection of iet' F* =
YN* - V*' )
Force actint in the
'
={1zs 'a.ztl
=
9i!-L
xI x(.03)' x7'<bb73

=3'54kN Ans'
Problem 1,r 6
velocity of 25
14-- di.-"* Ft oI wate! having an absolutejet through an
the
*r" "r"i." " ."* fixed btrade' The blade deflects
direction of iet
;*;";;;;;". ,*" * fo,, acting on the bladc alons the
.<e
-A final velocitv and
;;i; ,;;;;" *,t t' no frictional loss; (ii) the ratio of
inrtial velocitY ot jet is 0-8'

ur/
7"^',-- Fig. P1.15

46
 Given Data:
Diameter of ieL d = 14 mm
Initial velocity of iet, Vt = 25 m/s
Angle of deflection of ict = 1600
To find:
- Force acting on the blade in the dir€ction ofjet when th€re is no {riction.
- Force actinS on the blade in the direction ofjet when the ratio of final
velocity and initial velocity ofiet is 0.8
Solution
Density of water, p = 1000 k8lm3
t-et V2 - finnl velociiy ofret
Component olfinal velocit, in ihe direction ofict = -V2 cos(180o-160o)
= -v. 2 .os20o
ChanSe of velocity in the direction of iet = V1 - G V2 co90o)
= vt +V2 cos2oo
n14
Mass flow rdte = pavr = |000xa x (-:l )jx15=3.85kg/s

(i) If there is no frictional loss, Vr = Vz = 25 m/'

force a.ting in the direclion ot iet, Fy mass flow rate \ chanSe of
velocity in rhe direction of iet
= paVl x (V1 + V2cos20o)
= 3.85 x 25 (1+cos20o)
= 185.70 N Ans.
(ii) Ratio of final veto{ity and initial velocity, V r/V2 = 0-8
ot V2= 0 sV1 = 0'8 x25 =20 m/s
torcp.rcling rn the direchon o, ict, F\-p.rvr ' tVr ' V?.os2oo)

= 3.85 x (2i +20cos2{)i))

= 168.61 \ Ans.

+7
Prol'lem 1.17
A ,15mm diamet€r iet of water having .rn al'soiute velo{itv of 50
m/s striking a curved vane at one end. The vane deflects the iet throtish
an angle of 600. Due to friction, the outlei velocity of water is 45 m/s'
Find the force acting on the blade.

Fig I'1 1i

Given Data:
Absohltc inlct vclocity ofieL V = 50 m/s
Outlet velocity of jcL Vl = -15 m/s
An,jle ot cleflcction of,et,0 = 600
Dinmeter of jct, d = 45 mm
To find:
r,'r.. .rctins .,n lhc bl.,cte.
Solution
Cr,h- -..rio,,.,r ,"s.n lxd2.- 1-166-1s12 m'7
drcn111
'J4 =

la
 p. 13Y 1V - V' cos 60" )
Force acting along the direction of ieL =

,r.,p, =
2{ x 1x(0.045)'? x 50(50 - 45cos60")

or, Fx = 219 kN

Force acting perpendicular to the

pt, F, =
4 (0 - V' sin 60")

o *' o
or,F) = x4 x{:o o'5)'' 5o(o- 45"in60")
9;i
or, FY = - 31 kl\i

Resulranrfore, r = Jf.'z +nr2

or,p = lErs)';6.i), kN

or, F = 3'80 kN Ans'

o"o,,,.',o,,6 = L = -!1 = -r.+z

" i, t.t9
or,0= 54 85" Ans.

Problem 1.18
at
A iet of water strikint a series of moYing curved blades
an

is deflectcd bv the
angle of Oowith an absolute velocity of 45 m/s Ihe iet
is reduced b]' 10'l'
blade throuSh an angle of 15Oo lf the relative lelocity
due to friction in the blades, find out ihe maximum efficiencv'

-19
 Outlet Velocity
Diagram

,
lr
v
----l \P l--"
l-- "--l-".-*l
Tnl et veloc itY Diagram

l-i8 PI I8

Given Data:
velocity oi iet, v = 45 ft/s
Blade antle at,outlet, O = 1800 - 1500 = 30o
To ftnd:
- Maximum ef6ciency, rlm.x
Solution
Let u = velocity of blade
Velnflty of whirl at inlet' Vw - V
Relative velocity at inleL Vr = V - u ='15 - u
Relative velocity at oLrtlet' vrr = 0-9vr = 0'9
(v - u)

50
Velocity of whid at otltleL Vwr = u - Vrr coso
= u - 0.9 (V - t0 cos3oo
=u-0.78(V-u)
t.
Workdonepertmilweightofwater'g (V* - V", )u
, :1.
--1V - lrr 0.78(V - u)llu
1
=- x1.78(V -u)u
c
. tv2
Kinetic energy of ,et Per unit weiSht ojw4ter = -' ,-
work done Pet second
Now efficiency, 1 =
kinetic energY Per second
1xr.78(V -u)u
or,a=L-1'--
,,o

3 55(V -u)u (0
o,, tl --
-

dn^
For rnaximum efficienry, =U
d-
'v'
.,..3'sitv-zr)=o
n'...rore. u --
) =! -zz.s
^
t'
Now putting the value of u in equation (i)

3.sfl-YrY
2'2
-,r*r _
- Vr
= 0'899189% Ans'

5:I
:Ai"*r*o*."trtkesa..*ed\:al;:;ri;:1TT::::*:T
Problem 1.19

(elocity of 25 m/s and leaves at a]l ang

the angle of iet is 20o'
of fnt of vane is 12 m/s 'lnd
-o# "."" "elocity also the work
,r"a',i. """. ""rt* tt inlet and outlet of the vane- Find
done P€I second Per unit mass of water'

Vf. Outlet Velocity

' Dlagradi

Inlet Velocity
D iagram

luv I Fi8. !1 19
F-w_--'1
Given Data:
Vetocity of iet, V = 25 m/s
Vclocity of vane, U = 12 rn/s
Angle of iet, (! = 20o
e,1!r" or oUror.,t,,"r(rciry at outlet p.= 1809 - 15! = 55o

To find:
- inlet vane angle, g
- outlet vane angle, O
- work done Per second Sr unit mass of water

52
 Solution
velocity of flow at inlet, vf = vsinc = 25sin20o = 8'55 m/s
Velocity of $'lirl .1t inleL Vw = Vcosa = 25cos20o = 23-49 m/s
Let O = blade angle atinlet
T}.rcfore. LrnO = a
V.. -U
8.55
i,r 'tnn u =-
23.+9 -12
or, 0 = Jb.bso Ans.
Atinin. Vt vr -rng
or' V =_ Y:ja 14.32m/s
' sin36.65"
Since there is no friction. V., = V.
Using sine nrlc
v.. u
sin(180" -P) sin(P -0)'12
14.32
""sin(l80' -55") sin(55" -o)
or,O = 11.65. Ans'
Velocity of whirt at outlet, Vwr = Vr coso - U

= 14.32 cosl'|.65,, - t2 = 2.02 m/s.

Now work done per second Per unit mass of wa ter
=U(Vw-Vwr)
= 12 (23.49 + 2.02) Nm/s
=.'106.12 Nm /s Ans.

Problem I.2O
A iet of watcr movin' at 22 n/s imPinges on a curl ed vane
without shock an.l {teflects through 12(}' Vane anSl€s at inlet and outlet

53
 the
equal. If the l'.ne is movinS at9 m/s, calcul rte the angle of,etand
.-lre
rclative l,clocitlr at inlet.

Outlet Velocity
D iasr aro

\,

Inlet Velocil-Y
Daaf{rafi

Fig. P1.20

Giwen Data:
Velociry of je! V = 22 m/s .
Velociry of vane, U = 9 m/s

54
To find:
- angle of jet, €t
- retative velociLY al inlet, Vr

Sstution
Angles of vane at inlet and outlet are equal. The vane deflects the iet
throuSh an angte 12@.
Therefore, O + O = 18Oo - 1200 = 600
Since e = 0
sa, e =q = 600 /2; 30o.
Considering inlet vdocity diagrad al'd aPPlying smce rule,we ha"e
VU
sin(180'-0) sin(e * 0)
D.9
-" sin(180P -3O') sin(30" o)
or,q =18'2" Anr'
Again applyinS sine rule in it et v€locity diagranl
VV.
sin(180" - e) sin o
22 12
""sin(180"
- 30") sin18.2'
or,V, =13.7461s Ans.

55
 I

\
Problc!! 1r1 \
-- *, w.ter ol 2l, a'n\t" havrn8 n velocity of 65 m/s
" ol vancs which movc iri th'
slr rkcshorizontdlly withour shnck on a \s
sime iiirection of lhe iet fhe vanes deflecl th(, jel throuSh an angle o!
that at the
lSOt -f,"r, The relarive velocity at exit is 92% of
",o,io.t".y. unit mass of water' Find the
lnlet. Tfre windage loss is 0 45 U2l2 Per
afti the for<? in the direction
value of vane speed for maximum effcie{rcy

- outlet
ar velocitY
Diagram

Inlet Velocity \.. 15oo

Di agr aItr

30'l:L

Fig. P1.21
Given Data:
Diameter of iet, d = 26 mm
Velocity oI the iet, V = 65 m/s

56
 \
To find:
- vane sPeed for maximum effrciency
- r^r.. in ihe dir€rhon of motion, F
1

solution \
From thc inlet i'elocity diagram, Vw =\= 65 m /s
Relativc vclocitY at inlet, Vr = v- U
Outlet vane angte, $ = 1800 - 1500 = 30o
Relative velocity at outlet Vrr = 0 92 vr
Velocrty of whirl at outleL, Vwr - Vncoso - LJ

= 0.92Vr coso - U
=O 92 (V - U) cos]oo - U
= 0.80v - 1-8u
Mass ot water striking *",ono,6 _ PAV

=lo(fxn/ax('ot26Px65
= 34.51 kgls
Force acting on the vanes in the dire'hon oI motion
r=mci/*'+vw,)
=m(v+'8V'1.8t,I)
=1.8m(V-U)
Now work done Per second = F x U = 18 m (V - U) U
Windage loss = m x.45 U2l2
Therefore, usetul work done = 1'8 m (V - tD U -rr.x 45xU2/2
Now kinetic energy supplied by iet = V2 mV2
work done Pel second
Efficiencv. n = ----- .:-;;--l-
' energy suPPlreo Dy,er
1.8m(V - U)U-mx.45x U2 ,/ 2
1.
-mV'
z
3.61V -ulu-.4su2
v2

57

I
For maximurn efficien.Y, =0
#
or,3.6(v -2U)- .9U=0
v 65\
ot,u=rE=rE 28.8q m / s Ans.

motion
Force actin8 on the vanes in the directigrr of
F=1.8m(v-u)
= 1-8 x 34'51 x(65-2889)
22 43 N An's'

Problem 1.22
---T having a veloelty of 32 m/s stiikes a series
of
i* ot ,o,"r
The iet strillcs the vanes
curved vanes moving with a velocity of 12 m/s'
'with a.r angle oi 25o wiih th€ dir€e€@ of Erotion of vanes The relative
velocity of
velocity atlexit is 90% of that at €ntlance' If the absolute
find the vane aflgles at
water at exit is normal to the motion of vanel'
inlet and outlet and the efficiency
.dc-----*l U

\ lv- =v -
J-r Outlet velocity
v\ l Diasran
{\
\
\\ _u
//
-/

Idlet VelocitY
Diag!am

Fig. P122

58
Given Data:
Velocily of iet, V = 32 m/s
Velocity of wane, U = 12 m/s
Angle of jeL cl = 25o
The relative relocity ai oullet, Vr' ' 09 Vr

AtoutletP=90o
Totind:
- inlet vane angle, 0
- outlet v:Lne angle, O

- elficiency, n
Solution
m/s
Considering intet velocity diatranr Vf = Vsind = 32sin25o =
13 52

velocity of whirl at inlet Vw = vcos'{ = 32cos25o = 29 m/s

vr
Now rano=t;l=r=t 13.52

or,O = 38.50 Ans.

Rclative velocity at inlet vi +(v* -u)'?
^[-er-17
= 21.2:t r /s
Relative velocity at outlet, V.,. = 0'9 xV'

= 0.9 x21.72 = 19.55 nt / s

U12
" coso =
from outlel velocity diagrarYL =
-v., 1C'55
or,O = 52'13" -Ans'

t€t m = mass of waterstriking lhe vane.

Work done Per second = m (Vw - VwJ U
Kinetic energy supPlied by iet = 1/2 mV2
work done Der ser ond
Now elh.rmcy, rt = :-------:-"
' --
kinetic energy su P Plied bY iet

59
 m(v,, v,,, )u
1,"v'
2
29 x12 x2
(rr-
= 0.68 or 68'2, Ans.
Problem 1.23
Show that when a ,et ofwater impin8es at the centre of a series of
moving cuned vanet maximum efficienry is obtained when the vanc is
semi-circular in section and the velocity of va're is half that ofjet. Find
also the expression of maximum efficiency, .

L- x

Fit. P1.23
Solulion
A se.ies of curved vanes are a anged at equal spacing on the
PeriPhery of a large wheel. The iet strikes ai the centre of the moving
vanes. As the wheel rotates, each vane will become normal to the.iet in
Deduction of equation:
Lct V = vciocity of iet
a = cross-sectional area of iet
Lr = velocity ol vanes

p = m.rs\ dcns,ry of fluid

Itelntive \.elo.ity,et with r€sPect to vane = V - tr
Component of outlet velocity ofiet along x-dirc'tion =
(V-t' cos(i80o - 0)
Mass of fluid striking the vane/sec = pav
the jet on d1c
From the imp se-momentum eqration the forc" exerted by
vanes in the direction of flow of iet is Siven by
Fr - rate ofch.rnSc of rhomentum ofjet
= mass flow rate x change of velocity
- 8)l
= pav l(V - u) - (V - u) cos(180o
or, Fr
= PaV(V - u) (1 + cose)
work doneby.the,et on the vane eer second = L;;-
u) (1+cos€)u

- l'','y1yt
p'rV'-
/second =
I he t i.,cl( ener8v srrPPlicd by iet
wort done oer sec ond
Theretore.lhcelf(iency of wheel,4=Kjn- ---- '
----.
paV(V u)(1+coso)u
*, ,t=_ r"v, n
or, n- _
2u(V-u)(l+cose)
V_
when
For a jet of constant velocitv V, the efficien'yw;ll be maximum
drl
=o
du
dn
--=-
2(V -2u)(1+ cose)
^
-.,1---w
si""" ?q#:q - o, which is a conitant

6l
 Therefore, V_2u = 0
ot,r =! /2
2u(2u - u) (1+ c, rs0)
So maximurn efficienry, rl*.' = (2u)'
l
or,4,". =;(t+coso)
the vanes are semi-circuhr e = Oo In this
case'
w}en
value of maximum elficiency
Im-x=1 or, 100'l/", r/'/hich is tl€ theoretical
vanes mounted on the periPhery'
*heet prorridea *ith semi''ircular
fo. a

nroblem 1.24
movinS smooth
A fluid iet striking at the centre of a synmetiical
efficiency' What is the
..rrrr.d .,,r..e' Find a.t exPression fol the maximrm
is semi_circular?
value oI maimuim effioency if the vane

Solution
in the
Let us consider a single smooth curved vane movin8
.tirection of the jei.

l_"
FiB. P1.24

62
Deduction ol equation:
Let, velo.ity oI the vane = r
velocity of iet = V
c;oss-sectional area of jet = a
mass density of fluid = P
Relative velocity of iet with resPect to vane = V 1r

Mass of fluid shikinS the vane,/sec = pa(V - u)

Componentofthe outlet velocity in tlte xdireclion = (V - u) cos(180o 0)
The force exerted by the jet on the vaie in the x .lirection is 8i1'en by
Fx = rate of change of momentum of iet
or, Fi = mass flow rate x change of velociry
or, Fx = pa(v - u) t(v - u) - (v - u) cos(180o-e) |

or, Fr = pa(V - u)2 (1 + cose) (r)

Work done by the,et on the vane Per s€cond = Jix

= p.r (v - u)2 (1 + cose) n

I -,, oavr
The kinehc energy supPlied by jetlsecond
t(r\aV)v'-r-
work done on vane
Lriruencty oi rhe sv\tem,
' I- kineii(
---- cn,r8\ nr jet per <e.ond

- u)r(l + coso)
- Par(V pavl 2
/
2u(V-u)1(l + cos0)
-
Considering constant jet velocity V and constant vane antle e, the
efficienry is maximum if
9n -o
du
. 2(vr - 4uv + 3u'])(1+ cos0) _ 0
-- -- v'
Sin.e al-i-l:"'
l +coso)
2l
is a constant term whrch c,rrrnol be equal ln /ero

63
'l herefore, V2 - -tuv + 3u2 = 0
or (V-t (V-3u) = u
or, v=3u
It is e\.ident that if V = u, the h'ork done bl' th, jet will be eqnal to zero,
so for maximum efficiency, V = 3tt
2u(3u - u):(1+.os0)
Therefore maximum efficiency, n-". =
tJul
=91t + coso)
27'
19-.n" g
/z
27
For a semi-circular.iane,S=0 and .os2g/2 = I
'rltcrcrore. n--- . ]5 -0.5nor, 59a. Ans.
'"'' 17

Problem 1.25
A iet of water'imPinges tangentially on a smooth curved vane
moving in the same direction of the iet. If the vane deflects the iet lhmugh
an ansle of 18Oo in the opposite direction of jet, find thc value of
nr.r\imrm efFicienry.

6+

Fit. P1.25

61
. Solution
Let, vel(xity of iet = V
velocity of vane = U
cross_se.tional are of jet = a
rnass densitY ofu'atcr = P
- Now mass of water striking the vane Per secon(t = pa(V - U)
The force exerted by the iet on the vane in the x ttirection is given by
Fr = rate of chanSe oI momentum oI jet
= mass flow rate x change of velocity
. =pa (v-u) (v- u) - l-(v - U)lI
=2pa(v - ul2 (1)
Work doneby thejet on the vane Per s€cond = I:x U
=2pa(V-U)2U
The tinelic energy supplied by iellsecond = jf,rv 1V' = 9oV'

Effrciency ofsy:tem. n' ':-:-- -:-work done on vane

lineticenerSyof iel I'ersecond
_ 2p,r{V - U)r U 4r-,\. u,)
pav,/z vi'
For inaximum €ff iciency
dn
=o
dU
.-L- (V' -4UV +3U =0.
V'
Sir,." 1 i' o .o".ront term which cannol bc,\lrial lo /ero

Therelore. (v2- ILV . 3LP) - 0

or(V-UXV'3U)=0
i.e.V=U or, V=3U

65
lf V = U, the work done by the iet will be equal to zero' so for maximum

efticiencv v 3u
4Ll .-..
tu ...,
There,ore, malim,,m efticiency, n"* = u-
(34)i( 'j

:# =o'tn o' 5e% Ans'

Probtem 1.26
blade
A 18mm diameter water iet srriking a stnooth fixed curved
The jet is
at an angle of 0o. The absolute velocity of thc ret is 21 m/s
ihe resultant
deflected by the blade through an anSte of 12{)o Find out
force acting on the blade.

\...
r6Y \ Vtr2O'
,g___ \I-

Fig- P1.26

66
Given Data:
Velocity ofjeL V = 21 m/s
Diameter of iet, d = 18 mm = 0 018
m
To find:
R
- Resr tant force ac6ng on the blade,
Solution
=Ly d2 L, (o.ot8)2 m2
Cross-sectional area oI iet, ^ 44 =
Deflection of jet, d = 1200
vaV
Mass flow rate = L
c
Force actng on blade along xdirection
Fx = mafs flow rate x change of velocity

'sEI *1v -vcosal

p- =

or. P, =
FV' x1t-cos120")
c
or, r, = ffixf,xto ol8)2(1- cos120') x (21)2

or, Fr = 1b833 N
Force acting on blade along ydirection

F..=EI2.,16-Y,;"o;
'c
or, Fy = -!:-Srno(
a
-' J]
r = g8l x 1x (0.018)2 x (21)2 Y srn 120"
^- -Y 4
or, fy -97.19 N
direction
the force Fy will ac in the downward
,es.rltan t force, n=l/f,'zr
f"'z
Therefore,

67
 or, R= (168.33')t + (47 .-19J1
19-r.37 N Ans.
F
Now tan € = FI
97.19
or tano =
M&33
or,0=30o Ans. -
Ilqblsal.2T
A iet of water striking a series of curved vanes with an absolute
velocity of 32 m/s. The jet inakes an angle 30o with the direction of
rnotion r,f blades at inlet and 120, at outlet. tf rhe velocity of blade is 16
m/s and if the iet strikes the blades without shock, find the blade angles
at inlet and outlet. Find also the work done per unit l1Liss of water and
the hydraulic efficiercy.

Outlet Velocity Dlagram

't"

l_.
vt IElet Velocity Diagiam

l._,-il
l-v"-l
Fig. P1.27

68
 Given Data:
Velocity of jet, V = 32 m/s
Velocity oI bladq u = ur = 16 m/s
Angle ofjet at ir et,0 = 30o
Outletangle,0:1200
To Iind:
Blade angle at inlet, 0
- Blade angle at outleL 0
- Work done per unitmass of water
-Hydraulic efficiency. nh
Solution
From inlet velocity di;grar&
- Velocity of flow, Vf =V sirs
or, Vf = 32 sir3oo = 16 m/s
Velocity of whirl at inleL Vw = Vcosc
or, Vw = 32 cos3go -'277'lmls
Ae.rin lan0--' v. 1A
" V* u 27.V -16
or, 0 = 53.870 Ans.
\/. '"
16
8l m /s
sine-
Relative velocilv. V- = --i-L 19
' sin53.87o
=
From outlet velocity diagram, according to sine rule
v.,-v,- u,
sinp sinQ sin(60" -O)
.. u, sinB
'
or. srnJ6{l'-dl=.-
v.,
lf there is no frictional loss, V. = V.,

Thcrcf,,re. sint6t)' . losin I20"

6] =
19.a1
or,0=15,5704ns.

't -
og
Again, from sine rule
-. ur sino
' sin(60" - O)

16sin15.57('
sin(60o - 15.57o)
or, Vr = 6.13 m/s
Velocity of whirl at oudet, V*, = V1cos60"
or, Vw1 = 613 cos 600 = 307 r /s
work done Per unit rnass of water = u{Vw - (-Vwr)}
(ditection of Vwr is oPPosite to u)
=u(Vw+Vt{,
= 16 (27'71 + 3'O7'
= 492.48 Nm/s Ans'
EEss ofwater
Kinetic energy suPPlied by iet Per unil

=):t'=tW-=51211^1'
work done Pel sec ond
Now hydraulic efficie""y, ttf, =6*i. 6 ""pplied persecond
492'4a 96"/". Ans-
=-=0-961l1
5r7
Probtem 1.28
*",". strikes horizontally at the c€ntre of
1", of 25 mm drameter
The Plate is s sPended
--A
o 2ao mm x zao mm plate of uniform rhickness
The velocity of the iet is 5 m/s and
the Plate
from hinges at its top edte
the Plate and
the vertical' Fin4 the weight of
-ot.. ^""".tgr" of +io with striking Point of the iet at the
the distance-between the hinge and the
deflected Position on the Plate'

70
 Fig. P1.28
Given Data:
Diamcter of ict, d = 25 mm
Siz(, ol plrtc 2-l0nrnr r 2{)mnr
Voh'cit-v of i(.t, V 5 m/s
To Find:
- W(,itht of thc pl.rtc, W
- Disfance, AD
Solulion
D(rnsrtv o( w.ltcr, p = ltlll kfi/m1
Cross-sectional arca r)f icL .1 = ,./{ x (.{}25)l m:
Drsl.lncc, \ = 0.12 \ co'li.'m
V.rss flow rntc p.rv = llxl0 x r/.1 / (.{)25)2 x ; = 2.{i lgl\
Final vrlocity of w.ter = 0
Velocity component perpendicular to the plate
= Vsin{5o . 5sin45(' = 3. m/s
ChanSe ofr.clocilv pcrpendicular to thc pl1!e= (3.5, - 0) m/s = 3.51 nrls

7l
Force'actinli PerPendicrlar to the plale, F = m'rss flolv rate x changc of
rcl,,rit\ - {l +i . i.i l) N 8.b/ N
{) l2
Disrin.e AB:-=0.1/m Ans.

N..\\' t.rliog m,'menl ,rb,rrrt A, wc hrvc,

FxAB=It-xx
ot,3.67 x tj.17 =W x 0.12 x cos4so
,i w - 8'67xo77 =17.37N Ans.
0.12 x 0.707

Problem 1-29
A 70mm diameteriet of water striklng a curved blade at an angle
of 0o and the iet is defl'ected through an angle of 1200 by the blade The
flow rate of warer is 2001/s-

find-
(i) thc magnitude and direction of resultant lorce acting on thc biade

when the blade is {ixed.

(ii) the resultant force and efficiency for a series of bhdes'
Thc vek city of blade is 12 m/s.

72
 -6Zr-
,'1200

. Fig. P1.2<)

Giwen Data:
Di.rm.'tcr ('f jcl, (i - 70 mm

lL)\^ rdtr.. Q 2fi1l/s = 0.2 ml/s

Solution
Angl(., e - 180"- 120't 50n

Crrrrr.crtional i,t. a - I xdz =L tOOTl

are.r of
'14 n1

Vcl,,.itvoi ict- V=Q

02 .
a n / 4 x(0.O7)' =51.97nt/t

7-t
(i) Force acting on the bla(]e in the (lirection of i1 t

f. -rylv (- Vc,,sotl- r!tr*,,*et

glr
r
' -o81,
,,r.f 9.1iI -r
x10.07):x(51.97)1\(l/ cosh0')
()r, fi = l5 59 L\
Forcc acting on blade PcrPendicrl.lr to tet,

p,:IY1o-1,vsino)l i
os.p, =13[;.51,',g

n,,r, =ffi"f,x<0.o7\2 x (51.97\7 x sit6o"

or,F., = 9kN
The.efore, resultant force, R=1E=n7
o., n = .,[r r' * q2. = 18kN ans.
Let the resultant force makes an angle o rviith X'axis'

Therefore, tan<r=
F.. s
=
* fSSg
or,(I=30o Ans.

71
 (ii) Velocity of the blade, u = 12 m/s
Force acting in the dircction c}f-tet,

r. = Fv (v - u)- l-(v - u)cosoll

.r.,p, = 13Y11v r,;+ (v - u)cosol

I -
or,F. -d(V-uxl r coso)
s
' - 1!-!
,,r.p * I,16.67\:
9.81 4
x 5"1.97 x (51.g7 l2)( I + co560')

or, f. - I 1.99 kN
Force acting on blade perpendicular to,( t,
p.
'c=IY16-1qv - u.lsinell

n.,g" = lgYlv _.4"t^o

I
nr,F g8t ytr4 x(0.07):x5l.c7x(51.97 l2) <sinh0
'' =q81
or,l-, = 6.92 kN

Itesulranr forcc, R = IELFl

oLR = ",l11.gg)2 +(6.92)2
or, R = 13.84 kN Ans.
F"
Now,
F,
6.92
1l-99

Work done = R r u = 13.81x 12kw = 166.08 kW

75
 work donc
H_!"(lr.1ulic ef iicienc]', llh
Linetic eDergv sLrF lllreo
RLr

1" !r
116.08
981
1^11
2^ l!!1
1 -.- *1;1.e71'
eAl
or, llh = tl.61j9 or,61-19'l' Ans'
ProLlem_|.10
A \\'ater jet of 32 mm di.rmeter strikes horizontally at thc centre of
.r 250mm x 250mm Plate of uniform thickness- Ihe rnass of thc Plntc
is 3

kg ancl rlrc plate is susPended veltically frorrr hinges at its tol' edgc'
( Jlcul.rn, tl( l,,r(c to bc.rPPlic.l nt lhc lowcr c' lgc ol the PI'rtc lo kceP it
vcrtical- Also calculate the inclination of the Pla[c lvith vcrtical uilcler thc
.ctiorl of thc jet if the.Plate is allorved to swing freely- The velociry of thc
j, t n, -
's'r

(b)

Fi8. P1.3(l
 Given Data:
let diamctcr,.l = 32 mm
Size of plate =l50nm1x 250mm
Mass 0f rhe plate, m = 8 k8
Velociryorict,V=9m/s
To Find:
- Force, Fl
-Indination angle,0
Solution
Considering the Fig. (a),
,nass of water striking the plate = pav ,, i ; ,. .,
= 1000 x r/4 x (0.032)2 x 9 = 7.24 kE/ s
Force €xerted by iet F = mass flow rate x chanSc of vclocity

=pav(V_0)
=7.24x9=65.16N
tet, Fr.is the force to keep the plate in vertical position.
\uorv taking moments aboutO, h,e have,
Frl25=Frr250
or, 55.16 x 125 = F, xiso
or, F, = 32'58 N Ans.
Considcring Fig. (b.),
distance x =.125sine and y = (.125/tos0)
Again taking moments about O in the deflected posirion
mgx = Fcose y
or,8 x 9.81 x 0.125sin0 = 65.16cosq t l|.123/cose)
or, sino = 0.83
or, € = rb.l3{! Ans.

77
Prolrlem 1.31 -\
Il .1 tcl .tflkc' .r -'rics "f il'rr m\r'l
\''rrrc: m(rrrnl('Li "n 'r
circurrlcronce of a $ hcel, find the maximum e\iciency of the rvireel' The
h lx1 I i. { .1t1.1hle t,r nri '\ rnA .rrrrrrnd 'rn n\ic'

So lul io n
' Let us consider that the (liameter of t'heel is I'1rge so that the
impact is approximntely normal. The average length of the iet from thc
nozzle to the Point of imPact rcmains constant 'rnd all the fluid from the
r,)/rl. str rkrls ()nc or ,,lhcr.)l lh,'vrnes

Fig. I'1.31 Scries of moving flnt vancs'

I.t. \ - \ L'hrrl\ ,'f itl

,r - (r('5-_\ectlon,rl .rrrlr I'f lcl
u = \'L'locit!_ of vanes
7 - \fecifi. wcithl of fluid
P = densitY of {luid

7a
 Deduction of maximum effi\cy:
The jet will mol'e wilh a velocity\ after strikin8 the vane.
Mass of waler slrikinA r'.1ne per sclond = raV - pdV
.8
Therefore, change of velocily = V - u
Now force exerted by jet F = rate of change of nromentumof ict
= mass flow rate i chanSe of r'elocity
= pav(v _ u)
Work done on vafle per second = Force x velocity of vane

. =Fxu=paV(V-u)u
EnerSy supplied by iet : kinetic cnergy of jet per second

= !ouY
2'2 " Y'=P9I
Elhclencv ol wh€el,
. work done oersecond
Ener,lY suPPIiod

_ paV(V -u)u _ 2(V -u)u (i)

p y3 /z
r". -a,imum efnciencv. t =0
' du
o,.a,v-r,,=o
^.2
5rna€
-:o
Therefore, V-2u=0
orlu-Y/2
Putting this value in equatiorl! (i), maximum efficiency
zrv-YrY
n - ? 2 = lor 50,,1, Ans.
v:2

79
 ...:.
Problem 1.32 \
A ier or \v.,rcr is.rres rrom \tre vcrtrcrl 'rde ol 'r rrnl urrrch
'l
m.,ini. ,,,\ .' .on.tant hcad of waier ovFr I're ori,rL. h' re'-el i- movint
in thc opt,o.rle dir.cLion of iei. Sho!'l' thal lh| md\imum cffi'iPnc! of
propulsion is 509;,.

Solution

Fig.l'.1-32

Let, a = cross-sectional area of iet

V =.lbsolute velocity of ret
u = velocity of tant<
h = head of water in the tar* above the {lrifice
V. = relative velocity of iet and tank
Y= sPecific weight of water
Deduction of ma\im um efficiency:
Relatile velocit_v Vr = V - (- u) = v + u
Mass ofwater flowing through the orifice = f a\',
a

ao
 Propulsive force = change of momentuNer second
= t{/r1v o)
l;
,hv
= a(v._u)
E

Work c'lone per second = ProPulsile force x vel('city of tank

= t!L1y. _,y"
I
t<inpri, .n.rpv of iet= r''vr.V'z -- ra:-L
an 20
work don€ Pe' se' ond
Therefore, efficiency of propulsion, n -
Kinetic .nergy of iet
-u)u,/g -2(V, u)u (i)
rav: /28
-'YaV,(V,
vi
dn
. For rna\imum efficiency, -- =U
dU
or.r:,
v:
(v, 2u) .0
^_2- .._*u
5rnce
v;
Iherefore. Vr - 2u =0
or, Vr 2u
Putting the value Vr = 2u in equation (i), we hai e
2l2u - u)u 1
or 50"- Prov€d.
n-^. - =
,
=,"/"
Pr0blem 1.33
A iet of water of 50mm diameter strikes at the centre of a c rved
vane moving with a velocity of 12 m/s in the Same direction oa the ict'
The iet is denected tkough an angle of 1650.If theiet velociiv- is 25 m/s,
find the (orce exerted on the vane and the effici.ncy of the iet.

8l
 Y

165"
L-,
Fi8. P1.33
Civen Datr:
Velocity ofiet, V = 25 m/s
Velocity ofvane, u = 12 m/s
Angle, € = 1800- 1550= 15o
Diameter of iet, d = 50 mm = 0.05m
To Find:
- l,,r.c e\erred on thc !ane, Fr
- efficienry of iet n

Solution
Specific weight of water, r= 9.81 kN/m3
u .r.96\10,m1
' =I4 .(0.05f
Noe! cross-sectionai nrea ol iet, a - x l?

"c
M.rss of water strikrnt,n" uon", --la1v ,l
-3!L'r'g6'to
9.8t
rzt'a
rLru(J
"zs-
=2s.4AkC / s

82
L

= pa (V - u)2 (1+cos0)
= m(V, u) (1+cos0)
= x.48 x (25 - 12, (1+cos16o) x l/1000 kN
. 0.65 kN Ans.
Work done on vane = Fx x u =.0.65 x 12 kN - 78 kW

Mass flow rate through the iet = fav

c
Kinetic ener8y supplied by iet

]rf "vlv'=]?9
- 2.9 x l.e6 x l0't x(2s)1=15.3i kNm/s
29.8t
-
Efticimcv ot iel, n=
workdm Der s€cond
' Kinelic €nergy of jet per sec o[d

---_-+--- 79
ll"u =15.31
= ,r1loy1yr =0-5095or,50 95"1' Ans.
2B
ProbleE ail4
A Iawn sprinkler consists add rotates in a
of two nrlzzles
horizontal direction. Find an expression of U lbr maximum power and
the value of ef6cienry at this condition.

I
v

Fig. P1.34

83
 . --.-..,.,
Solution

(rom the nozzle

Let V = vel(xit, ofjct coming out
a = cross sectional arca of iet
U = velocity of nozzle
I = sPecific iveighi ofwater
efficiency:
Derivation of equation of maximum power and
Itelative l,elocit-v of the jct and the nozzle
Vr = V - C U) (U is in oPPosite direction of v)
or,Vr=V+U
8!
Mass flow rate of h'ater Per second for one n ozie -'
of velocity
For.e due to reaction of iet = rnass flow rate x change
=13L,.1y -s;
a

= Jl-| Y 1Y. - 1.11

g

\ 7ork clone per sc.oncl for one nozzle : forcc x re]ocity of nozzle

= ElL1v, _ utu
8 .^^r,
Total work done Per second for
rwo nou zles - -J:1'(V U)U

Kinetic energy losl rn rw otets

^ I 'rav
--2x''
:'
|lla(V -Uf

_ rllrv, _ul
g
Net energy suPPlied by tso iets = work'ione P' r "ec
+ Ioss of kineti' energY

84
 =24!,1v. ,u)u + l!L(v, -uF
s
=11v' 1vf - u,)
work done per second
Now efficiency, 1=
energy supplied per sec ond

_4av,(v, -U)U / g
yav,(V,1 _U,) / g

_2U
V.+U
Now power, P = force x velocity of nozzle
=21av.(V, - U)U
c
ro. -u*i-..- oo*".- € =0
-du
o. ?EL1y. _zu; =o
8
si.." 2F(v'),o
I
Therefore, Vr - 2U = 0
or, U = V/2 Ans.
z'Y' -
Now efficienry lor maximum power = ]--i",, a-a2.. e"..
' v,*l'2 3
Problem 1.35
P.ove that for iet propulsion of a ship rvhen the inlet orifices arc
.rt right anSles to the direction of the mohon i,f the ship, the md\rmum
efficiency is 50]{,. Find also the equation of effciency when inler orifices
face the direction of the ship motion.

85
 ./
Solqligq ,'---
ttnnt anSles to the dire'tion of otion-
f"i.* ontt.". ^t

Fi8' P1 3s (a)

Nomenclatur€:
oi the shiP
Let V = absolute velocityof iet coming out
jet
a = cross-seciional area of
= \,clocit]' ol the shiP
y= sl.ecific lseight of h'ater
is equal to
Itclative vetocity of the iet and shiP
Vr = V - G u) (u is in oFrPosite direction of V)

or,Vr=V+u
Derivation of maximum efficiencY:
of st O =
k
V.'.'s ,,f w.rter comint ot't nt lhe bn( 'i'lc ^J'
I'ropulsive force exert.d t'n tltt thiP =
rnn" flolv rate x change ofvelocity

=FV,,(V 0) (since initial velociry ofwater is zero)

g

=4h"(v.-u)
c

86
 ..-.
Uaork dlroe'ofi-the ship by the jel forcc x velo( ily ot shiP

=IL1y. _u;.,
I
Therefore, work done per second per unit weiSh t of discharge

=11v.,olu
I
,,
Energv supplied per unit weight ofwdter =
-
work done on tlre shiP by lhe iet
Efficiency oi propulsion, I =
energy supplied per second
,|
:(v -u)u
--_L.v: /28
_ qv,
_-u)u (i)
v,'l
For maximum efficieno- S =0
'du
d t2(V'
I du V: ")'r-
i-". =
o

or,f2 d, .__
fr(v.'-u)u =o
ot'1N
vi ' -2ul =o

si,'." 3v: + o
Therefore, Vr - 2u = 0
or. V1 - 2u
Pulling u Vrl2, in equation (i),
Miximum efficiEncv. - y)u - t 0.5 or.
n - 2(2u(2o)' 50"1, Proved.
=
2

,
a7
 -..
...
(b) I;i;t orrra;es face the direction of motion'

L--.
Fig l'135(b)
Now consider a shiP having orifices facinS the direction of flow'

Let v = velocity of jet coming out

ftom the sliP
a = cross-sectional area of iet
u - vel(ritY of the shtP
Y = sPecific weight of waler
Derivation of efficiencY:
Rel.rtive vclocrty ol lhe iet.ind the 6hrP
Vr = V - G u) (u is in oPPosite direction of V)
or,Vr=V+u
'yav,
Mass flow rate oFwater Per second = g

I'ropulsive aorce exerted on the shiP

= mass flow ratu of avater x chafl8c oflelocity
=
FV' ,. (V - O) (initial v€kritv.of water is zero)
I
=LLr1y.-.,1
g

a8
 Worklone by the jet =,1-roPulsive force x velocity ofshiP

=
)3.L 1v. - uy u
c
1
Work done by lhe iet Per u tweiShlofw.rlPr= : (V, - rr)u
V,
Energy supplied by the iet Per unil weiSht of w,, ier = zg'
As the ship moves, the water will enter into the orilices of the ship with a
equal to the velocity of the shiP.
zvelocity
Therefore, energy of water enteting into the orifices per unit weiSht oF

2g
Net energy srpplied by the iet = kinetic energy at inlet - kinetic energy at
outlet
_ vi_"'
2g 2g

Therefore, efficiency of p'oprlsior,, n= IA!!9Et$f!!!$

1 ..,
I
vi _l
2g 2:
_ 2(V. u)LI
V,t - u'

-.,L
v' +u
o".
Probrem 1.36
A iet of water skiking a series of curve(l blades with an absolutc
velocity of 60 m/s. The blade angles at inlet and outlet are 30o and 15o
respectively. The jet makes an angle ol l5o with the direction of motion of
blades. Find the speed of the blade and the abs('lute velocity at outlet.

89
 ..!-..-.

Outlet Velocitv
Ur, Diagrarr
Y
I

VJ IElet Velocit Y
Diasram

Fig P 1 36(a)

Given Data:
Velocity of iet, V = 60 m/s
Blade angle at inlet, 0 = 30o
Blade a\gle at outlet, = 15o
O
o 15o
AnSle of absolute velocity at inlet' =
To Find:
- Speed of the bl.rde, u
- Absoltrte velocity at oullel' Vr
Solution
From inlet velocitY diagram'
coslso = 57 95 m/s
vetoc;ty of wtrirt' v* = vcosq = 50

90
 Velocity of flow, sin1so = 15.53 m/s
Velocity of blade, r=V" -iL
tan 6
15 53
n,' ,, =57.96 t,n 10"
or, u - 31.0J m/s Ans.
If there is no frictionalless, V., :V.

Lelahve velocity at o(tlet, V., = V. = &

sin0
or,
-- 15.53
V,, = #=31.06 m /s
Velocity of flow at outlet, Vr, : V., sino
or, vr' = 31.06 sin15o = 8.0'1 m/s
Velocity of whirl al outlet, Vwr . Vncoso-u
- or, Vi{r = 31.06 coslso - :11.04

or, Vwr = - 1.04 m/s

The negative sign indicates that the diiec{ioo of Vq1 will be opposite. The
coriected velocity diagram is shown in Fi& P 1.36(b).

Fig. P1.36 (b)

9l
 (SlN)! + (1.0-1)r =S' l1m /s Ans'

No*, t.."P=+
8.04
or. t.1nlJ' =
104
-
or,B=82.630Ans.
Problem 1.37
A 45mm diameter iet skiking 4 series r)I otrved blades with an
and outlet are 30o
absolute velocity of 45 m/s The blade an8les nt inlet
20o with thc
and 15o rcsPectivcly. If the iet at inlet makes an an8le of
magnitude and
rjirection of motion of blades, find the velociiy of blade'
the blades'
direction of absolute velocity at outlei and forcc acting on

Qut19! velocity
v
Ir- Ulagram

Inlet Velocit

Fig- P137

92
 Given Data:
Blade angle at inlet,0 = 30o
Blade angle at outleL 0 =-l5o
Velocity ofjeL V = 45 m/s
Angle, c[ = 20o
Diameter of jeL d = 45 mm
To Find:
- Velocity of bladc, u
- MaSnitude and direction of absolute velodty nt outlet, Vr
- Force actinS on the blades, F
Solulion
Velocity of blade, u = ur
From inlet velocity diagram
sino = VIlV
or, Vt= sinc( x V = sin2oo x 45 = 15.39 n1/s
Agair! v'=r,'.r-,
or.V -1V? -v,: =V(45f -(15.?e)1 -42.2rn/s
V'
Velociw of blr.te. u= V- -
tan30"
)!2
' = a2.2s tan30"
n,.u
or, u = 15.62 m/s Ans.
Now, V,r = V,'? + (V* - u):
or, v. = {(15.39)r + ( 42.29 -15.641 = 30.79m / s
If there is no frictional lost Vr = Vrr
From outlet vel(rcity-diagram,
u, + v*.
aorc dt =
v,,

93
 u. + v...
.os9 =
-t:- V".
15.62 +
cosls" = --6r-
\tw1 = 14.12 rn/s
. = --vf,:;-
Ag.i., tanQ

V.
rat\15" =.ti4r;ii
Vh = 7.97 tuls
\,?_I,2'\/ 2
v1 - v11 i rwt
Now,
v, =.t(7.e7f;1r,4.1q = 16.2J m /s Ans'
v.
Agair! tan(180"-0)=----1

tan(lror-0)=ffi
or, 0 = 150.56" An8'
,r _1 .,
Flow rate of water, Q = -xd_ x v

...'-6 = 1v 16.615;r x 'i5

4
or,Q=0072m3/s
ofmornentum
Force acting on blades, F = rate ofchangP
or,F =
yrlv.
alv
_(_V* )l
a
om"9'9792.2, *
or, F = ___;;1_ r+.r21

or,F=4016kl\JAns'
 Problem 1.38
A iet oa rrir ter hn\ ins in absollrt(' \ ('l(,.itY of 2+ m/s strikirlg n
nol,ing cr,.\'ed blrri:. The velocitv oi jci is ll m/s, Thc j(]i m.kcs nn
.rntlle 30r'wilh lhc drr,'cti,,o oi nn)trln ,)l irl, t ' i,l lt'(,",r1 ,,rrtl, t. I rrr.l th.:
Lllade angles at inlct and outlcL ilork clonc Pcr unit nlass of \11rtcr.]n(l
cfticrenry.

,r, Outlet Ve locitv

- Diagra.m

V.1 Inlet Velocity

Diagram

Fig. P1.38
Given Data:
Velocity of ieL V = 24 m/s
Velocity of blade, u = 12 m/s
Angle, d = 30o
Angte, I = 1800- 160() =20o

95
To Find:
outlet (0)
- Blacle angles at inlet (O) and
lvater
- Work done Per unit mass of
- Efficiency, rl
Solulion
uhirl
vetocity of at inlet
i--rl.i.r".i.tg it,:",""locity diagram'
= Vcos30o = 2{ cos3oo
V* = 20 78 m/s
V sin3oo = 24 sin3oo = 12 m/s
Velocity i flow at inlet' Vf =
V,
'
Now. tane = =-
v,,-u
12
ot, :,al].e = 2Oi8]12
or, e = 53 81o Ans'
v. t2
-
Relative velocity at inlet,
" .it o "in53
t^/s
81"
oLVl = 14'87
losses
and negltng fricrional
From outlet velocitv ctiagram
Vr, = Vr = 14'8l m/s
Vfi coso _ u
Velocity of whirl at outlet' vw1 =
V- sin0
Now. tanp=-;
V sind
or, tanP=-lL:
14.87sin0
or, tan20" =
14.87 coso -12
or, 5.4lcoso - 4.37 = 1487 tarri
side df the above equation
will
,, i'= n., *" t"f, *"o side and right hand
be equal.
fherefore, I = 4.J
Again, Vwr = Vrrcoso - u
 or, Vwr= 14.37cos4o - 12 = 2 83 m/s
Worl donc I'er llnit m.1ss ol wnler = I lVw - (-\'w )l u

: (\ri\, + vlvr)u
- (20.78 + 2.E3) 12
= 283.32 Nm/s Ans.
Kinetic energy suPPlied by iet Per unit Fass of\!'ater
(25F ^.^ -Nm
=l-= )) =J11.5- s
work done pcr unit maas oI water
Therefore, efficiency 1 =
kinetic €nergy suPPlied P€r unil mass of s'ater
283 32
= 0.9066 or 9o.66'2, Ans.
312.5

Problem r.39
A iet of water of 10mm diametel strikrs at the centre of a fixed
curved blade. The iet is deflected tfuough an angle of 1600 lf the water
flow rate is 2.5 l/s and the force acting on tht blarle is 140 N, find thc
ratio of actual force and theoretical force working on the blade
Corsidering friction, find also the mtio of velocities of water at outlet
and inlet.

1
L
FiA. P-L.39

97
civen Data:
Diameter of jeL d = lomm
Flow rate of water, Q = 2.5 l/s = 0.t1025 m3 /s
Angle, e = 1800 - 1600 = 20o
To Find:
- Ratio of actual force and theoretical force
- Ratio of velffities at outlet and inlet
Solulion
Cross-.ectional rren of iel, a =
trxd'" --- I x (0.01tr mr
4' I
o -rffi--31.83m/s
0.0025
vclocity of u -;*
'er.
Theoretical foi.e acting in the direction of idt,

F,-g
= r: 11 *.*61
or, p.' -- M rI
9.81 4 "16.61)2
x(3L83)'zx(l + cos20 )
or. F^ . 1c4.35 N
Now rdtiool.ctual force and rheoretical rorce - -0.q1 Ans.
15;435q
of water at outlet
Let- K= Velocitv
'
VPIocitv of water at inlet
Now force acting i"n the direction of jet considering triction
F" =IaV x{V -KVcos(180" - 0)l
c
o.. p'g-- IIL 111a 666s6;

or. 0. r4 = 1dl ,I*ro.orl'x(31.83)rx(l+K.r,s20")

9.81 4
or, K -0.8I Ans.

9a
 Problem 1.40
' In a iet propelted boat water enters throtrgh orifices at right angles
to the direction of motion of the shiP. The water is dis.harged through
h^r'o
iets provided at the back of the shiP. The (liameter of each jet is 155
mm. If the total resistance offered to the motion of the boat is 5 kN, find
the volume of water discharged through the back side and the efficiency
ofiet propulsion. The l,elocitv of the boat 5.5 m/s-

Given Data:
Velocity of boat, u = 5.5 m/s
Diameter of each iet, d = 155 mm
fotal resislance lo motion, F = 5 kN
To Find:
- volume ofwafer discharged, Q
- efficiency of iet propulsion, rl
Solution
Total ar€a of iets, a >rd, = 2 x " r (0.1 i5),
- 2x144 = 0.O37Zm:

Now propelling force = !1h(V. - u)

The propelling force is equal to the resistance to motion of the ship.

T}erefore, F = faV.(V. -u)

n,,' s --?!).s.s3zzx v.(v. - s.5)

9.A1
or. 1.12.o0 = V,: 5.5V.
ot, v,; -5.5v,-132.6=o
5.5iJ(5.5)r+4x132.6

99
 only' we haa'e
Considering Positive siSn
Vr = l{.59 m/s
Now ';,;. ol w'lter disch'rrgcd' 0-55 m:l/s
t" " volume Ans'
vr 0 0377 Y I{5q =
- : 2(V' -
u)rr
t1
Efficienc-v of iet ProPulstion' - 1;1-
=4rtrHi',
0'697 or' 4t'97'Y" l\ns'
=

Problem l'41 three orihces r'rce5 the

ln a iet ProPelled shiP water enters throrrEh
of e'rch orificc is
asi6n
The 'liameter
n,*.n." "i*cr""t "nd rs eiected is 3'6 If the efficiencies of iet'
152 rnm the velocity of the shiP
and 'nlt find the Power
727" 81'f" and 62"/" resl'ectively'
,rrt ^.0 entine are
" lo the shiP-
req,rired Uy ttte engine ProPel

Given Data:
d 152 mm
Diameter of each orifice' =
Vctocity of the shiP' u =36mls
Efficiency of jet' rli = 0'72
0 81
Efficiency of PumP' \P =
Effi(iency of engine' l'' 0'62

To Find:
. Power o[ the enAinc' P

**
Solution thc orificcq
flowing Per second rhrough
i = -"'rnt of water
w_,
Propelhng energv of i"6 -Jl1v' -u1u

loo
 ' Now efficiency of iet propulsion, L = -;2t'

or.O7?-=-''
V, + 3.6
or'Vr=64m/s
' WciShl flow rale oi wnter, W - 1x 4lxd'> 3 x V.

9.81xlx{0.152)rx3\5 4
4
= 3.42 kN /s
overalt efficiencv = ProPelling energy
' input power to the engine(1,)
^ W/e(V--u)u 3.42 / 9.81xG.4 - 3.6't3 6 =97)kt,f Ahc
rl,rl.rL 0.72x0.81x0.1,2

Problem 1.42
In a iet propelled boat water enters through the front 6ide,and is
discharged over lhe stern. The total area oI jets is 0.25m2 and the flow
rate of water is 5 m3ls. If power required by the pump is 350 kW,
calculate the speed of the ship, propelling forcc of the jets and efficiency
of propulsion.

Given Data:
Cross-s€ctional area of iets, a = 0.25m2
Flow rate of water, Q = 5 m3/s
Power required by tie pump, P = 350 kW
To Find:
- speed ofboat, u
- propelling force of ietr F
- efficienry of propulsion, 11

tor
 Solution
Q ,"
ttel.ltive velocity oa jet .nd boat, V. = = -!-
0.24
= ZO'

Mass tlorv rate of water Per second =EL

c
. Energy of u'ater entering into the onfic* = *.t'
Now power supplied b) 13V' 1y,' tr')
the PUmP, P ' z8

7::"20 r(20)'2 r"

o,, 3so:e'81:0 L).81
2x
I

' or,u=16.12mls Ans'

Propelling force of iets, F = mass flow rate of water x change of velocity

= _1V,
rav.,,, _ u)
s
e.81,rj 20
uT " t o -, e.rrl
= 19.4 kN Ans.
2Lr 2x16-12
Elficiency of proPulsion, I' = ,-
V,+u 20+16.12
= 0.8926 or,89.26"/" l'.ns'
Problem 1.43
A iet ProPelled boat draws 350 I/s of water through orifices at
right angles to the direction of its motion and discharges at the back side
throuSh an orifice of area 0.05 m2. If the boat moves at 5 m/s find the
propelling force.

Given Data:
Flow rate, Q = 350 l/s = 0.35 m3/s
Area of discharge of orifices, A = 0.05 m2
Velocily of the boal, u 5 m/s
 To Find:
-tlrotlcllinA forcc, F
Solution
! 0Jl. "
' - .\ - 00' 7,,,7,
J{elnritL'\cl,,.irr.,r J,t.1n(1 h(irr. V.

I'ropellirrg force, F = rllir(V, - u)

g
9.81x.07 x5 x(7 -5t
=0.7 tN Anr.
,ff
Problem-1.44
- In a iet propclled ship warer enrers rhr(,ugh intet orificcs iaccs in
thc direcrion of motion and discharginS ar tlre rate of t6 m/.s rclrrive to
slrip. The sp.'cd of th(,ship is 5 m/s and rhc (rus: s,rrr,,rrrt .rr,,.r ,,t i< ,(t
0.2 n.r2. Find the propelling force, power excrh.d Lrv iet .inLl cfficicncy of
propulsion.

Civen Data:
Rel.lti|c tck)cit_\. of iet nnd ship, Vr = 16 m/s
l hc spced of thc ship, u = 5 m/s
Cross-secti(n.rl .rrcn {,f ic,r, a = 0.2 m2
To Find:
- propelling force, F
- power exerted by i{]t, P
cllicicncy ot propulsion. 4
So lu I ion

M.rs. tk'- r.rte, m . -EV'

.g
Propulsir.e force, F - ma$s flow rate x change or rekrih
'llv....
_tv,_tl,
=
g

r03
 9.81x0.2 x 16,-, -.
rh cl
9.E1
= 35.20 kN Ans.
l,(.)!,!,er exerrecl by rhe ier, P = propulsive
force x velo.ity of shiP

IL1v. -.4., = 35.20 x 5 krV

=-t

= 176 kW Ans.
Now efficiencY of ProPulsion,
2t 2x5
= 0.4762 ot,47.62"1' Irns'
n= r.;= 16+5
Problem 1.45
with a Presstlre
Watei is flowing through a 2o0mm diinleter PiPe
a 45olend ii the PiPe'
df i48 kN,/m2 and a velocity of 2 m/s' if there is
the bend'
find out the magnitude and directionof lblc€ acring on

Fig. P1.45

l&+
 Given Data:
Diameter of PiPe, dt = d2 = 200 mm
Velocity of liater, Vt =V2=V=2\a/s
hessure in the piPe, Pr = Pr = I'j= 1{8 kN/m2
To Find:

- - Force acting on the bend, Il

Solution
1'(o'z)2 o:trn'l
Cross-sectional area of pipe, 1 =a, =a = f ,a2 = =o

Volume flolr, rare, Q = av = 0.0314 i2 = 0.0626 m3ls

Considering X{irecrion,
force F1 = clynamic force + static force

(,r,F, = Lv(V, - V:c(lso)+ P,ar Prarcose

1l
- = 9.81x.0628.- ^ l48x.03ll(1-cos45")
or,l.- zcos45,'){
9_81
or, I-r = t.40 kN
C,,nsidcring Y<Jire(tion,
-(z
force Fy = d]'namic forcc + static force

".,
P. - JYlg - V,sin0)+0-P:ir:sin0

F = -_:l-i-:- - (0 - 2sirr 45') - l{8\.01 ll

9 a1x.O628
t,r. x sin 45"
9.81
or, Fy = - 3.37 kN
Rcsultant force acting on bend
R=li'*Fi
,,.,n = 1,[. +q.i1 3:zt'
or, R = 3.65 kN Ans.
Now. tano = _ '
F . or,t.rnfr =
i37
--:-::_ or, ,( - 67.+lt) Ans.
F l-4

I05
 EXERCISE

ctrrvod vancs tixed

Iirr \\?tcr striking a serics of r'l(lial
a jct ot
rvheel' rleclucc the Eulcr-
.".rt",i, ,,, ttle rinl 1)f a rotating at one tiP and
water is enteing each tafle
*1.'"'"
'l""r"i.,-
lcaving at thc other tiP' orl a
ofth' ;et striking tlormally
7_ ,r..'" Ur", ,n" -.r^trnum cfticiercy
of the wheel is 5(l'7''
,.r'...iii", ot"t"t ".'ounted on the PeriP}tcry the work done
tt)I the f()rce of a mo\ ing ict and
3. "rr,."..t,'"t inclined to jct'
;.^." .t: flat Plate normal b iet and Plati vane' ('hen the
""r1.'" flat
(T a mo\'ing curved
Find the force exerted b-t- a igt
also thc
at it. one end tarrsenrinllY Find
;;'.,;;,;. ""' m'
.'nrcssron of efficiency for thc svstL
const'lnt ht'ad "f 7t)tn
l'., ,', *,". 50mm cliamctcr rrn(l('r '1
"t cx('rted bv thc iLt ii tlrr
il:;., ;';. flnt plare' F'nd thc rorc'
coefficient of velocity is
09
iAns 2.is kN)
o[ lvatcr is 30 m/5 ltstrilr5
The velocity of a 75 mm diametcr ict
at an ansle of-+so 'vith the axis of thc iot lt
"';",;i:;,i;"t".:" with a velocity of 15 m /s in the dirccti(nr
of
,n" ,ii " -"*, "*zr,
the iet, find the efficiency of
the system
(Ans. 12_5,1,)

of
of 25 m/'s striking a serics
7. A iet of water having a velocity
rim of a wheel rotating at lll(l
,"0t", **"0 vanes fixed on the
witl' lhe tanlcnl t" tht wh"cl
-rn, lhc ret makes an angle of 30o
or the rvhcer 'rrc I m an'l
.'i;; ;'"i-;'; ', * ,"rer a;d outret r'rdiruheel with a velocity of 5
,r., Water leaves the
r"-.O".,ttt',
",i the tangent k' the wheel at outlot'
,1vli ot u,.ongt" of fZOo to

t06
 Calctrlat. tire c,fficitrrcv of thc w.ecl.
(Ans- 76.5u,2,

. tl. A ict of water strikes a fixed ry-.oerticnl clrr\'!'d Pl'1t'' dt thl'

centre' Th€'diameter of the iet ilt 90 mm ancl thc vclocitv is
_ls

- m/s. Calc latc the forcc of t*tejielift th{ dircct;on of the ict it it is
deflectrd throtrgh an angle,of:iilg+by lh ctln'ect Plate-
' (Ans- 2+.([] kN)
l

l()';
 CHAPTER 2

IMPULSE TURBINE

2.1, Intiodu€tion:
imPLrlse of
An ilnFr.llse turbine is a trrbine which is driten Ll)'ihe
the dam fkx^'s throLr8h a
\\,ater. L1 case of an imPulsc ttrrbine w'ater from
a nozzlc'
pjpelirle. After Passing a Suide mechanism it coines out through
form
all tho energy of 11'ater is conlertecl into kinetic energv' Water in thc
of a jct lrom nozzle imPinges on the buckets fi\ed
to the olrter PeriPhcrY
. of .r r-unning l:heel. After coming oui df
thc brrckets lvater ildLs \vith n

Ior^' \'clocitv In tllis Process, energy from wrter

is tran:iferrcd h) ihc
$:hcel. Thc f,ressure of 11'ater both at entering and
leaving the buckcts' is
. lm,,.fl uri..

2.2 Pelton Wheel: .

It is thc onl) imputst' tLrrbine being used 't Ptcseni an1lDg

Le !ter A I'rlknr
diiiL'rcnt tvPCs oi inrPLrl:'! t!rlrincs' American t ngineer
invcnte(i this tLrrlrinc ir lltE()- This tLrrbine reqtrires comParativcly ]L'sscr
.nrcunt of r\ atcr.rnd it i\'orks (ndcr a verv hiSh he'rd Watcr is con\ c]'ed
'ihrouth Pcnsk)cks t(r thc tlrrbinc in thc Poilcr housc from ountnin
joined at ihe ond of
rcservoir. Insi.le the casing oi tl,e ttirbinc a noTzle is
speed of thc
pcnsk)ck. The numbcr of nozzlcs dePenlls on the sPecific
tlrrbine. Water corl.'s out of thc nozzle as 1 free
jet' Thc water iet
the PeriPlrlrry of
impinges at atmosPheric Pre:'strre on thc buckets fixed k)
ses the wtocl k)
a lvhecl. The ilnP.rct of j(rt P(r(tuces i force il llich ca
shnfi' Thc
k)tntc, ihus, strPPl]'ang . k)rqLro or nrcchanical PoiIer on thc
$'ator ict strikcs .lt thc mid(lllr ot ihe (lo b'c hl'misPlleric;rl cuP
sh'rt'od
in botll
L,uckcts .nd disch.lrges L'ackrr.rril 'rntt fll)ws niiain tangentiallv
the bucket thc
the (tircctions to.-t\tid thrust on thc whcel Atlcr striking

los
 i(t is detlcctcd throuith I650 iDstGrd of lti0o. A' n r('sult the outgoing
ict
docs not hit the b.1ck ()t the incoming huckcts .in(l rcLlrces tho nrotion oi
the Nhccl. Alter doing i\'ork on thl'buckets th,,u.rter is rlisch.rgcd ink)
ihc t.ril krcc. Thc nlreel is install.Ll in su.h.r m.lnnor so thnt durinr
rot.ti(u thc buckots do not splash iik)tholail rirce \nicr. thjs t]?r'oi
turlrin!' is not suitatrle for- lorv htad. Because for.1 gi|cn pou.cr ii the he.rd
is roi{rrced, thc rnt.' of flot\, h.s k) be incrc.rse(i. As a result tire jei
dinnlctcl- rvill be bit8er, conseqnently tlle rlmncr (lLlmcirr rvill also bt
increascd. Duc k) k) 'head the iet velocity and the Peripheral \'.'locitv of
nrnncr n'ill be rec{r:cccl. So tor incrcase of runrlcr dhmcter and (lec.case oi
runner velocity lr,ill make th!' turbine bulky nnd slorv running ilD lon'
l)eadr. I hrs trrrbinc con\ist\ of the followrng conrp,,ncnts:

- Nozzle with control mechanism

Rnnncr and bu&cts
- Casing

Hvclratrlic brakc
:;'.72 r.)
BuL.ket

unner

Shaft

Tai I

Fig- 2.1 Pelbn wheel dcirils.

I0<r
 2.3 Pelton Wheel Efficienci€s:
Ii) indicdto the Periorm'rncc t)f Pclk)n lrhecl thc iolloi{ing iyPes

()i ('if i.ionci{]s.rrc}l(rlornll\ useLJ-

,,. ll\.lr,t.lt.'liri,r,tt,t'ttt't
h. N{e.h.lniolEiaiciclrc\(Lne.h)
L t \, r.rll l-llr('i' rt(\ (r1,,,
Nomenclature:
Lot Ur = PcriPheral \'!'lt)citv at inlet
Ur = pcriPheral lelo.ity at outlet
' Vr = absolute velocitY at inlet
V: = absolutc Iclocit\' .1t outlet
Vrr r- r r'1,'crtr rit !t hirl .11 inl't
V!vr= r'clocity ()f rvhirl .1t outlct
i\ \r,i itht iltlt( r.rt\'('f s'.rtcr
llr = ouilct blade angle
H = hcarl availatrle .rt th{| nozzle.
Sonrc inlPor tant tcrnrs arc rrcerlcrl b cletinc clearl] beforc defining
lh. (1ifi.r{'nt clii.irrl.ies.
- Head at the source: lt i5 the hciSht of thc frec l\';tcr surf'rcc in tllc
rL'-eltr.,ir .rt,,,ru ttrc ttrlbirr( rnlt't i'|r' it is lltc lr(tLj 'rl thr ''rtrrrc "i
(rn'rFv
- Head at inlct to turbine: lt is the cnergy he.rd of water at inlct to thil

I lcnd.t inlet k) turbine = He.r(l it:'ource - fri.tional.'rnd othcr k)sses in

rlrfL ll'r(
= Energv hoad of ot,tlct w.rtcr . r^'(xk dolc Per tc'{n1d Per trnit wcight of
ll ntcf , t rlirn, L,,\(.\
=Fncrayhcn,i of olrrlct i{dter F -(U,V.",
I
-U'V'. ) tLrrl'rn' l'*r''

lto
 When nothing is mention.'d he.rd.1t inlot to tlrrhine is assumed to be eqlral
_
to that at source.
-Turlrine horse Power: Turbinc lrorsc fotl cr or tvater horse Power
(WHP) means the h)'drauli( outFut oi thc itrrt'!ne'

Therefore, !\I}ll' work donc t r thc rtrrrrr,'r per 'tond

w
-(u,v., - u \/...)
B
- Brake horse Power (BHP): It is the actual outPut Pol\'{rr of thc turbine
shaft. Due to traflsmission k)sscs BHP is alwavs less than the WHP.
Therefore, BFIP. t4rHP - power lnss rhrr'k' mc. h.lnical resist'lnce'

la) Hydraulic EfficiencY (nh)

.
h!draulic ouloul (WHI')
N'rw' n.
'h
_

hvdraulic input ar the nol./le

The work done by a Pelton wheel may also be eYPr.'ssedas thc differenc'c
o{ kinetic encrBi nt inlet and outlet.
w
Th,:rcfore. $orl d.rne - ^28 rVi- V])

vi -v:
'rn
- - --il-
so n,,H
u,v.,, _ urv.,
gg
,'r, rl, - H
li thc coeflicient of vt'ltrcitli tirr thc nozrle is trnitv, lh( hl'drnulic inPUt
ivill be e(tual to Vrr / 2g.

lt,nr.forc. n,. -
2U{V -qxl rc{'sp:) Hc,c U. t- r
v

l
 I r 9sp'
V.r\imurnhldr.rtrliccfticrencv' nhim'r{m')
If the bLrckeis deflect the iet through fSOo' B: =
0" and the hydraulic
the maximum efficienq' 'arcly
efficiency becones 10o'l'": In Practice'
the j(t leaving a buckei strikes
95'l.. If t1t" ungle Pf is made zero
"r."".i. exerts 'r retarding force ln order
on the back of the follo\t'ing blrcket and
bucket' the angle is usually kePt
to keep the jet clear of the {ollowing
between 10o tu 20o.
(b) MechanicalEfficiency(4me.h):
at the turbine to the
. It is the ratio of thc actual work availilble
.nercv imp.lrted k' the wheel'
horl dvailable 'rl the sh^ft
--lro-rr.
nrn".r, aon",.n rr," *tt""t
SHP or BHP
hYdraulic outPut (WHP)
BHP
ll(Urv.", - U,v". )
g
BI{P
ll(v''
)o - v")
(c) overall Efficiency (4o):
turbine to
It is the ratio of actual Power produced by the
the

enersv achrallv strpplied bv the turbine

ivort' ar 'rilable 'rt tlrc 'haft
Thcrefore,
poxcr.rrttlable at the bns{ of no77le
SHP WHP.
(!,'ro - - ---
\\ Hp po*.er rnFut at -the n( '-X
ln<<Ps are not
or, Io = 4a.h x nh (Here PiPe line
considerccl)

t12
2.4 WorkinS ProPortions of Pelton wheel :
A Pelton irheei has the followint working ProPortions'
- Jet velo.ity
lhe rheoretrcal\,eltxilyof iet= rDgH nhert H ishe'ld r!1il'rbl(
at the nozzle.
Howe1,er, the actual velocity is Siven by, V, = C, lAgH
where C1. is the .oefficient of velocity foi the rrozzle, which varies
from

0.97 to 0.99.
- OutPut Power:
If the losses in the nozzle are neSlected the actual Power
developed by the Pelton wheel (SHP) is Siven b]'
SHP = rlo x water horse Power
where rlo i< the overall efficienc)
Water horse Po$'er (wHP) = Q 1H
where Q - volume dow rate of I^ ater
1- sPe(ific weight of wattr
H - head aviilable at the tLrrbine inltt
- Oullel Angle, P2:

The angle B2 varies from 10o to 20o The average value of ll2 is
15Cr.

- ,et d iameter, d

The jet diameter can be calculated from lhe following exPrcssion

a=lxa'xc"",{zsH
4Q
or'.,:\ftc]2}H-l

l13
- Speed ratio 0:
(U) k) thc
It is the ratio of the lelocit-Y oI \\'hccl ilt P;tclr circlc
iheoretical iet velocitv.
io a) = _:
U
\ 28H
The valtlc of the sPeed varies from 0 431o {)_+7-
'atio
- Mean dinmeter of the !'heel' D
_fhe
mean diameter of the wheel maf be obt'rincd
frt)m the

peripheril .pPPd I U).

nDN
i.o. U =
60
60U
,,r-, o = where N is the sPeed oI the wheel
,rN
This diameter is also known as pitch diameter'
- ,et ratio, m
It is the ratio of the Pitch diameter of the wheel to the jct

i.e. m = D/d
fhc jet rilllo rarres from 1l to 14'
- Size of buckets
The main dimensions of the buckets a( exPressed in terms of jet

diameter-
Radial tength of bucket = 2.3d to 3 2d
Axial width of bucket = I to 5d
Depth of bucket = 0-8d to 1.2d
where d it the lel di.rmeter'
of the
Generally, the following dimensions are ustd for the desiSn
buckets.
DePth of bucket = 1.2d
Width of bucket = 5d

I14
 - Number of buckets, Z
The nrrmber of buckets is usually obt.rineci from the follorvirrg
empirical formula.
7= J]* 15 = 6.5 - * 15 where m is iet ratio.
?d

Problem 2.1
Show that theefficienc), of the Pelton wheel is m.lximum i{,hen the
velocitv of the buckets equals half the velocitv of the iet. Find also the

tz
(a) (b)
Outlet Veloc ity Ort l et
(V nesative) V Dositiv(,)
Diasram
I:i9.P2.1 Pelton
u-
!
Di aeral1r
Il{rel bucket and velocity trinnglc\.
(

Let us consider a iet of water issuing from the nozzle strikes the buckcts
oI the runner ofa Pelton u,heel

lt5
Nomenclature;
U, = .0.",r," \'elocity of before
jet st k'ng the bucket
".'t, \'': = <rbsolute IetocitY of iet leai'ing the i'uckei
bucket at inlet
U, = peripheral r'elocity of the
the bucket at outlet
U3 = peripheral velociti of
b(cket at inlet
Vi, = r"tntite t'etocity of water and
and buclet at outlet
Vrz = relative r'elocitv of wate'
vtr tcloc'tY of flo\ 'rt inlei
Vf. - \'elocil\ ol flow at oullet
Vw, = velocity of whirl at inlet
\rw. = \'elocitY of whirl at outlet
bucket tiP angle at outlet $'ith
the tangent
P2 =
circle
D = diameter of the l"'heel at Pitch
B'hich the wheel is working
H = total head of watcr under
N ' sPccd of thc whcel (rPm)
Derivation of equations:
jnlet l'clociti, diagram rvill be a
n,1- U,. r..,". "trcrs tangentiallr'' the
velcrity djagram'
straight line. From thc inlet
V., -- V, - t 2gH
V., = V,-U,
,rn.i V' --0
inlet an(l outlet tiPs of the bucket
Peripheial velocity, U1 = U2' because
the centre of shaft'
arc at the same distance {rom
\cglcctrng lri( lton ll Io-ses

considering case (a)'

From the outlet velo'ity diagram
V-.-="..*P.-U Putting L1=U2=U
Since Vri = Vr'
rx, Vw- = (V, - U) cosllz - U
 Nowlorceperunil \vcitlrtofwater= -LtV-, V.' )
.
For case (a), Vrv? is neg.lti(e because Vw, is in the oPPosite direction as

that of V!fi.
Therefore, force per unit u'eight ofwater =1(V'., + V"- )

_ Now, $'ork done Per unit weiSht of water

E = force x
's
velocity = 1(U,v"., * Urv,, )

or, E-.
U(v* -v".)
since u, =u?=u
II
or,E- "-.1V, + 1V, - U)cosP, - Ul
a
- o.,s = 9l(v, - U)+(v, -u)cosp,l
s
o.,6=91v,
c
-u;1r+cosp.) (i)

vi
Kinel,c pncrtv ol jet Per unil weitht of water' ;g
Hydrauli( efficiencl ut fellon wheel,

'lh
= '"o'!!e!!r1lli1l!4!{lrEl-
E"".lr' *rPPli"d P* .,"it .ei8ht of rvater
U(V1 U)(1+cosB2)/ 8
or. 'th - /L
--il 'l''t)
.. - )L(Vr Lxl/cosp2)
,,r''rl,
vj

rt7
 For a given iet t'elocity Vr and the bucket trP anglc P2
at outlet the

Lon(liliorr Ior ma\rmum effi ien( ! is

dnh
=0
dU
d I 2U(V, U)rl+cosP-)l _n
dul V,' I

2r V, - UXlr c'rsP-)
- O
vl
lhereforc, V 2U
orU =VJ2 fuo'/ed'
is half of the
' Hence for maximum hydnulic efficiency velocity of wheel
jet velocity, -
Expression of rnaximum hydraulic efficiency
ptltting U =
Maximum lvork done Per unit weight of water is obtained by
V,/2 in equation (i)
f,1y, _ y,;11_cosp,)
I lrerelorc, m.r\imLlm work done

= J 11*,-,,'3.,
4E

S,), m.1\imum hy,lr.rulrc cffiriency

1/:
'l(l"cos0.)
4g' li cosft)
nFrm'r\m')--r:li-- 2
,s
Problem 2.2
m
A Pelton l'heel develoPs 7000 kW ivorkrhg trndcr a hcad o''175
at.l00 rPm. Thc sPeed rati() is 0-_17 and the coetficient ()f velocity is 0-97'
If th. overall eificiencY is 85'l', find the wheel di'lmetcr nnd iei diameter'

118
t
I
Given Data:
Power developed, P - 7000 kW
l
Head,H=475m
,L Speed of the turbine, N = 400 rpm
SPeed ratio, O= 0.47
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.92
Overall efficieltc, Ih = 85%
To Find:
Wheel diameter, D
- Iet diametet d
Solution
Let Q = water flow rate
I I = periphelal velocity of wheel
P
werall ethoen.v- n =-
"afi
or.u.65 = _ 7000
ex9.Btx47S
ot' Q = 177 tu3/s
Velocity of iet, V, =C".,lzgH:0.97\2 x9.81x 475 =93.(Am/ s
U
Speed ratio,

tJ
ot,o.47 =
93.64
or, U = 44m/s
,EDN
Again, pedpherai velocity, U =
60
. or,o=%=L7^
Discharge, Q = Ix4'z; Y,

ll9
 tr-
or I.77 -' d7 ' o3.o4
4
or,d.0lOm Ans'
Problem 2.3 jet of
sPeed of 11 m/s with a
A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket buckel
water flowing at the rate of 0 72
m3/5 uflder a head of 32m- The
The coefficient of velocity for the
anff"., tfr. pat,ottgn an angle of 1600
"orrf.irO.sACalculatethehydraulicefficierrcyandthewaterhorce
'Given Data:
Bucket sPeed, U = U1=tJz=
71rn/s
Water flow rate' Q = 0 72 m3ls
Head,H=32m
o'98
Coefficient of velocity' Cv =

ll
Blade angle at outlet' B2 = 18Oo -
1600 = 20o

To Find:
Hydraulic ef ficiency, Ih
- Yy'ater horse Power

l -V:-v--
F-ur---f-"rJ
ln1et Velocity Diagram .")'-

lz
'.,
Outlet Velocitv Diagram
Fig. P2.3
120
Solution
Velocity of whirl at inlet, Vwr= Vr
Velocitl'of jet, v, = C-.,[gH = o. os^,At 9 r ':7 =24 56m / s
Relative relocilvat inlet, Vr -Vr Ur=12{5r' 1l)m/"-l'l'sbm/:
Npglccting fri(Hon, V, =V. -1156m/'
'2 |

Velocity ofwhirl at outlet, V.". = V,, cos0, -U,

= 13.56 cos2oo - I1

Work done per second Per unit weight of water

II
- -" -( v- )l - U:(v, r v..)
lv-.
s"'E vi
Kinetic energy suPPlied by iet Per unit weight oi water = 28
u-
(v' * v*' )

G
=--n-=--w
2U(Vr + V",.) 2 t1,1,124.56 +1.71)

'0'9596 ot 95 e6% Ans'

water horse Power (WHP) = Q f H

=0j2 x g.A1 x 32 = 226 kW = 30307 hP Ans'

Problem 2.4
A double iet Pelton wheel oPerates under a head of 45 m head
Pflrciencr
and develop. 1000 kw when rrrnning at 450 rl'm' Tlre nYerall
is 0 98'
of the turbine is 86% and the coefficient oI velocity lor the nozzle
Find the water flow rate and the diameter of nozzle iet'

t2r
Given Data:
Power develoPed' P = 1000 kW
Head.H=45m
450 rPm
SPeed of tlte turbine' N =
Overall eflicienry, no- 86%
Coefficient of velocitY' CY = 0-98
\umber of iet' n = 2
To Find:
llowrale of water' Q
- Diameler of nozzle jet' d

P
Norv overall efficiencY, n" =
eTH
r000
o,.0.86_[, e:iIE
or' Q = 2'63 m3ls Ans'

x lfrV a; = z9 t2m / s
= c''V28H = 0 98'{-z
v'
velociiv oi the jet'
wheel must be equal to the discharge
The total discharge through the
through the iets-
lt ., .,
lhcrefore, Q = nX -xcl x vl

^. ) ^1= 2xLid')r29.12
or,d = O'24m Ans'
 by
that the effici€ncy of a Pelton ivheel is rePresented

19tC. rXf f k cospr) Hereois lhe sPeed ratio' Cv is the coclficient

(l
of velo.it-v and V,. = kV,,

Solution

l-_vr=v
L-'r--l._'#
Inlet Velocity DiagraB

FigP25'

the nozzle strikes the buckets

l,et us consider a iet of water issuing from
of the runner of a Pelton wheel'

123
Nomenclature:
thebucket
Let, Vr = absolute velocity ofjetbefore striking
V2 = absoltLtc Yelo'ity ofwater leaf
ing dre bucket
inlet
Ul = PeriPheral velocity of the br''ket at
U2 = PeriPheral velocity of the
bucket at outlet
inlet
vrr = relative velocity of water and bucket at
bucket at outlei
Vr7 = relative velocity of water and
Vfr = velocity of flow at inlet
Vf2 = velocilY of llow at oullet
Vwr = velocity ofwhirl at inlet
Vw? velocirY of whirl al outlel
p2 = buclel tiP.rnBle at outlel
the wheel is workin8
H = total head of water under which
N = sPeed of the wheel
Derivat ion of equation:
the jnlet velocity diagram will
o" ,i. -or., "n,"., ,t'te wheel tangentially'
diagran!
t,e a stralght li.te. from the inlet velocity
v"., = v,
V, =V, -Ul

Peripherat velocity, Ul = U2' becaus€

inlet and outlet tiPs of the bucket
of shaft'
are at the same clistance from the centre
Considering the fricfional loss in the buckets
V.. = kV, where k is a tuaction less than unity'
VclocitY of whirl at outlet
V,-. = V,. cosP, - U Putting U=Ul =U2

= kVrr cosEz -U
= k(Vr - U) .ospz - U

t24
 1
' \ow lorcc per unit weiSht of vlaler -1V", -r-V,.,)J
I

=.1 +v"')
. g:(v"'
Work done per unit weight of water
E = force x velocity
I
or,E=:(U,V." +U,V," )
g
U
or, E- (V- rV--) since U,= L.= U
s
I1
or,E =:lV, + k(V, - U)cosF, -Ul
II
or,E =:(Vr - U) (t + kcos0,)
I
Vi
Kinetic energv ofiet per unil wcighl ofwater - 2g
Hydraulic efficienry ofPelton wheel, \
work done per unit weight of water
-
h Tn"rgy suppl;ed per Lrnil weiShl ol h'rle"
U(Vr - U) (1+ kcosp, ) / g
or.n'=+
'1t 't
2U(V1 -U)(l+k(osE.)
or, ,lh
v1

No*"p."a *ti",0=ffi
and v, = C"J2gH
2oJ28H (C, V2gH OJ2gH)(l r kcosP))
hererore. 'rh
r =
t.Ir;E)-
20(C, - O)(l + kcosp,)
or. -IF - ---- Proved.
Ca-

l25
Problem 2.6
A Pelton wheel is suPPlied with fi\e equal diameter PiPcs
leading to the nozzle
connected in parallel to a shorf common PiPe
show that for
Ncglecting the losses in the short PiPe and in ihe nozzle'
mrximum kinetic energy of the jet the nozzle diameter
L is the length of each
d = \25D2 / 2fL)1/ , where D is the PiPe diametet
4

pipe and f i< lhe friction Fdctor'

Solulion

D,L

,v1

--;;----l

Fi8. P2.6
Nomenclature:
Diameter of each PiPe = D
Length of each PiPe = L
Friction factor for each PiPe = t
Velocity of water in each PiPe

't 25
Velocitv of water in the nozzle = Vl
Diameter of nozzle = d
Total weight ofwater flowing per second = l{
Derivation of equation:
Let H = total head of water
For parallel PiPe system head loss will be equal in all the PiPes
Now applying Berfloulli's equation at the fiee surlace of the reservcir and
at the outlet of the nozzle,

n-U'*9
2gD 29
From continuity equation total flow rate
o- - srID'vl
!r4 l
or, Q=-xd'x vr
dz .. I
or, V =6rx vr x-

Therefore, H- fL d' -.. I*Vj

2gD, D,rvirX Zg
.. flvid{ . vi
' 50gD' 29
v:( fldA 1)
or' H =rl |
g \ 50D' 2/
-+- r 25D5)
., vi (fldr
c 50D'
.,.. v, =fld'l98HD'
+ 25D'
Now kinetic enerSy of the jet Per second,

r=wr-Vi

127
 61,p="JyIxd'xV,xS
or,P=I^;''lL,vi
1 -tt

61,p=4x6rxVf
tJg

...o=;-r'.fffi,.]"'
or,P-Cx where C-'forI r(sogHD') '
(fl-d r 25D-)
For maximum value ofR
df
^
d(d)
.,3/2 ,
ln-d+
+2sD"
)
za - a2 ,1,(raa * zses)1/2 tna3
Therefore, =0
(nan * zsos)'
or. 2d(rld, + 2sDs)'"[(n-a* * zso')- sna'] =o

or, 2d(Il-dr + 2sDs)"'[zso' zn-a'] = o

Therefore, 25D5 = 2lld4
T
'Enr lrA
I
^, ,J =1"'"
I 2fL J
Proved.

Eroblern L1
A Pelton wheel working under a head of 400m develoPing 12000
kw at 750 rpm. The iet diameter is one sixth 6f the wheel diameter and
the overall efficiency of the turbine is 85%. The speed ratio is 0.46 and
the coefficient of velocity for the nozzle is 0.98 Find the wheel di.-tmeter
and the number ofjets required.

128
 .Given Data:
Outpnt powcr, P = 12(100 kW
Speed,N=750rpm
Head,H=400m
Overall efficiency, lo = 857,
Speedratio,0=0.46
Co€fficient of \.elocity, Cv = 0.98
To Find:
Wheel diameter, D
Number of iets, n
Solution
Let d = water flow rate
Vr= velocity of iet
U = peripheral velocity of wheel
d = diametcr of iet

,
ovcrall efficiencv. n",=l
Q/H
L2000
or.0.8-5
'"'"''"-q"9.81x400
=

or,Q=3.60m3/s
lct velmitv, V, =C, JieH =0.98"lZxqgtxt]/|. =S,.SZ^ / s

Spcedratio,O=+
V2sH
or.0.46=g
r/2 x 9.81> 400
or,U=40.75m/s
,rDN
I'cripheral velocity. U =-

. 129
 rxDx750
of, 40.75 =
4,0

or,D=104m
d=
D ^__/ m
u. I
let diameter, - =
Itd'vr
''' =-)n'10 12) /.;
Discharge of one,et, Qr = 4 "8o82-tozrn
I herefore. number oi iels. n - Q- 39
-r.s:r=z a,',.
e- 1.q7

Problem 2.8
through an
-- Tt br.kur, of a Pelton wheel deflect the water iet
" tojet sPeed is 0 47 The speed of
angte of 1600. The ratio of bucket sPeecl
wh-eei is 350 rpm and the hcacl of water
is 165m' Find the diameter of
Tale Cv = 0 98'
wheet and the hydraulic efhcienry'

Given Data:
outlet bucket angle' 92 = 1800 - 1600 = 20(,

SPePd rnrio O 0'47

Head, H 'i65 m
Speed of the wheel, N = 350 rPm
Coefficient of velocitY, Cv = 098
To Find:
- Diameter of the lvheel' D
- Hydraulicefficienry,Ir
Solulion
= oJzsH = 0 47\2xe.alx16s x' 74rt\ / s
ffii.ot ,,"loaty or *r'eet' u =

Velocitv of water at the inlet of buckel'

vr = cv J2;H -oe8 i2xe8Ivl6s'55'7bn/s

r30
 2U(V, - U) (1+ cosPr )

Hv(lraulic €fficenc\ ,

2 x 26.71 x (55.76 - 26 7+) ( 1 + cos 20" )

(55.76)

= 0.9682 or,96.82'i1, Ans.

o'ON
Now peripheral r olocrtv ol wheel, =
' rxD.<350
or
'25
74 -
"o
or,D=1.46m Ans'
nroblem 2.9
A Pelton wheel develoPs 9500 kW working uncier a head of400 n1
- at a speed of 600 rPm- The ratio of wheel sPecct to iet sPeed is 0'47 Thc
overall efficiency of the turbine is 85%, and thr coefficient of vebcitv is
1

0.c6. lf the ratio ol icl diameler and wheel di.rmeter is - , firrd thc rr)

flow rate, (ii) jct diameier and wheel diameter, {iii} number of jots'

Given Data:
Generahed Power, P = 95m kW
Head, H 400 m
Speed of wheel, N = 600 rPm
SPcedratio,0=0.47
Overall efficiency, 1,, = 857,
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.95

Rll,o of iel diameter .r.a *freef ai"-ete.,

fl - fr

l.l I
 To Find:
- Fk)w rate, Q
Iet cliameter (d) and wheel diameter (D)
- N"umlrer of iets, n
Solution
Vclocrty ()f ict, \'=Cr r2rH -0'o^\2 9'8|v4trrl E5'ocm/s

Velocity of wheel, U = O{7V = 0.47 x 85.05 = 39.97 r^/s

P
'
Overall efficiencr'. rL = -_
u'vH
. ()r_0.85 =
9500
exq.8t.,.400
or, Q : 2-85 m3/s Ans.

\/cln.ity of
-
wheel, 'u = 'tDN
60
- xD x5{n
or,39.97 =lt 60
\ m Ans.
or,D =1.27
Thercfore, iet di.lmete 1, d =1'zz x! =9.127n' srrl,'
10

N.,w,fh)$ r.rlc -7t.- d'xn^V

Q-;>
or,2.ga = 4.\ a19.1271. ./ n x85.tt5
ot n = 2.65 i.e. number of iets = I Ans'

Problem 2.10
A fulton whcel workint under a head of 250m is suPPIied wrlh
200 l/s of water- The bucker sPeed is 15 m/s and the iet is deflected
through an angle of 155('. Find the Power dev( loPed by the turbine and
the hydraulic efficiency. Take Cv = 0.98.

132
 Given Data:
Flow rate, Q = 200I/s = 0'2 rnr/s
Heact,H=250m
PeriPheral velocity, U1= lJ2= 16 r /s
Angle of deflection = 1650
Coefficient of velocitY, Cv = 0 98
To Find:
- Power develoPed bY the tirbine, P
- Hydraulic efficiency, tlh

rpr:r.v9-l9ci
Diagram
tvl--ur=v",
L,,-+'J
-

l 4;;

IIV
-2 f,z
anrtlet Vefocitv Diaqram

Ft9 P 210
Solution
Angle of bucket at outleL p2 = 1800- 165('] = 15o
Velooty of water at inleL
vr =crJ2eH =6 96J2''i xl*zo -0863m/<
Relative velocity of water at inlet' Vrr =
vr - U = (68 53 - 16) m/s
= 52.63 n\/s

r33
 Neglecting frictional loss, Vrt = Vrr
Let Vr,v: = vclocity ofwhirl at outlet
fronl ,\rtlel velocitY diagrnm'
U. + V,.-
cosPr=--
l6+ v...
or.cos
' 15" = _;:--
52,OJ
or, Vwz = 34.84 m/s
Work done Per Lrnit weight of water
II
E =:(V". +V* )
s
fLrzq.u + 68.63)
= 9.81'
= 168.76 Nm,/ N
Therefore, generated Power, P = E x 1x Q
= 16a-76 x 9'81 x 02
= 331.11 kW Ans'
E
Hydraulic efficibncy, lh = ti
,o
'L68.'78x2x9 8L
=--$8@
= O7O3l ot' 70 37"/" An.s'

Problem 2.11
develoPs 10'000
A Pelton wheel working under a heail of 350 m
is 0 97 The ratio of
kW at a sPeed of 600 rPm The coefficient of v'locity
wheel diameter and iet
wheel speed and iet sPeed is O'47 and the ratio of
(i) flow rate (ii)
.l;.meter is 13. The overall efficiancy is 807' Find the
wheel diameter and jet diameter (iii) numbe! ofiets'

134
Given Data:
Head.H=350n1
Cener,rted Power' P = 10 000 kI
SPeed of wheel, N = 600 rPm
Coefficient of l'elocitY, C\i = 0 97
The ratio of wheel speed and iet sPeed' O = 0'47

The ratio of wheel diameter and iet dianreter' n) = 13

Overall efficiency, no = 80%
To Find:
- Flow rate, Q
- Wheel diameter (D) and iet diameter (d)
- Numbcr o[,ets, n
Solul ion
x9'81 )( 350 = 3a 95 m /s
Peripheral l,elocity olwheel, U = 0J28H = 0-4711
Velocity of water at the inlet ofbuckeL
v1 = cv1'2gLl ='97i2x9slx350 =60'38m/s
Shaft horse Poi\er {S I-l'I'])
\o$ oYerall efficiency, n., =
rt o t". r,.,.". pn,,.. t w. c. t, t
10.000
,,.,0-SO=@
tu- 000
.,r.0.40 _
O; q 8l_,1_,n
or, Q = 35-1 m3/s Ans'
nDN
PeriDherallelocrh, U= -
'hu
nxDx600
or 3tJ.95 =
60
or,D=12+m
- Ans'
Again, ratio of wheel daametcr and iet diameter' m = D/d
or, d = 1.2-ll'13 = 0.10 m Ans'

1-15
 Flolv rate through one nozzle, q = ,r/4 x d2 x vl
= r/l x (0.1)2 \ 80.36
= 0.63 m3/s
o l.6l i 7ri ,.,'. 6 An(
Iherefor". number ol i"" : - ;;

Problem 2.12.
A .louble iet Pelton wheel wdrks uider.r head of 380m at a speecl
oI550 rprn develoPing 7000 kW. Water is suPPlied through a PiPe line of
I6UOn1 long from the reservoir to the wheel. Th('coefficient of velocity for

the nozzles is 0.98 and the friction factor for the pipe is 0.025. The
overall efficiency of the turbine is 867" and the ratio of wheel sPeed to iet
rpeed 15 0.-16. ll
lhe prpe line losses are 107" of lhe net hend, <aliulate the
(i) mean diameter of the bucketcircle (ii) ietdiameter and PiPe diameter.

Given Data:
Hcad.H=380m
Speed of wheel, N = 550 rPm
Cenerated Powet P = 7000 kW
LenSrh of piPe, L = 1600m
Coefficibnt of !'el(rcitf ,Cv =0.98
Ratio of wheel sPeed to,et sPeed,0 = 0 16

Fricrion factor, f = 0.025

Overall efficiency, no = 86'l'
NLrmber ol Jet. n = 7 :
To Find:
- Mean diameter of buckct circle, D
Jet diameter, d
- Pil.e diameter, dl
 Solution
Hcacl loss due to friction in PiPe, hf = 380 x 0.lll m = 38 m
He.1d at the base oI nozzle, Ht = (380 - 38) m = 342 m
VelocitvofJcr, v -c'.Jrgnt =o ob\l ' q air !' - 80.78,h /s
\ elo, ity ol Lvheel, U 0.4bV = 0 +b Y 80.28 m/s = 36.0 ! m/s
. Atarn, peripheral velncitv ol wheel, U = I 60
.,r.36.93-
o*D"5io
60
or,D=1.28m Ans.
. Let Q = flow rate
a = cross-sectional area of ret
V' velocily of waler in PiPe
I
overall efficiencv.
'*QYH,
7000
.,r.rl.un =
Q\c8ix342
ot'Q=243n\3/s
A;drn,florl'rale, Q. 2rdYV
ot, 2.43 = 2 x n/ 4 x d2 * s0.28

. or,d=O-l4m Ans.
ABa,n,
n,
llow rate, O -; ' ctix V,
.
..a
or. v. =
""' tt/4xdl
Now head loss due to friction in pipe.
fI Vi-
h=
' 2sd,
'

., r, - o'025x l4oxQz ordr=0.88m An5.

2t 'I I "ai
" \l\4'l
137
 Problem 2.13
rvheel is representcd bY
Show that the efficien'Y of a Pelton
2UlV.-U)(i+KcosD,) lvhere vr, KVrl and show lhat the maximum
# =
vi
1+ Kcosp,
efficiencv is equal

Solution

l--vr=v
l--, -:*
ln1et Velocit
"-J -l -')-"

Outlet Velocity
-t*-

v" Di aurarn

Fig, P 2.13 Pelton i{heel bucket and ltlocity diagrams

rlozzle strikes the buckets

Lct ns corlsider a iet of $'ater issuing from the
of the runrer of a Pelton $-heel'
Nomenclature:
L.,t,
Vl lelcrcitl'of iet before striking the bucket
= absolute
Vz = aisolute relcritv of water leavinll the
bucket

Ur = peripheral Yel(rcitY of the blrcket at inlet

r18
 U2 = peripheral r.elociir of the bucket at outlet
Vrr= relative velo.it]- of ivater and bucket at inlL't
Vrr= relati\.e leiocit\' of rvater and b .ket at outlet
Vfr vclo(il)
^fno\ ..1 rnlel
vfr= \,elocity oa flow at outlet
Vrvr= velocity of hhirl at inlet
\i!v2= Yelocity oI rvhirl at outlet
P2 = bucket tip angle at.outlet ra'ith the ranSent
H = k*al heacl oflvater under rvhich the wheel is working
N = sp€e.i of the rvhee

Deduction of equalion:
As the water enters tanSentially, the inlet vetocity diagram will bc a
straightiine. From the inlet velociry diagram
v,., =v, =i2gH
v,,=vr-Ur
and VfJ = 0
Peripheral velocity, Ur = Ur, be\cause inlet and oLltlet tips of the bucket
are at the same distance from the centre of the shafr.

Considering the frictional loss in the buckets

V._ = KV., where K is a fraction less than unitl.
Velocity of whirl at outlet
V,.. =V,.cosp. -U PurtingU=U, = U.
-K(V, - U) cosp,r U
11V",
Now lorce per unrt werSht ot water - , V ,1

=]t'", *u".;
s

139
- Now, work done Per unit $'eight oi lvater
E=forccxvelocitv
,,r. t lrt-,,\, l \ I
B

,,r. p-!'rt,. rV r
g 'incc L, U,-U
,.'-. e- -u1v, -Kiv, U)co'P uI
E.
(,
o., s = 9(v, ,u)(1+ KcosPr)
I vi
Kinetic energy ofjet Per unit weight of water =

Hyd r,rulic efficrency of Pelton whcel

r\ort,l,'nc pcr rrntt height of waler
h Encrgy supptiect per unit weight of water
ot, qn--
U(V U)(1+KcosFr)/g
- -,:/)o-

=2U{-V -l i-
U) (1- K cos9, )
nL.
",.
at oLrtict, thc
For a 8i1,en iet velocitv V! and th€ bucket tiP angle l]2
conJilion for marimrrm efticiencv is -
dnr.
=0
tl lJ

"'.rut-- - q .-
d l2u(v, - u)(r + Kcospr)
I-
2(V,
.' -- - 2U)
(1+ KcosPr)
-^
- \._-
Therefore, V1 = 2U
or, U = Yt/2

1-ro
 I'uttirlU U = Vrl2 in cLIu.tion (i), m.lximum wor k done per unit rvcight ot

\/' \,'
(V. - ' )(l r Kcos8 )
g
Vi(1+ Kcosp,)
4g
5o maximum hydra lic efficicncy,
-'2
r(1+ *.".
Yi1,- *' KcosBa
'-_"'2 ) ]+cosp,
4l,l
4gi _r-=-
nrrImi\.)=
vil,r, 2

Problem 2.14
A Pelton wheel developing 11000 kW rvorking uncler; head of
650m at 600 rpm. The peripheral velocity of wheel is 0.47 times the
velffity of iet. The coefficient of vetocity is 0.97 and thc over.lll cfFiciency
is d5'/,. Find jetdiameter, whcel diamete. and n r rmber of buckets.

Giv€n Data:
Generated porvcr, I'= 11000 kW
Head,H=650m
Speed of wheel, N = 600 rpm
Coefficient of velocity, Cr. = 0-97
Overall efficicnc),, tto = 85%,

To Find:
- Diameter of jeL d
- Diameter oI wheel. D
- Numb€r of buckett Z

1+l
Solution
Let U = periPhernl velocitv of u-heel
(l = l-1or! rate
vrlrcit\' of ict. V = C, j2gH = 0 98\'2:^s.ql oio-ll067m/-
Nurr.-U - 0.,+7
V
or,lJ = 0.17V = 52 n/s
nDN
Atrin, periPheral tclocilY, U -
ExDx600
-
n', 52 --

or,D=1.66m Ans'
P
Ot.crallelficienc.v, n. - eyH -
nqq= - _- 11000
"',":
^r
er9.8tx650
or,Q=203m3/s
,t ,. _-
Ag.rrn, flos rite Q=-'d' ' v
tr-rd']x110.67
or.2.03-
4
or,d=0.15m Ans''
Number of buckets., =
i(z)- *
=!t!99t*s
2 '0.15'
=zt en,.

t42
Problem-2.15
A Pelton l\'heel is rotating al.1 speed of 650 rpm. The diameter of
the jet is 82mm and the Yelocity of iet is 111 m/s. The ratio of ihe bucket
speed to jet speed is 0.i17. Thebuckets deflect the iet through an angle of
1700- NeglectinS lriction find thc (i) rrheel diameier; (ii) generated Poi^'er
(iii) kineiic energy per unit wcight for eiit water.
Given Data:
Speed of u'heel, N = 650 rpm
Diameter of iet, d 82 mm
Velocity of jel, Vt I ll m/s
Angle o[ deflection of lel l7l)o
The ratio of buckel speftl to i(t sP(a'.l, o i).+7

To Find:
- Diametel of wheel, D
- Power Benerdted by lhe wheel, P
- Kinetic energy per unit weiSht klr cxit hlrlcr

, .''/
,Y/,1"
-4,/t
uz u*,

Outlet Velocitv Diasram

Fig. P 2.15
l{3
 Solrtion
Let, D = .liameter of ivheel
outlet angle of bucket' p2 = 1800 - 1700 = l0o
017\lll =52'17 m/'
l'crioheral velo(itvof wheel'Uz Ur U=
' rDN
Again, PeriPheral velocity, U =
;0
' rxDx650
or,5217=- '6-
or,D=1.53m Ans.
7t-/o'YvI
,, ,,
. A8din. flow rale, Q-

- !4 t 0.082)' <I II - 0 59mr /s

From inlet velocity diagram, Vl = lwr
Rcl,rtive velo(iry of water at inlei'
Vr, Vl - Ur (.1L - 52.17) m/s = 58'83
= =
[r/s
Vr2
Neglectinghead loss due to friction' Vrr=
From outlet \-elocitY diagGm
(ospr- U' + V'-
-
-
52.17 + V -'
:8 83
or, Yw2 = 5'77 m/s
u._.v + v w' /
Work done Per unit wei8ht of w'iter' E = -( '
=Z#$'77+11t)
= 621 kNmTkN
Thcrctore, gencrated power' P = (lYt
= 059 t 9 81 x 62t
= 359{'29 klv Ans'

l -l-+
 Again from outlet 1'elocity diagram,

tanP. =U- v,,

+ \',..

or, tanlo'=52.17Vi,+ 5.77

oI, vfl = 10.22 m/s
Absolute velociti' at outlet, V, =
=.llo2rf;$itr.
= 11.74 rn/s
Ki,,ehc enersy o[ e\ir w",", -
vj
'' 29=i-L!Z-f -i.02kNm/kN
2 x9.81 "
Anc

Problem 2.16
The diameter of a doubleiet pelton wheel is 2m and it is working
under a head of 34O m- The diameter of each
iet is 160rnm. The buckets
deflect the iet through an anSle of 1650. After rhe flow bver the buckers
15"1, of the relative velocity is rcduced. The coefficient of velocity of rhe
nozzle is 0.98- Considering maximum efficiency, fincl the speecl oi the
turbine and the ener8y lost with the exit water.

Given Data:
Diamerer of wheel, D=2m
Head,H=3-10m
Blade angle at outlet, p2 = 180() - 1650 = 15o .
Didmeler of jet, d = 160 mm
Coelficient of velocit, Cv = 0.98
Number o( iets, n = 2

I.15
 To Find:
-
- SPeed of the turbine, N
- EnergY lost with the exit water'

rq I
)
5'
-r--+,J
let Velocity Diagram -\-_----*

l.-uql
Olrtl et Ve] ocit v Diaeram u
z
___-1
Coriected VelocltY Diagraq

Fig. P 2.-t6
Solution
Ut -Uz
Peripherat velocity of wheel, U =
u",i.'tr.rn,, v, =C"rACH -098"1'x9 81}3/lO =8004m/s

For maximum efficiency, U = 05 V] = 4o'O2 1 /s

nDN
leripheral velocity, U = -'
,rr2xN
ot,4O02=-T
or,N=382.16rPm Ans'

146
 From inlet velocitv diagram.
V,, = V, - U = (80.04 - 40.02) t^ / s = 40-02 m / s
Relative velocitv at outlet,

= O.tS x +O-OZ HereK= 1-0.15 = 0-85

- = 34.02 m/s
Now, V,, cosp, = 34.02 xcos15" =32.86 m / s

Sinr:eV,, cosB, <Ur,the directions of V2 should be slrch that U2

becomes more lhan V.. cosp.,. The corrected ,,utlet velocity diagram i\
also shown.

From lhc corre(ted outlet velocity diagram !elocify of whirl

:
V,.. = Uz - V.. cospz G0.02 - 32.86) rn / s = 7.16 m / s
Velocity of flowatoutlet, V,- = V,, sinp, =34.02sin15" =8.81m,/s
Now, Vl = V,,.'z+ V,-'?
ot ,V: = (Z .16), + @.81)1
ot, V2 = 71.35 .\\/ s

Kinetic enerev of exit water. E =

vi = {11.35)'
-:l \' .'"-'
" = 6-57 m
29 2 x 9.81

FIow rate, O=nxIxd':rV,

-4
=2\L.,0.1,6)t
4
<80.04

= 3.22 rr.3 / s
Los< of enerEy wilh e\it water =Q r yx E

= 3.22 x 9.81 x 6.57

= 207.53 kW Ans.

147
Problem 2.17
I Pelton wheel in a laboratarr\ generates
25 kW shaft
a ,noll
17n antl the diameter of jet is 'l'1
por,er. Head of l\'ater at the nozzle is
mm. Flo..- rare of rvarer is 0.025 m3/s and
th( mechanical efficiency is
9011,. Find the loss of energy
(i) in ihe nozzle' (ii) enerSy loss in the tail
race water; (iii) loss of eneriry dre to fri'tion'

Given Data:
Generated shaft power (SI{P)' P=25 kW
Head,H=17m
Diameter of jet, d = 44 mm
Flowrate'Q=0025m3/s
q0'/"
Mechanical efficiencY. nm -
To Find:
- Loss of energY in the nozzle
- Loss of energywith the tail ;ace water
Loss of enert, duc to friction
Solution
0.()25 x 9 81 x 17 = 4 1'7 kW
Power suPPlied bY water, (WHP) = Q IH =
_ s.H.P =
Nor,v overall effictenc, 1,. -
o.so21
w.ll.P 4.17 =
Let nh = hydraulic effi.iency
Again, n,, = n* x rlh
or, 0.60 : 0.90 x nh
or, rlh = 0_67
0.025
Velocity of jet, V=
f =;/4.an@ = 76-14 t /s
Q,yv'= 0.025x9-81x(16.44)' = 3.37kW
Kineti. energl'of nozrt" = i 2 x().81-

r+a
' Therefore, Lrss ofenergv in the nozzle = W.H-P'kinetic energy of nozzle
=(4.17 3.37) klv = 0.8 klv Ans.
lorvcr Seneralcd L,) v\ hepl - n,xW.H.P -0h7\.t.17tlv 2.7qlW
Energl, Ioss in the tail rnce rvater = kinetic energy o[ nozzle - porve.
generated by Rhcel = (3.37 - 2.79) kW = 0.58 kW Ans.
Loss of energ).due io friction = powe. generatett by wheel - S.H.P
= (2.79 - 2.5) kW = 0.29 kW Ans.
Problem 2.18
A 1350m long pipe is connected to three different single jei Pelton
lvheels. The lrcad of water is 410m and the sp.ed of each turbine is 600
rpm. The coefficient of lelocity for the nozzle is 0-98 and the friction
factor Ior thc pipe is 0.C25. For each hrrbine specilic speed is 18 and the
o\-erali efficiency is 86'1,- If the head loss due k' friction in pipe is 13m of
' water
find (i) total power delivered; (ii) flow mte; (iii) nozzle and pipc
diameters-

Given Data':
Lcngth of pipc line, L = 1350m
Head of water, H = 410 m
Speed of turbine. N 600 rpm
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.98
Frichon factor for the pipe, f = 0.025
Specific speed of each turbine, Ns = 18
Overalleri('cncv. q^ = 8b"^
Head loss due to friction, hf = 13m
To Find:
Tot.l poh,erdclivered
- Floh, .ate
- \ozzle diametcr (d) and pipe diameter (D)

r.r9
 - 13)m = 397m
the turbine' Hr = (410
ffi"no* *"r.t o.,o,e entering
for each turbine
Let P = generated Power

Now specitrc sPeeo, L!. - Ht5/l

600JF
,- _ p97)it4
^- 1Q=
oL.

otP = 2826'3 kW
-
tufuines
fotal power g,enerated by three
- \J x 282b'3) kw = 8479 kw Ans'
I cr o r flow rate (or each hrrbine
P
OverallefficiencY, rl., =
OE
2l,26'3
or,0 86 = -- -- :l-==
v^
'or'Q=0'84m3/s
252m3ls Ans'
Total flow rate = 3 x 0 84 m3ls =
Velocity of water at the np of
flozzle
v = C".\/zgH,
= o.98 l-x9.al''x397
86.49t /s
=8649m/s
=
'' x ul2xV
Flow rate for each turbine' Q = ,l/q
or' 084 = r/4 t d2 x 86'19
01' d = 1112 mm Ans
'

v =
Vel,,cil) ol nater through the PiPe' I
., o'
--
4

150
f. From Darcy'sequation
-..,
ur., _ 2.52 _ -')1

fLV]
To,
4
D::

2sD
,
or, n. j (L(3.2r)r
' 2gD
^Dl
.r .-
0.025y1350> (.i.21),
ll=.-
--2 x9.81x D'
or,D=1.06m Ans.

Problem 2.19
Pelron wheel workinS under a hcad of 150m is supplied wirh
.4.

water at the rate oI 850 l/s. The peripheral vclociry of wheel is 30 m/s
and the buckets deflect the water through an angle of 1650- If the
aoefficient ofvelocity for the nozzle is 0.98, fin(l the power developed by
the whcel and the ovcrall efficiencv of the \hct,l

Given Data:
Flow rate, Q = 850 l/s = 0.85 m3/s
Head,H=150m
Peripheral velocity, U = Ur -- Uz = 30 m/s
An8le of deflection - 1650
Coefficient of velocity for the nozzle, C\, = O_9g
To Find:
- Power developed by the wheet, p.
- Overall efficiency oI the wheel, qo.

l5l
 l-- u'=u
;--<-1 1;b;
;]
I nlet Veloci!

tr2 u\
l-"t
Outlet Veloci! Dia l-_,.*,

Fig P 219

Solu t ron
outlet blade anele,02 ' l80o - t65o = l5o
aI xrso - s3 16 m /s
;;;;;";. ;:.jc.,4u = o es"a;o
From inlet velocity diagram, Vr =
vwl = 53 16 nl/s
(53 16 - 30) m/s
nufoti"" of *ater at inlet' Vr1 = Vr - U =
""to.lty 23.16 n/s
=
NeglectinS lrictional toss, Vr, 'Vr"
From outlel velo(irY diagram'
Vwr=U-VrucosBz
7 63 m/s
= 30 - 23.16 cos15o =
22'37 m/s
Now, Vr cospz = 2316 x cosl'o =

t52
 Since Vp cosp2 < U2, the direction of V2 should be slrch that U2 becomes
more than \h cosF2. The correcte.i velocitv djagram is aiso presented.
1^'.rl dunP per Unrl !1eithr ol $dtcr.
r !rr ". t. , ll's, ;o-7 61;
c "" 9.81'-
- 139.21n.
- Power developed by the lr,heel, p = e x y ). E

= 0.85 x 9.31 x 139.24

= 1161 k\ Ans.
Overall efficiency,
11!l
n,,=
= '''-=-, 0.85 x 9.81x 150
QxyxH
= 0.9282 ot, 92.82"/,, An$

-Problem 2.2O
A Pelton wheel is working under a head of 450m and its efficiency
is B5'r,. AJr electric generator is connected with the wheel whose elficiency

is 93'1, and it is generating 4000 kW. The coefficient of velocity is O.9Z

. speed ratjo is 0.17 .rnd th., jet r.irio is 10. Fincl thc (i) florv rate; (ii)
diameter of rvheel; (iii) synchronous speed ofgcnerator at50 cycles/sec.

Given Data:
Output power of generator = 4000 kW
Head,H=450m
Oi'erall efficiency ofturbine,Io = 85%
E fficiencv of genera to r, \B = 93%,

Coeftrcient of velot ity, C v 0.97

Ratio of speed, O = 047
Frequenci, f = 50cps

153
To Find:
Flow rate, Q
- Diameter of wheel, D
- Sy.nclrronous speed of tenerrlor
Solution
Let d d,amelcr ofjet
n = synchronous sPeed
N = sPeed of turbine
P = number of Poles of Senerator

aQQo 1000
(i) output power of Pelton wheel, = = = aaot oslw
" 0c3
'*
Overall efficiency of hlrbine, I. = "
-
. or,0.S5=-......]@
or,Q = 1.15 m3ls Ans.

(ii) Velocity ofiet, V = C,1EEH

= o.g7^!z x9-s1x aso = 9L14 it / s

Now flow rate. O = ,r /4 x d2 x"l

oL 1.15 = n/4 x d.2 x 91.14
ot,d-0'127m
Therefore, diameter of wheet, D = 10d = 10 x 0.127t = 1.27rn Ans'
(iii) Let us assume that the synchronous sPeed and sPqed of turbine are
equal.
Peripheral velocity of Pelton wheel,
":=fr{rUl)n*r *,,,
- 44.16 n/ s

154
 ,IDN
AEdin, oeriPhPr.ll velo.itY, U -
-b0
or,4{.lo-'T'1l-l:N
(.0

or, N = 664.1 rpm

120f
- Svnchronous soeed, n =
-P 12O x 50
or,b .1
p
or'P=903
'' Let p = 10 (next higher even number)
Therefore, cofiected s),nchronous speed
r20l
--: i 120 x50- 600
----:-: --- rom Ans.
=
P10
Ptoblem 2.2a
A Pelton wheel is working under a head of 250m develoPing 1000
kW at 300 rpm. The overail efficiency of th( turbine is 85'); .lnd the
coefficient oI the nozzle is 0.98. If the velocity ratio is 0.a6, find (i)
diameter of wheel and diameter of jet (ii) size of bucket and number of
buckets.

Civ€n Dala:
Generated power, P - 1000 kW
Head,H=250m
Speed of turbine, N = 300 rPm
Overall efficiencp 4" = 85'X,
Coefficient of velociLv for ,].ozzle, Cy = \t.98
Vel;itvratio,O=0.46

r55
To Find:
Dr.rmer{-r of wheel, D
- Diameter of jet, d
- Sizc of bLrckets
- Number of buckets, Z
Solution
Velocrli ol iel. V - C, \ 2SH
= o. e8",i7; e.81;'so = 68 63 n/ s
n/\
Per;ohFr.rl !elocit) of wheel,t ' ovr =0'46x^863m/s '1157
' nDN
ABain PcriPheral !elocity' U - -60-
rxDx300
ot
'3157
- -7,0-
or,D=2m Ans'
Let,Q=flowrate
P
Nou dver.rll efficiency; n,. -
6H
.r.o8,_[llar,E,
1000

or'Q=048ml/s
Again, flow rate = area of iet x velocity of iet
or.o-Ixd:'}'v'
-4
or 048=
tr-rdir68o3 or'd-q4:t7mrn Ans
4
Wi,lth,,l bucket = 5d 471 8< mm Ans'
Depth of brrclet ' I.2d rf)
l1324mm Ans'
NLrmber of buckets, Z= --+15
f-l r5=25.a4 - 26 Ans'
-o.s(I 0.004 /

156
 Problem 2.22
The buckets of a Pelton l\'heel deflect the jet through an angle of
125o lvhen stationary. For maximum lvork done by the jet on the rvheel
find .t relation tretwecn the speed of the bucket and speecl of the jet.
Express the n.rximum work in terms of the prrcentaSc oF the cnergv of
the jet.
ConsiderinS friction and maximum w()rk done, find a relation
between the speed of the bucket and speed of jct if the ratio of the olrtlet
relative vdlocity and inlet relative velocity is K.
Given Data:
Angle of deflection = 1250 Angle B2 = 1800 - 1250 = 55o
v-
Rilio of r.lative velo.itiee- ----1 - K
V.,
To Find:
- For maximum work done relation between the sPeed olbucket and jet.
- Maximum work in percentage of the energy of thejet.
- Considering friction and maximum work done, the relation betlveen the
speed of the bucleldnd jet.
Solltian
ur=ur_]

l--r. --l--r.--] -'-<-7-

725
Irlet Velocity Diagram ]

Outlet Ve loci ty
Diagram

uz u*,
FiE. p 2.22

r57
l'eripher.ll \elocilv,U' Ul =U'
Velocity of \a'hirl at inlet' Vw1 = Vl
If there is no frictional loss, Vr: = Vrl =
Vl - U
-U
Fron-r outlet velocity diagram'
velocity of whirl' Vwz = Vrz cos0u
-
= (Vr - U)cosp2 U

Work clone per unit i'veiSht of water

p=U(v.- -v,,.)
tl
Ul(Since direction of
yw2 is negative)
f = 91v*, + (Vr - U)cosp, -
"., I
u-[V - u+(v,-u)cosF,l
,.., E -
s
(i)
61, 6=91v, -u11r+cosP,)
I dE
For maYimum value of E, -- = U

ne*ro.., tr+cosP,)(V, -2U) = 0

ff =

If (V, -2U) 0, rhen U=-

the matimum rvork done
Putting thi< value in equation {i}'
V.,u.
= )o2qg - L,rt -cosP,1=]r{r'r
co'P,1
_b_vi
Kinetic energy suPplted by iet Per
unil weiShl ol water = ;
Now, hydraulic ef f icienry

{(t *.o.0,) 1+ cos 55"

4E-
-vi = 0.79 ot,79"k Alr.s.

jet'
is 799l' of the kletic energy of
Therefore, maximum work done
 Nowconsidering friclion -
Relative l'elocity at oLrtlet, Vr, = KVrr = K(Vr - U)
Velocit_y of rvhirl at outlet, Vw, = Vrrcosp. - U
tvork done per Lrnit $'eight of ivater
_
c=
u.-.v." v,.-,
-(
I
- :lV, r K(V, - U)cosp Ul (Heredirecrron nf Vrv/ r: n(ts,rr,r./
I
II
= .:(V, - U )(1+ Kcosp. )
c
dF
For maximum uo:k done
dU
-=0
€- (l I KcosF:)(v,
rh"..f.,re. -2u)-o
du2
V
or. U=-lL
2
So for maximum efficiency the speed of the buckets is not affected by
friction ofwater passing over the buckets.

Problem 2.23
The diameter of a brake nozzle attached to a Pelton wheel is 56
mm- The head of water at the brake nozzle is 250 m and thc peripheral
velocity of the wheel is 50 m/s. ff the kinetic energy of the wheel is 15 y
Id Nm/s, determine the time required to stop the wheel-

Given Data:
Herd of w.rter, H = 250 m
Dameter oI brake nozzle, d = 0.056 m
P€ripheral velocity of wheel, U = 50 m/s
Kinetic energy of wheel, E = 15 x 10s Nm/s

t59
To Find:
- Time requiied to stoP the wheel'
t'
Sol ution
velocitv of brake iet V, = J25l-I = =70n/s
Fiow rate through the brake nozzle'

- [4 x(0 05o)' '70 -- o't7r'l' s

/

x velc'clty
Force actinS on the.buckets = mass
1
c
= 9.lZlijf , zo = r t. so LNI
9.81

Let, rn = mass of the wheei

f = retadation of the wheel
1

Kinetic energy of wheel =

imU'

or,t5,t0'-Irmr(50)'z
or, m= fZOO fi
mass of wherl x retardation
Again, force acting on the wheel =
or, 11.9 x 1000 = 1200 x f
or,f=9-92m/sz
Frorn equation of motion,
x time
Fi^.] t.lo.ity = It"tiol velocity - retardation
or,0 'LJ--f rt
or. | ' 51/c'e2 = 5'04 {' Ans'

Problem 2.24
m has an outlet
a"r,on wheel u'orking under a heatl of 700
15o. The relative velocity at outlet
is reduced by 15'l' due
blade
-o angle of

I60
 to friction of water passing over the buckets. The diameters of iet and
wheel are 100 mm and 1.25 m respectively. Tht' coefficient of Yelocity for
the nozzle is 0.97 and the velocity oI whirl at ()utiet is zero. Find the (i)
speed of the turbine and speed ratio; (ii) force exerted by thc jet on thc
rvheel; (iii) powerdeveloped and hydraulic efficiency.

Given Data:
Head of water, H = 700 m
Outlet blade angle, B2 - l50
Outlet relative velocity, Vr2 = 0.85 Vr1
Diameter of iet, d = 0.1 m
Diameter ofwheel, D = 1.25 m
Coefficient ol velocity, Cv = 0.97
To Find:
Speed of the turbine, N
- Speed ratio
- Force exerted byjet on the wheel, F

r__Yl=vr,- ')
L-u-
rftrrl L u -J
Inlet Velocity Diagram
-)
Yz Outlet Veloci t v
D i agram
uz
Fig. P2.24

161
Solution
Velocity of ivhirl at outlet, V11', = 0

Periphetal vL'locitv of rlhl'cl, U = Ur= Ui

,i) \clo,rlr,'i i, t. V. - C, r2gH
= l).97 \ 2 x9.81x7OO n/ s

m/s
= 113,68
Relative\elocitydtinlcl.VI' V -U=113.68 L '

Relative velocity at outlet, Vr.' = 0.85 Vrr = 0.85 (113'68 - U)

From outlet velocitv diagram, Vrr cos& = U
or, 0.85 (113-68 - tI) coslso = U
or,U=51.22m/s
rlrN
N('w periphcrnl \ekrity, U: 6i
,r x 1.25x N
41.22 =
^r @
or, N = 782.58 rPm Ans.
soeedrari.,.d_
u
- _-:__045
s1.22
Ans.
v. l ll 6,r -

{ii) Flow rate. I=Ixd'zxV,

4
r
= 4 x(0.1)'7 x t l.l.68 = 0 89m' /s
.)a
forcee\erted on the wheel, F = =1(V,,, - V,..- )
qy...,
- a . ', Sincc Vwr 0

0-89 x 9.81x I1 1.68

9.81
= 101.18 kN Ans.
 (iv) power developed by turbine.
. I ;J.i, , **
".,
= 5182-44 kW
u..
- (v-,_v*. )
a
Now hydraulic eFfi(iency, \t.- " -ra-
E
U
-xV'
=? since v*.. =0 .

2g

-2u
v, -2x5L22 - ot.9a or.goro
113.68 - -
Ans.

Problem 2.25
For a Pelton wheel ihe mean bucket velocity is U and jet velocity
is Vr. The outlet vane angle is p2. If the loss due to the frictional flow of
wdter over the bu.l\et is expressed Oy !1V. - Uf- .lnd lhat rlue to
2E'
I],
bearin8 frichon by K, ^2g where Kr and K2 are conslanls, show that the

maximum efficienry crccurs when,

_ 1+cosp, +K,
U
V, 2(1+ cos0,) + K, +K2

163
 l-"=I
l--, --F-r".-i
Itrlet Velocity Diagram

v+
-2
l Outlet Velocity
Diaqram

FiB. P2.25
Solulion
Let us consider a iet of water issuing from the nozzle strikes the buckets
of the nrnnerofd Pelton wheel.
Nomenclature:
Let Mean velocity of bucket = U = Ur = U2
- Vr
Velocity of jet
Outlet vane angle 9z
Velocity of whirl at inlet = Vwr = Vr
Velocityofwhirl at outlet = Vw2
Relahve velority al inlet = Vrr
Reiative velocity at outlet = Vrz-= Vr: (nhen these is no friction)

164
 Derivation of equation:
- From outlet velocity diagram, velocity ofwhirl
Vn'2=V1'q"P'-''
= Vr,cosp2 - U
= (V, - U) cosp2 - U
Work done per Lrnit weight of water,
II
:(V,.
E= I V,.. ) Here direction of Vw? is ('pposite lo U.

=:{V. +(V, - U)cosp, -U}

' . 9tu, u){r,cospr)
c
Considering the losses due to bucket ftictiofl and bearing ftictiory wcrk
- done per unit weight of watet

u
E-
s''1v, - " " 28 -u),-K.,9
u1t r.osP,)-!(v,
29

lnpulenertr o, waterper unilweiEhtofwaler

;
Now hydraulic efficiency,
II K . II?
:(V, UXI+cosp,)-:'(V, - U)'- K,:
,,"=T gztzB-

2g
u u'lrr*..,.4.r-k.lt - u l'
- \v,
-f
or'lh'"= zl
u.
r.'v;
--.- vi ) ' '( v, I
II
I-et-

rherefore, 1n = 2(x - x':) (1 + coso,) - K,(1 - x)'z - K,x'?

165
 .l n.
F,,r m:\imum effi.iend- : ia =
'du 0.

Bttt x=-
u

or.6^ = 1dU

Thprpfore_
dn,
r: dn,,ii
=u
dU V,dx
dn.
or r=o
Differentiating r|h with respect to x and equating it to zero,

.d't' - z( r. 2x)(I + cosp,) - 2K,(1 - x)(-l)- 2K,x = 0.

or, (1- 2xX1+ cosp, ) + Kr(1- x) - K,x = 0.
or, (1+ cosp,) - 2x(1+ cosp,) + K, - K,x - K,x = 0
or, x[2(1 + cosp2) + Kr -Kr]=(1+cosBr) + Kl
..- " ! I-tot0'*K' p.o.,.a.
V ', l,cocB-,+K _K

Prcblem 2.26
Total irol'er delivered by four Pelton rvheels is 65000 kW. Total
head of water fo. each turbine is 465 m and the speed of each turbine is
235 rpm. The overall efficiencv ofeach turbine is 887" and the coefficient
of velocity is 0.98, If the speed ratio is 0-46, find the discharge, iet
diameter and the wheel diameter.

Given Data:
Geflerated power P - 65000 kW
Number of turbines, n = 4

166
 Head,H=465m
Speed of each turbine, N = 235 rPm
Overall efficiency of each turbine' rlo = 83ol'
Coeflicient of velocity for the nozzle' C\' = 0 98
SPeedratio,O=046
To Fi d:
- DischarSe, Q '
- Jet diameter, d
- Wheel diameter, D
Solution
Let iJ = periPheral velocity
(or each turbine
Q = disdrarge

Speed ratio, q = u.nu

#i=
or, u = 0.46.!2813 = o.qeJiVg.Stx us ," / s

= 43.94 n/s
TtDN
Peripherat velocity, U =
60
rxDx235
or, 43.94 =
60
or,D=3.57m Ans'
o"tPglgiiqlq!'*
: Overall efficiency of each turbine = --=- -- -a-a -:
65000

or, 1,,
Q"rH
55000

o., o.8s =
Q;r*;6s
or,Q=405m3/s Ans'

t67
 Velocity of jet, V = C,rpgft = O.SSliD x CAf x a55

7t -, -.
AEdin, dischdrge, Q
-q
- - > d' \ Y
tr- r
.,.. 4.05 = r d2 ca.61
4
or, d = 0.2347 n' 2347 mm Ans'

Pq sE2g
A 1oomrn diamete, iet of water issuing from a nozzle imPinges on
the buckets of a Pelton wheel and the discharge through the iet
is 0-33

m3ls. The head available at the noz;le is l00rn and power available at
is kW'
the shaft is 280 kw. Il the Power loss due to mechanical friction 5
find the power lost in the nozzle and the Ircwer lost due to hydraulic
f;.tion in the runner.

Giw€n Data;
Head,H.l00m
Diameter ofjet, d = 100 mm
Discharge,Q=0.33m3/s
Power available at the shaft (SHP) = 2ao kW
Power loss due to mechanical resGtance = 5 kW
To Find:
- fo\ er losl in the nozzle
- Power lost due to hydraulic friction in the rurmer
Solution
Let Vr = velocity ofiet.

168
 Frowr,rre.O=I>d/"V,
4
tr
or, 0.33 = y(0.t)r x Vr
4
ot' Vr = 42 02 n/s
Power at the base of nozzle = Wl = 0.32 x 9.81 x 100 = 313.92 kW
'111n
Kineiic enerqv of iet -2'2c'
mvl - .' )\ -IE \ V']

I 9.81x.33
= -2x -----:----
9.8"1
x (42.02t - 291.34 kW
Now power lost in the nozzle = power at the base of nozzle _ kjnetic
energy of jet = (313.92 - 291.34) kW = 22.58 kW AIls,
Agaln, power available at the base of nozzle = Sm + powe. lost in the
. nozzle + Power lost in the runner + power lost due to mechanical
reslsl,arte.

,Therefore, power lost in the runner = (313.92 - 2BO - 22.58 - S) kW

: 6.34 kW Ans

169
 EXERCISE

Pelton
of a Pelk)n wheel' Why the
l. Desclibe the $'orking PrinciPle
wheel is not suitable for low
head?
or a Pelton wheel'
2. ;;;";;;; tor the hvdraulic elriciencv
maximum efficiency'
Dcternine the condition for
is rePresented bv
;;;;';,'"t;. efficiencv of a Pelton wheel
iU{V, UXL+K.osp,) where V.. = KV,, and show thal the
' t+ KcosP,
to -_-'- '
m.rYimum elficrency is equal

a hea'I of 30m deflects the iet

4. A Pelton wheel working under is 10
;;;," rooi rhe peripheral sPeed or bu'ket
il;;; or
the coefficient of
*" nI- of water is 0 70 m3ls If
-)lllo '"te of the wheel
velocity is 0.98, find the efficiency (Ans. 94-50%)
4500 kW
a head o' 125m develoPs
A Pclton '!^ heel working under
is 0 e8 and the sPeed ratio
;;;; ;;. ;^. '""fficient of velocitv 9' find
is 88ol' ilnd the;et ratio is
," o.*, ii ,n. ""t*'l efficiency jets
;;;,". of and the diameter and number of
;;; wheel
required (A^s 212 ,,t; o-24 n; 2)
of
deflect the iet through an angle
6. The buckets of a Pelton wheel water is
is 3O0m and the flow rarc of
iUO". ,n" head of water
is 35 m/s' find the
;; -;;t tr *" p"tlpt'"tul sPeed of bucket of the wheel The
efficiency
,.-". O-U,*U and the hydraulic
coefficient of velocity is 0 97
(Ans.670 kw; g7"1,)
 EXERCISE

the Pelton
of a Pelt')n wheel- Why
Dcscribe the working PrinciPle
iow head?
u'heei is not suitable for
of a Pelto^ wheel
2. ;ff;"-;; tor the hvdmulic efficiencv
maximum efficiency'
Duermine the condition for
wheel is rePresented bv
3. ;;";; ;;, ;" erficiencv or a Pelton
i"f r- where v,. = KV., and show
that the
"U:
vi "Sg:pi
1+ KcosP,
maximum effioency is equal to =.__- '
the iet
wheel working under a hea'l of 30m deflects
4. A Pelton is 10
or 16i' rhe peripheral speed of bucket
;,'o..,ii. ";;;;';:* or water is 0 70 m3ls the coerficient or
;;';";;;. '"te wheel'
velocity i.s 0.98, 6nd the efhcienry of the
(Ans. 94.50%,
4500 kW
a head of 125m develops
A Peiton wheel working under r''ti"
! - 0'cB and the speed
; ;r; ;- rhe coelficient ol velocilv
,. o.*. 1, *. "t*"'l effi(ien'v
i\ 88"' '!nd the iet ralio is 9' lind
or jets
or and the diam..ter and number
;;;;;;,.; wheel
required (Ans.2.t2 n; o.z4 n;2)
an angle of
buckets of a Pelton wheel deflect the iet through
(,. The
ihe flow rate of watet is
;;;' ,n" head of water is 3o0m an'l
rucket is 35 m/s' find the
;;; ..;;. tf tt'e pe'ipt'e'ul speed ot iciencv of the wheel The
and the hvdraulic eff
;;;;
coefficienr of velocity is 0.97
(Ans. 670 kw; 97,)1,)

170
l
7. A Pelton wheeiworking under a head of 60m loses 20 m due to
friction in the penstock. The water flow rate is 1 m3/s and the
t- mean bucketspeed is 10 m/s.If rhe buckets deflect the
ier rhrough
an angle of 1650, find the power dcveloped and hydraulic
efficiency of Pelton wheel. The coefficienr of velocity is 0.98.
U3 kW; 87,y")
(Ans.
8. A Pelton wheel develops 25000 kW r{orkinS under a head of
500m at 600 rpm. The ratio of ibt an(l wheel is 1/10 and the
overall efficienry of wheet is 85%. If the speed ratio is O.4b and
the coefficient of the nozzle is 09& finC the number of jets.
(Ans. 4)

t7t
 CHAPTER 3

REACTION TURBINE
3.1 Introduction
!\y'ater enterc into the reaction turbine with high pressure and
flows over curved blades. A part of pressure head is converted into
kineric energy and the iemaining part remains as pressure head. The
reaction pressure is responsible for the motion oI the runner- The
di(ference of pressure between inlet and outlet points is known as
rca(tion pressure In this type of turbines, wa,er Flows in d closed
(onduit. The movcmenl ol lhe rumer is affe(ted by the pressure head and
velocity head of water. After doing the work on the runner, the water is
discharged through a dralt tube- TIle lree end oi draft tube remains under
water. So the entire water passage remains totally enclosed.

3.2 TvDes of Reactio; turbine

Depending on the direction of flow of water through the wheel;
ihere are three types ofreaction turbines.lhese are-
I. Rndial flow turbine
a- Outward flow turbine
b- Inward flow turbine
2. Axial flol^, tu.bine
3. Mixed flow turbine

3.3 Outward FIow Turbine:

l{ater enters into this type of reacti;n turbines from .entre
through fixed guide blades into the rumer bladcs. The guide btades direct
the'lvater to the moving vanes at the correct angle. The water passes
through the runner and discharges at the outcr periphery. The runner

172
 produces a centrifugal head on the water which increises the reiative
relocily and conse.lLrently in(redse. the quanfif! oF r^ nrcr flowjng Ihroudh

Guide blade
Runner blade

Fig- 3.1: Outward flow reaction turbine-

. the runner. So if there is a slight inqease in speed, the centrifugal head,

fufiher increases its speed, which causes the rurtner to run faster. As a
_ result it complicates goveming problem. So ev.,ry outward flow redction
turbine is to be govemed by a turbine govemor.
3.3.1 Work done and Efficiency:
From lhe inlet and outlet velocily diaj{rdms the expressiorls ot
work done and efficiencv oI the turbine runner mavbe found out.

Iplet Velocity
Diagra.m

Fig. 3.2 Inlet and outlet vel{r:irv Lilagrams.

t73
Nomenclature:
Let,
11 = radius ofwheel at inlet
12 = radius of wheel at outlet

o angular velocitv ofwheel

W = weight of water fiowing Per sec
Ur = PedPheral velocity of wheel at inlet
U2 peripherat velocity ol wheel at outlet
Vl = ansolute velocity of water at the inlet of turbine
V2 : absolute velocity of water at the ou tlet of turbine
Vrr = velocity oI water relatrve to wheel at inlet
Vr, = velocity of water relative to wheel at oudet
Vf1 = velocity of flow at inlet
Vf2 = velocity of flow at outlet
Vwr velocity of whirl at irJel
Vw, = velocity ofwhirl at outlet
Dr = diameter of wheel at inlet

D2 : diameter of wheel at outlet

b1 = bleadth of wheel at inlet
b2 = breadth of wheel at outlet
Er = angle of blade tiP ad inlet
P2 = an8le of blade tiP at outlet
= angle of water leavinS the wheel
r$

O: angle of water entering wheel or guide vane an8le

H = head of water at the inlet of turbine
Der;v.tion of Equations:
If the flo!'!' is radial at outlet, 0 = 90o
then, Vw: = 0 and Yz = YIz

174
 Again, let p = power ava;iable at turbine shafr (BHp)
Q = diicharge rlrough the turbinc
= tD1b1Vft = 1tD2b2Y f2

Therefore, power developed by reaction turbine (WHp)

=
eyH = 9.8r eH kW
Now work done per unit weighr oI wdter
urv,,. u,v*,
- -
I I
Here Vwr and Vw2 are in th" dir*tiorr.
"u*"
When Vy7, and Vry, are in opposite directiorL work done per unit weight
U,V IJ^V
of water = ' "' +_. 1:.
8c
For radial discharge work done per unit weigh, ofr,lu,", =
U&
since v.r"= g.

Energy extracted in passing ttuorrgh the turbine

= H-$
2g
U,V tJ.\
Iherefore, " ' -.=H-::
vr
-
gc2g
H-l-.
Hydraulic efficienrv, n. 29- U,V-,-U,Y-
--l-:-ar
- ----iq
HgH -
.
Lrverd lI e roenav
BHP BTTP BHP
' '" wHP Q,yH 9.81eH
3.4Inward Flow Reacrion Turbnine
In case of inward flow reaction turbine water enters ihe runner at
lhe outer periphery and flows radially towards the centre. Finally. wdter
Ieaves axially i.e. in a direction parallel to the axis.

175
 Guide blade
rrnner blade

Fig. 3.3: Inward now reaction turbine'

In this type of turbine the fixed guide bl1des surround the runner
externally and both are surro nded by an outer scroll casing The
centrifugal head produced on watcr by the runner acts against ihe radial
flow ofwater. Any increase in sPeed of the runner due to the reduction in
loa.l will try to reduce the flow of water from dre runner which results in
rcduction of power develoPed. This is an advantage oF inward flow
rea.tion turbin€. that ii adjusts automatically .rccording to the dernand
(,r rhe turbine.

3.4.1 Work done and Effici€ncy:

The equations for an inward flolr' reacti()n turbine are the same as
the olrtl{'ard flow reaction turbine.

176
 'r, ILlsl vclg!-rll

.rr
/--,
Outlet Velocitv
P1?cr44 ,)'
t2

Fig- 3.4 Velocity triangles for inta/ard florv reaction turbine-

\o,.' ,l,ork done per Lrnit we;ght of r.'ater !.{r U'V-'

=
gii -
H -vi
2g U,Y,", - U.V,..
Hydraulc eficrency, nh =
H gll
The maximum efficiency is obrained .lvhen the discharge rhrorgh thc
runner at exit is ra.lial, as in this case, the vetixity of whirl at outlet is
zero and the absolute Yelocitv at exit is as small as possible.

1.5 Fra 4sirTctulne :

Francis turbine is an inigard florv reaction turbi e where the watcr under
Pressrlre entcrs the runner from the guide vanes towarcls the centre in
radial direction and discharges out of the runner axially. Ihe Francis

l.-;
hrrbinc \lorks ttnder medium heads i'e from 30m to 450m 'ange ln this
turbine only a part of the net head is transformed info the kinetic energy
at inlet and the rest of head remains in the form of Pressure energy
lhe
difference of pressure between inlet an'l outlet of the runne' is known as
the reaction pressure. This reaciion Pressure is r"sPonsible for the
running

of thc r-eaction tlirhin.!.

Fi8. 3-5: Francis turbine'

3.5.1 Basic Equationsof Fraflcis Turbine :

The general equation of the work done is obtained from the Euler
momentum equation,

t7a
tlet Velocit Inlet Velocity Diagram(for radial

lnlet VelocitY
vr,-])i.g'
--

Fig. 3.6 lrllet and outlet velocity tdangles.

Let
W = weight of water flowing per sec.
U, = peripheral velocity oI wheel at inlet
U, = peripheral velocity of wheel atoutlct
Vwr vclociry of whirl at inlet
Vw? = velocity of whirt at outlet
Vr = absolute velocity oI water at the inlct of tuibine
V, = absolute velocity of water at the outlet of turbine
H = head of water at the inlet of turbine
P = power available at the turbine shaft (BHP)
Q = volume flow rate ttuough tlrc turbinc

179
 O = a[gle of outlet wate. makes ivith the wheel
0 = anSle of entering water makes lfith the $'heel
.
\V,
."
\\,,rk clone per sec = {U,V,,. t.V,, )

is radial
The maximurn ourPut is obtained when the discharge al oullet
i.e. the velocirv of whiil in this.ase is zero'

w-...
:U'V*, Since Vw' 0
Then mnximum workdoneperscc =

when tl€ angle Q is Iess than 90o, Vw? is negative in this case'

lAt
'l(U,V-, + UIV-, )
Then worL done per
' sec g'
When O is greater than 90o, Vw2 is Positive'

I^/-
Ihcn r''ort done pp,
'g .e. "lfu V,. - U,V,, )
The input energy Per second for the runner (WtrIP) is given by

QyH or WH.
Ener8v exlracted rn P.lssint throrr8h the hrbine ' H- ;j

For raclial dis.harge the hydradic efficiency is given by

Vi
H_-
U,V", 2P,
"gHH

t80
i
r' =work done
wHP
ner sec

-:-(u,v,. t u2v,,. )
g U.V,, r u,v,..
t WH gH
I
The hydraulic efficiency of Francis turbine va es ftom 85% to 95%.

power available at the shaft

Mechanical efficiency, I- =
work done per sec
BHP
or, I- =
E,"jr-J.lrJ
when Vw, : 0, the mechanical efficiency is given by
BHP
rl^ -;-
ll l.v
The overall efficienry is given by

BHP work done per sec

work done per sec WHP

BHPPP
""1'.- wHp wH eyH

The overall efficiency ofa Francis turbine varies from 807, to 90%.

3.5.2 Flow rate through Fran.is Turbine :

Flo*' rate through the Francis turbine may be ot,taifled from the flow area
and the velocity of flow.

181
 Let,
Br = width of blade at inlet
'82 : width of blade at oLttlet
Dr - diarneter of runner at inlet
D2 = diameter of runner at oudet
Vfr: velocity of flow ate inlet
Vf2 : vetocity of flow at outlet
Therefore, flow rate
Q = area of flow at irJet x velociiy of flow at inlet
= area of flow at outlet x velocity of flow at outlet
' i.e. Q ,rD,B'Vf, nD,B.Y1,
Let
t = thickness of one blade
N = number of blades
Therefore, area of flow at inlet = (7.D1 - Nt) Br
Area of flow at orttlet = (rD, - Nt) B,
These areas are sometimes taken as Kr7[DlBl and lirrD,B,'
'where Kr and Kr are knoivn as vane thickness factors'
Therefore, dischar8e Q = (nDl- N0 Blvfr = ('tDr- Nt) &Vh
Also Q = K,rDrBrVl. = K1reD2B2! 12
3.5.3 General Features of francis Turbine:
- The ratio of the width B of the wheel to the diameter D of the runner
is

rePresented by n.
B
D
I hc \alue of,n ran8es from O. l0 to 0.45'

- Flow ratio is the ratio of the velocity of flow at the irilet to the

theoretical iet l,elocity.

142
I
r
t Thtrs flow ratio- , =!
\ 2gH
Ihe value of V ranges frorn 0_15 ro 0.30.
Speed ratio is the ratio of the peripheml vetocity ar inlet ro rhe
theoretical jet velocity.

Speedrato,6- ]:
'lzer{
The value of Q ranges from 0.60 to 0.90.

3.6 Propeller and Kaplan Turbines:

I'ropeller turbine and Kaptan turbine are the bvo common types ofaxiel
flow tubines. A propeller turbine vdth an adirrstable blade is known as
Kaplan turbine.

Shaft

ulde blade

Runner blade

Drait t ube

Fig.3.7 Schemaric skerch of an axiat flow hrrbine.

Some fealures of these lurbines are:

- Since the raclial distance frorn the aiis at the inlet and outlet is same
the peripheral vel(rcitv is constant.

I83
Therefore, Ur = Uz = U
velocity
- As the inlet area and outlet area of lunner is same' the flow
remaiils unchanged.
i.e. Vfr = Vf,
- The discharge through the rurmer is Siven by

a =;(D: -D")'v,
zeu : n\'{'[-28ll
toi - XDio -
oi,> v J
=
[
Where Do = outside diameter of runner
Db diameler of boss (hub)
' Ratio,n. DblDo
The value n vanes from 0.35 to 0.60. The value of flow ratio !' is about

0.70.
- Work done per sec = W/g x UrVw

u,v*.
: -';;-
Hydraulic
'gr1 ef ficiency,'nh

BHI'
Overall efficiency, ,1" =
WI{p

Problem 3.1
Find a general exPression for the Pressule at the inlet of a draft
tube and find also the efficiency of a draft tube'

184
 Solutisa

Turbine casing

raft tube

Tail r.ace

at um

Fig. R).1

The gradually increasing cross-sectional area of draft tube converts a

major portion of kinetic head into pressure head as the water approaches
the tail race.

Considering the given figure, points (1) and (2) are considered as the
runner exit of turbine and the outlet of the draft tube respectively.

Nomenclature :
Let
Vr = absolute velocity of water at runner exit
V, = absolute velocity of water at the exit of draft tube
Pa = atmospheric pressure

185
 Hs = static suction head
hl = loss of head in draft tube
Pl : pressure at runner exit
P2 : Pressure at exit oF draft tube
Y= sPecific weight of water
21 = datum head at runner exit
22 = datum head at the exit of dmft tube
Derivation of Equation :
Applying Bernoulti's equation at Points (1) and (2),

P.vl_P.vl-,
._l+ !r /.--JtJ]L,1n.
'Yzg''Y28
o,.
't
,(2,- z,t = P'-
P'
"l rE 5r r.n,
zB .28
(i)

P.P
NowZ, Z, --H +h and--l "ty--th
PLrtting these values in equation (i)
a,*,n., hy =&*5-{V;- v,r .n,
"v-y28
_ j.-|
i.- ' ' , + h (ii)
ytzg - [( -
t
or, ) H,I +

Equation (ii) shows that the pressure at the inlet of the draft tube is less
than the atrnospheric pressure i.e. at the inlet there will be vacuum
IV: Vil i. known a5 the .l).namic suchon head.
'
pre\sLre. Thc lerm | + - Ize)
\ze '7 J
 Generally hf is exPressed as
/",v--L---L:
.,:\
h- -KJ I where K is a,onstant.
'[2e )
Equation (ii) becomes
- T .,. .,r'l
+- u, lu.+rr-K,l+l
rL-6J(iiD
Here 5 = H,
^l
If the dralt tube is cylindrical, then v, = V, and cquation (iii) becomes
!=H, H.
.^t
draft tube is defired as *le ra'tio of the actoal Sain of
The efficiency of a
pressure in the draft tube to the velocity head at the inlet of the draft
. tube.

Therefore, elficienry of draft tube,

Actual gain of pressure head
'"i Velocity head at ir et
v:-vl
--q- 2g

7o

_ (1- KXvi v;)

vi
=,,_.,1,_(+)']

187
 Problem 3-2
An inward flow reaction turbine discharges radially and the
velocity o{ flow at the inlet and outlet is constant. Prove tiat the
hydraulic efficiency can be expressed as
1

tan'] 6 tan 0,
1+
2(tanPr - tan0)
Where o and p1 are the guide vane angle and blade angle at the inlet.
Solution

IDlet Velocit

V,=V- outlet veloc iJ Y

Pl4cr3!]

Fig. P3.2
Nomenclature:
Let,
Ur = peripheral velocity at inlet
U, : peripheral velocity at outlet
Vr = absolute 'i,elocity at inlet

188
 V, = absolute velocity at outlet
Vfr = velocity of flow at inlet
' Vh = velocity of flow at ottlet
Vwr = velcrcity of whirl atinlet
Vw1 : velocity of whirl at outlet
- 0= guide vane angle at inlet
0l = blade angle at ir et
H = head of water at the inlet of turbine
Derivation of Equation :
. From inlet velocity diagram,
velocity of flow, Vh = Vwr
.V tane (i)

Peripheral velocity, U, = V- - --jll

' '' tanpr
v"-,t"lg
or.U.-V"' -
tanp,

or, u, = v- (1-l3rlg) (ii)

tanP,'
Al lhe outlet, V\ 2 . 0

Neglecting losses, head, H

U,V,, -:-z
i ---'l---:_L V: (ijr)
+
828
Velocity of flow, Vfr = Vf, = V,
From equations (i) and (ii), we have,

H=
u.v_' + v: rL
B2g
or,H=U.V
'a * + V:*' )otan'zo (iv)

From equations (ii) and (iv),

g= V''',, - t"t' e ,
g tanpr 29

lag
 H= -a(l-
v..r rrno ranre.
or. ;-+-l
' u,v"
Nolv, hydraulic efficiency, nh = -:;;1
-
v,,,.(1
tano.
;.,& )
V..' tano tai'e.
.f 1 *t ^11--+-l
g tanp, 2
iano
(1 ^ )
tanP,
or, rlh=-
' tanp, 2
1
-l
-tan'8
t-
- ta"O.
lr-- _)
tanPi
1
Proved.
or, lh etanll,
tanz
1+
2(tanPr - tan0)

Problem 3,3
An outward flow reachon turbine runs at 250 rPm under a head
of 31 m and is suPPlied with lt'ater at the ratc of 5 m3/s' The internal
and external diameters of the runner are 2m and 2 5m resPectively The
constant width of the runner is 200 mm For radial discharge, find out the
blnde antle. at outlet
'nlet,ind
Given Data:
N = 25o rPm
Speed of turbine,
Head of water, H = 31 m

190
 Flowrate,Q=5m3/s
Internal diameter of runner, dt = 2 m
- External diameter ofrunner, dz = 2-5 m
Constant width of ruiner, b = 0.20 m
To Find:
- Blade angle at inlet, Pr
- Blade angle at outlel0,
uz

Outlet Velocit
(b)

Inlet Veloc itY

Diagram

(a) (c)
Fig. P3.3
Solution
ftd.N 1cx2 x250- -.
----- zt'' -^
tum z' s
leripheral velocrty al inht, Ur = = --J5-
,rd.N 't>25x250- J2/zn\Is
^^--
feripheral velo<ity at outlel, U, - =
-
vetocitu of flow at rnret, v. =-9-=
=5 ,=="o3rn7.
7rd,b fix2xll2
-

I g1
 vclo(ityof flow.rrouttet. V- =-9= 5 -3.t8m/s
rd.b ,rx2.5x0.2
At the outlet, V, = Vf1
lvork done per unit weight oI rvater
t J.v
'--1= H_ l, Since V*-:0
g2g
', ZE

or,
26.18x V_, 31^, (3.18F
\" _-/
-, -, -:I =
9.81 2x9.8'l
or, Vwr = 11-42 m/s
Since Ur > Vwl, fhe changed velocity triangle is shown in figure (c).
Now lan(180'-p,)=..
vi. 3.98
*
u, v_, - 26.18-17.42
or. P, = 164.91o 6nr.
Vr' 318 -
,^.qirin tanB. - ll- 1) 7)
or. P, = S.SSo ens.

Problem 3.4
In a Francis turbine, the water enters r.tdiatly at the inlet and is
also dis.harged radially at the outlet. If the velocity of flow remains
constant at the inlet and outlet, show that the hydraulic efficiency is
expressed by

2
q" = where O is the guide blade angle.
2 *,"",e

192
I
Solution

U, =V

,t -Inlet
=v- Ve locit Y
Dfi*.a,
-

rnltlet Ve loeit
0z
-
Fig. P3.4
Nomenclature:
Let,
Ur = periPherdlvelocirY at inlet
U, = PeriPheral velocity at outlet
Vr = absolute velocity at inlet
V: = absolute velocity at outlet
Vfr = velocity of flow at inlet
Vfr = velocity of flow at outlet
Vh , = velocity of whirl dt inlet
Vlr,, = velocity of whirl at outlet
O = guideblade angle at inlet

Pl = blade angle at inlet

H = head ofwater at the inlet of turbine

193
 Derivation of Equation :
Irom inlet velocity diagram,
velociqt of flow, Vf = Ul taro
Velocity of whirl, Vwr = Ur

From ou tlet velocity o I diagran, Y2 = \11,

Neglecting losses, head of water, n-u,v*, *v1

82c
o.. P1 =
U'V*'
* V"'
a2g
u'v*' * v"'
or, 's2E
11 =

orn=4*4# "i,,""
*,r=!t1,*$l
a,,H=!t: elvte)
Hydmulic efficiency. ," =
?
IIJ
o., tt, =
gH
u?
a U:( 2 + tah'z0
sl 2

Proved.
2+ tai\1 O

194
 Problem 3.5
In an inward flow reaction turbine with radial vanes at the inlet
the velocity of flow at the outlet is K limes that.rl the inlet. lhe dischnrse
is radial at thie outlet. Prove that the peripheral velocity ai the inlet is
given bv

,, | 2slr
' Y 2 + K'tan'0

where 0 is the guide vane angle and H is the head of water. The flow
. velocity at outlet is K times the flow velocity at inlet.

Sol!!tion

-\\ I v.=v_ rqrq! fsl9_sj_!J

'r\ I ', ', Diasram

/I
-#--.-
/
-/1
'Y/ lr^*,'" outlel ye]-e-sjl-y
Diasram
,(u -l'
uz

Fig. P3.5

1Cs
Nomenclature:
Let,
Ur = periPheral velocity at inlet
U. = periPheral velocity at outlet
Vr = absolute velocitY at inlet
V, absolute velocity at otltlet
-
Vfr = vclocity ol flow 'rt inlel
Vf, = velocity of flow at outlet
Vwr = velocity of whirl at inlet
Vw? = velocity oI whirl at outlet
. e = Suide vane angle at intet

P1
: blade angle at inlet
Detivation of Equation :
Flow velocity at outlet, Vf, = KVfl
Absolute velocitY at outlet, V, = Vh
Velocity of whirl at in1et, Vwr = Ul
Velocitv of whirl at outlet, Vw, = 0
U,V,+;:V:
Now head of water, H=
gzg
rrlvi
$ H=-::-L+- L
c28
V! (0
"r.U!=ell-J 2
From inlet velocity diagram
v.r_L
tan 6 = --
v*,
v.
^r, ian e = --!
KV-,

196
 rano=5
KU,
OI; tano = fL
KU,
or, Vz = KUt tano
Tlierefore, equation (i) becomes
K'uitan'o
rJ, - oH_
2

r"=rl(r-tr?!g)
,"=";[a5qi)
U,=
2 +K2 t^n2 g

Problem 3.6
An inward flow reaction turbine nms at 200 rpm with d velocity
nf flow of 3.5 m/s. The didmeter and widrh o[ the runner dt jnl€l are I m
and 120 rnm respectively. II the vetocity of flow is coflstant and entry
and discharge are both radial at inlet and outlet respectively, find power
developed by the turbine, head of vr'ater and hydraulic efficiency.

G;ven Dat.:
Speed of lhe turbine, \,1 200 rpm
Constant velocity of fl ow, Vh = V12 = 3-5 rn/s
lnlet diameter of runner, dr = lm
Inlet *'idth of runner, br = 120 mm

197
ToFind;
- Power develoPed by the turbine, P
- Head of water, H
' Hydraulic efficiency, lh

v =v- Inlet Velocity

t 1 Diasra$

=vL outl:e! velocity

D lesraltr

Fig. P3.6
Solution
Peripheral velocitF at irdet, Ur =
d N-
= rIJ.?99 = 16.47^ 7,
60
- = LO'47
Velocity of whirl at inlet, Vwr = Ur n/s

194
I
I

wcitht ol waler
U,V,
-inct' V,, -0
i WorL done per trnil
IE
1!!J)911
- = 1.17 kNm / kN
9.81
Abso[ite velocitv at outlet, V2 = Vf, = Vfl = 3.5 m/.
. Hp.r.l 6tw.ler --
H:
U,V' l Vi U.V- \
'r-: I
n7n '-
-
(3 5)'
or. H = tt.t7t
2x981
or, H=11.79m Ans.
. IIV rrrT
Hydraulic efficiency, n" =lH =ffi=O.'t474or,94.7.f i,\ns.
.
Fiow rate, Q = nd1b1vh = n x 1 x 0.12 x 3.5 = 1.32 nJ / s
' Power developed by the turbine = Q x 7 x r-r'ork done
= 1.32 x 9.al x 11.17
= 144.64 kW Ans.
Problem 3.7
An outwa.d flow reaction turbine runs at 250 rpm under a head
of 150 m. The inlet and outlet diameters of the turbine are 2 m and 2.8 m
respectively. The constant width of the runner is 50 rnm and the flow
rate through the turbine is 5 m3/s. If the discharge is radialatoutlet, find
the (i) velocity of flow at inlet and outlet, (ii) vane angles at inlet and
outlet.

Given Data:
Speed oI the turbine, N = 250 rpm
Head of water, H = 150 m
Inlet diameter ofrunner dr =2 m
Outlet diameter of runner, d, = 2.8 m

199
 Width of runner, b = 250 mrn
Flowrate,Q+5m3/s
To Find':
- Velocity of flow at inleL Vfr
- Velocity of flow at outlet, Vf,
- Vane angle at inleL Pr

- Vane angle at outlet, 0?

v_1r
Irtet Veiocit

Fig. P3.7
Solution
ftd.N ,r x2 x250 -- -- / s
Peripheral velocitval inlel, U, = --6t) = - 6U-- =Zb-l6m
,rd"N ,tx2.8x250 ^- --
Ur=-.iO =-
Peripheral velocity al outlet,
tO - =Jo.o5m/s

2A)
Flowrate,Q=ndrbvi
or,5=IlY2x025xVfr
' or, Vfr 3.18 m/s Ans
Aganr Q = ,rd-bvf.
or,5 = n x 2.8 x 0.25x Vf?
or,vh=2.27 t ls Ans.
Absolute velocity at outleL V, = Vf, =2.27 t /\
U,V
-' *' + VI
Head of water, H -
E2E -' since V*. = 0
U.V V, ?

or H= ' -r+-1.-
928
__^
or, l5U
26.'t8xv *, . (2.m,
= -'____:__:-

or, vwr = 56.11 m/s

From inlet velocitY diagram
-+v_
'' = ------L
tanB'
V", -U,
3.18
or, tan p, =
A. II _r;18
or, Fr - 6.060 Ans.
From outlet velocitY diagranr,
V.
''
tan R. = ---=
u,
2.27
or, tanp, --
% 6s
or, 0u = 3.540 Arrs'

Problem 3.8
The internal and extemal diameters of an inward flow reaction
turbine are.O.65m and 1.25m respectively. Tht' guide vane angle is l0o

201
and the head of \^/ater is 23 m. The runne. vanes are radial at inlet and
the constant velocity of flow is 2.5 m/s. If the discharge is radial at the
outlet, find the vane angle at outlet, sPeed of the turbine and the
hydraulic efficiency.
Given Data:
Outlet diameter of turbine, d, = 0.65 m
lnlcl di,rmeter of turbine, dr = L25 m
Guide vane angle, 0 = 10o
Hcad of water, H = 23 m
velocity oJ flow, vfr =Yt2 = 2.5 m/s
To Find:
- V.rn!- angie at outlet, E,
- Speed of the turbine, N
- Hvdraulic efficienry, t16

Outlet Velocity
'-a Dia.Ar at

Inlet Veloci t

Fig. P3.8

2o2
 Solution
From irllet i'elocity cliagram, tan e =
yl

or, tan10" = ?i
u,
or' Ur = 14-18 m/s
nd'N
Penoheral velocitv. U. =
'60
o., 14.1g
o*15"N
'60=
ot N = 216.65 rpm Ans.

.leripherdl velocity at outlet, U2 = .i =

ff = 7.37 m /:
Frcm outlet velocity diagram
V.
''
tanlj- = ----:
u,
or, ^
tan lJ. =
2.5
' ' 7.37
or, Ans.
-
P. = 18.7,10
From inlet velocity diagram, Ur = Vwr = 14.18 m/s
U.V
Hydraulic efficiency, I" = -+
8r1
_ I4.18 x t4.18
\9.81x23
= 0.8972 or, 89.12"/" Ans.
Problem 3.9
Ir| an rnward flow reaclion turbine the rnlet drameter is I m and
the outlet diameter is 0.5m. The constant velocity of flow is 2 m/s and
the flow is radial at the outlet. The width of the runner at inlet is 2y) mln
and 10"" of the area of flow is btocked by blarie thickness. The speed o!
the runner is 210 rph and the guide blades malies an angle of 1Oo to the

2()3
 through the turbine' \'ane
wheel tangent. Find the weitht of water PassinS
absolLrte and relative
."rr"" anh outlet Calculate also the
"r"rr*
velocities at inlet.
Given Data:
hrlcl di.lmeler, d' ' I m
Otltlet diameter, d, : 05 m
Velocity of flow, Vfr = Vb = 2 m/s
wi.lth ol runner at jnlet' br = 250 mrn
SPeed of the turbine' N = 210 rPm
Cuide vane angle, e = l0o
(1 - 0 10) = 0 90
Factor for thickness oI vanes' K =
To Fiad:
Waler flow rate, W
- Vane anSle nl intet, P
Vane angle,rt outlet, h
- Absolute velocitY at inlet, Vr
- Relative velocitv at iniet, Vrr

,,, lnfet Ve locltY

D i agram

Yz Outlet Ve 1oc itv

D i agram

Fi1.. P3.9
zo4
 Solution
leripheral velocity at inlet.I9i! - tr "
U, =
u,l4l0 - -
11 7.
Peripheral vetociry at outlet. U, -
od,N Itq!tl0
= - 5.5 m,/s

- Now tane = fL
v.,
v- =v,=-2
" r""0 =;;* = rL34 tn /s
. Again. 6,om inlet velocity diagram,
. v-
tan8. = ''
'v*,-U,
or' tan8'
'' =-L
11.34 - r 1

or, Fr = 80.350 Ans.

Now, sine = Y"
vr.
or. v' = u+= -1 , =trsr-/" on".
sin0 sin10.
\/
Agai", sinp, =
-L
v.
ot, sin80.35' = -a
V,,
or, Vrr = 2.03 m/s Ans.
From oudet velocity diagram,
V,
tanp' = ---r-r
U,
ot' .. =
tan8' a
5.5
or, 0z = 19,980 Ans.

20s
Flow rate, Q = KT.drbrvfr x Y

=0-9xnx 1xO'25x2\9'81
13 87 kN/s Ans'

Problem 3.10
7000 kW under a head
An inward flow reactioq turbine develoPs
m and the inlet flolv
of 125 In at 45O rPm. Its diameter at inlet is 125
area is 0.it5 m2. The angles marle by the
absolute and relative velocities at
velocity Find the
irlet are 22o and 600 resPectively with the tangenhal
rate, hydraulic efficiency and overall fficiency
( of thc turbine'
flow
Assdme radial discharge at the outlet'

Given Data :
SPeed of the turbine, N = '[50 rPm
Head of watet H = 125 m
Inlet diameter of runner, dl = 1_25 m
lnlet flow area, a 0 45 m2

Angte made by absolute velocity at inlet' e =

22o

Blade angle at inlet, Pr = 600

Porler develoPed l = 7000 lW

To Find :
- Flow rate, Q
- Hydraulic efficienry, rlh
- Overall elliciency ol lhe lurbrne, 4,'

206
 Inlet Velocity
D i agr.am

V2=vf,
orrtl.t v"lo"itu
Diagram

1
Fis. P3.10
I

i, Solution
Peripherat vetociw at in1"1. g = 4l! = o*115'450 =D.45 rn /s
i
' 60 rt1
From inlet velocity diagram,

tane=5
v".,

or, tan 22" = ffr

v*,
ot, Vfr = 0.40 Vwr (i)
V.
APain. '
LrnB. - '
v., _u,
V'
or, tn.r 50" = v,_,
-29.45
or, Vwr - 29.45 = O.58 Vfr (i,
From equations (i)and (ii). we have
Vwr - 29..15 = 0.58 x O-40 Vwl

207
 or, Vw, = 38 35 n1/s
Therefore, vf, = 0..10 vr,\,r = 15.34 m/s
Flow r.rte, O = rrdrbrVfl
or,Q = 0.15 x 15.3{ Shce a=nctrbr =0.{5m2
= 6 90 m3/s Ans.
p _ 70OO
n^ - 0'827t or 82'7{'"Anr
'- - '
Orer.rllctri, iencv,
"' Q-/H D oYo- 8i
- \ I25
U,V"
i
Hvdr,rLrli.elficienry, '' gH sut'e Vt'l o'
nh
2q 45 38 35 q2
- 981 x 125 = o 9ll0 or' 10%Ans'
Problem 3.11
A F-rancis turbine develoPs 400 kW at 7OO rPm under a head of
hydraulic
61 m. The overall efficiency of the turbine is 85"/" and the
12' The
efficiency is 937". The flow ratio is 0 22 and the breadth ratio is 0
of
outer diameter of the iunner is twicc the inner diameter' The thickness
the vanes occupv 57. oF circumferential are'r of the runner and
the
thc
vclocity of florv is constant throughont lf the discharge is radial at
olrtiet. find the guide blade angle, vane angles at inlet and ortlet
and

widih of the *.heel at inlet.

Civen Data:
OutPut Power, P = 400 kW
SPeed of turbine, N = 700 rPm
Head of water, H = 61 m
Overall efficiency, no = 85'1,
Hydraulic efficiency, rlh = 9391'
The flow ratio, \U = 0.22
Breadrh(atio,n=0.12
Fn.tor due to thickness oI vanes, K : (1 - 0 05) = 0 95

208
 To Find:
- Cridc r?rcangle,0
- Vane.rnSle at irlct, IJr
- Vane.1n6le at outlet, B:
- Width of th€'wheel ar inlet, bl

uz

N
E-----l =rr, Cutfg! Vetocity
ur aglam

f, Inle1_yglgj!rl
Dtagl-am

Fic. P3.11
Solution
\,
Flow ralro. 1,, = ----J -Oa')
r,2gH
or. V, = 0.22",12gH
or, V. - 0.22\rxg.81/ 61 -;.61 n / s
Sincc velocity of fiow is constant, therefore, Vr = V,

209
 P
(Jverall eitrcrencv.
' '' n =-
O,'*r
' 400
or. 0.85 -
Qx98t151
ot,Q= o.79 tn3/s
Let br = width of wheel at inlet
-
dr = diameter of wheel at inlet = outer diametel of runner

b.
or
h
or 012-:'
d,
or, b,
0.12d,
Flow r,rte, Q = KndrbrVl'
or, 0.79 = 0.95 \ n \ dr \ 0.l2dr x 7.61

or, dr = 0.54 m
Therefore, br = 0.12dr = 0-05 m Ans.
rd.\ r x0.54 x 700 -- -^
le./e m /
fcriDherdl velocit\, .rt inlet. U, - s
't0&
u-v
Hv.rra li..tfr.i.n.v
,,'',gH n =-- l! Since V =0.
19.79 xV
or.
' 0.93: -9.81x 6l''
or, V'wt 2a.12 n\/s
From inlet velocity draSram,
V.
t;n6- --
v..,
7.61
or, [an O - 2A 12
-
2to
 or, 0= 15.1,10 Ans.
Atajn from inler Yelociry- diagam,
V,
,, _ V,,, _U,
,"n 0,

or, tan ''^u, - 7.61

28.t2 _ t9.79
or fl, = {2.410 Ans.
Outlet diameter of runnet, (11= dt/2 = 0.27
rd-N g?1Y00
reripheral vetocirv,rt o,rtet. U. - -L - o.s6 . /,
' From oullet velocitv dragram,
' V,
''
hn[J. = --
u-
:

'- u.
o., ^
tanb.
'' =
z.Zr
9.90
-
0: = 3zs5o Ans.

[rcbfc!! 3J2
A Francis turbine develops 1000 kW ar 250 rpm under a head of
26 m. The flow rate of water through the turbine is 5 m3,/s. The velocity
of flow at the outlef is 3 m/s and warer flows radially at the outlet. The
diameter of runner at the inlet is lm and at the outlet is 0.6m_ Width of
the runner at the inlet and outlet is constnnt. Find the hydrauljc
efficiency, overatl efficiency, guide vane anSle and blade angte at the intet.
Civen Dala:
N = 250 rpm
Speed of turbine,
Cenerated power, P = i 000 LW
Head of water, H = 26 m

211
 Fl.r* rate of *'atc., Q = 5 *3/s
Inlet diameter of runner, Dr = 1 n1
Outlet diameter of runner, Dl = 0 6 m
Velocity of flow at outlet, Vf? = 3 m/s
To Find:
- Hydrauli. efficiency, rlh
Overall efficiency, r)o
- CLr,de vane.rngle, 0
- Blade angle at inlet. Pr

L-v ---J
Fur-'
\-\J
I

=a--xo.-e,.--l -f In1et Velocit

2=u \ Outlet Velocity

Diagram

Fig. P3.12

212
 sp&lisr
i Absolute velocity at ourlet, Vr = VL
Width of the runner at inler and outlet iseqlal j.e. Br = B,
Vi
H-
lg
Now hydraulic efficienty, n, = ---
26- q)'
or, tlh

or, lh = 0.9824 or/ 98.219. A.ns.

. ,'
Overall efIicien.". n,.,=-P
QYH
. or' n =- 1000
"' 5x9.gt xz6
- or,Io=O.7841. ot,78.41A' Ans.
Now flow rate, Q = ,rdjtVh - xd2B2VI2
or, D.
r-r v,- since B,=8,
D, .V,,
or,
13
0.6 vf,
or, Vfr , L8 m/s

feripheral velocity ntrnter, U, = IP.:J!

60 =o*1.14=13.0cm/s
60
Work done by turbine = "'''', =H -',
TJ,V

c2g
l3.0cxV-. - :f3),
or, _ = 2b_
a.8l 2
" 9.81
o,' v*, = 19jl4
'. ^1t
From intet velocity diatram, t"ne =
#

213
 ' tano = -lq
19.14
or. e=-;.37oAns.
.{gai11,
V,
., V -II
1.8
t.rr ll. - .-
19.14 - 13.09
or, pr = Ib57o Ans.

Prot lem 3.13

In an inward flow reaction turline the Suide vane angle is 20o and
the inlet tip of runner vane makes an anglgoI 1200 with the tangent at
inlet periphery. The head oI water at the inlet of turbine is 15m and the
welocity of flow at inlet and outlet is constant fhe discharge is radial at
the outlet, find out irydraulic efficiency and velocity of flow.
Given Data:
CurLie ! dne.rntlc, e = 20^
Bhde angle at inlet, E, = 120o
Heacl of watet H = 15m
Velocity of flow at ir et and outlet are e(lual i.e. Vfr = Vf,
To Find:
- Hydraulic efficiency, lh
- Velocity of flow

2t+
i

I
i

IEle! - Velocit y
Dlagranl

'r=u ,, Otrtlet Veloclt

, Fig. p3-13
Solution:
From inlet r.elmity diagram,
vrr = vrsino = vrsin20o = 0.34vr
Velocity of whirl, Vw1 = V1coso V,cos20o
= = 0.94V,
Absolute velocity at outlet, V2 = Vf, = Vfr
Peripheral velociry at inler, Ur V_, +
=
taa(lmi - 120")
ot, LJ, = o.g4v. +0'AY.
' ' tana{r
or, ul = 1.14Vr
lvork done by the turbrn" U,V*
-r-Vl since V*
r a28 =0_

215
 U.V
, -,:H_ v,_:-L
'?

s2g
1.14V, Y0.9{V, "- (0.34V, )'?
ol,
9.81 2x9.81
Vr :
m/s 11.-11
Therefore, Vfr:0.34Vr = 3.88 m/s. Ans.
UrV.,, 1.14V1x0.94V1
Hydraulic ef ficiency, rl. _
gH gH
1.14x0.94x(11.41)l
9.81x 15
= 0.9481 or. 94-s1% Ans.
P;oble]E 3.14
An outward flow reaction turbine has inner and outer diameters
of the wheel as 1.1m and 2.1m resPectively. The water enters the wheel af
. an angle of 22o and leaves the wheel radially. If the velocity of flow

remains constant at 10.2 m/s and the sPeed of the wheel be 300 rpm,
lind lhe \ ane angle. at inlcl nnd outlet.
Given Data:
Inlet diameter oI turbine, dr : 1-1rn
Outlet diameter oI turbine, d:= 2 Im
Guide vane angle at i^lel, g = 22o
The constant velocity of flor-r', V1, =Vb=10.2m/5
Speed of the wheel, N = 300 rPm.
To Find:
- Vane antle at inlel. P
- V.rne angle al oullei. Pl

zt6
 V"=V" Outlet yeloc i r v
' PiScram

V.1r Itr1et Velocitv

Fig. P3.14
Solution
,r x 1.1x 300
Perioheral velmitv it inlet L - l!.lll = '60 = 17.28 tr / s
60

Periohcral velmitv at ouLlot. tl . =

nd{ ?r x 2.1x 300
60
= =32.99m/s
V,
from inlet velocity di.rtrnm. tan0 = ------L

or, tat22" =92

ot' Ywt = 25 25 m/s
V''
Acain ton R.
" = V*, U,

217
 10.2
trnlir =
1; rq rrO
or, Br = 52o Ans
V
AE.rin fr(,m outlct Yclocil\ dr,r)-'anr. trn B: -- L

or. r""9' -
5f*
or' Fz = 17180 Ans'
Problem 3.15
ln an inward flow lion iurbine the rnlet and ourlet dirmelers
ren(

are 3m and 2[r resPectively. The ctischarge throtrgh the turbine 80

is m3/s
and the inlet vane angle is 1200. The discharge is radial at the outlet and
tlle velocity of flow at outlet is 13.5 m/s The head of water is 162m and
the width of tlle wheel is constant throuthort' lf the hydraulic efficiency
is 88'/", find the power produced and the sPeed of the turbine'
Given Data:
Inlet diameter of runner, Ll| = 3 m
Outlet diameter oI runner, d2 = 2 m
Discharge through the turbine, Q = 80 ml/s
Vane angle at inlet, lli = 120(]
Velocitv of flow at outlet, Vr: = 13 6 mr s
Head of water, H = 162m
Hydraulic efficiency,Ih = 88'2,
To Find:
- Power produced by the turbine, P

- speed of the turbine, N

2ta
 In 1et Velocitv
Diagram

V.=V- Outlet Velocitv

- -z ---Di
"g..!,1-

Fig. P3-15
Solution
lvidth of the ivheel is constant.
Let b
widlh o[ lhe wheel.
Now flow rate, Q = rd:bVrz
or,80=,rx2xbx13.6
or,b=0.94m
AAain, Q = ,rdrbvfr
or,80=zx3x0.94xVrr
or, Vrr = 9 03 m/s
From inlet velocity diagram
V
tan(180"-B.l=-
' " U, -V.

219
 or tan(180'-120't=''wJ_
U V..
or, Vw, =U, -521
U,V
Hvdr.lulic efficiency, n.- -,; since V. -0.
Brr
\.21)
9.8r < 162
of , ui -5.2iu1
-1398-51 =l).
From this equation, Ur = 40.09 m/s
Now, Vwr = U1 - 5.2't = (40.09 - 5-21) m/s = 3-r.88 m/s
PenDhpr:l velo.itv. 1,. = 1!rll
. lru

or 4ll.l)9 =
,Ix3xN
$l
or, N = 255.22 rPm Ans-
-
Power produced by fhe hrrbine,
p=oygr.v",-80:i.91"1!.ot!189-
-' 8 rr r8b7 rw Ans.
c81
Problem 3.16
An inward flow reaction turbine develops 200 kw at 300 rprn
under a head of 15m. The inlet and outlet diamcters o[ the turbine are 2m
and 1m respectively. The width of the la-he€l at inlet 0.2m and the flow
rate through the turbine is 1.5 m3ls. The velocity of IIow at outlet is 3
n1/s and the discharge is radial at the outlet- Find the h,vdraulic
efficiency, overall efficiency, blade angles and the gLride blade angle at
inlet-
Given Data:
Generated power, kW
P = 200

Speed of the wheel, N = 300 rpm.

Head of water, H = 15m

' 220
 Inletdiameter of turbine? dr = 2m
Outlet diamcler of lurbine, (1, I m
. DischarSe through the turbine, Q = 15m1/s
Velocity of flow, Vfr = 3 m/s
Width of wheel at inleL b1 = 62-
To Find:
- Hydraulic elli( ien.y, nF
- Overall efficiency, n,,
Blade angle at inlel, pl
- Blade angle at outlet, P,
- Guide blade angle at inlet, 0

F-- ur--i
l--'"-- I
6;---
Inlet Vefoci ty
q!4cr44

Outlet Ve 1oc itv

Diagram

Fig. P3:16
 Solution
Ui -
100 -- .-
,rd.N ,r . 2 <
l'e pherrl velocity al inlet,
60 - t,O- -Jl12m/s
,rd-N r> 1x300
leflpher,rl \elocitval oullet, U. -; - 60 -t\'/tm./s
Absolute velocity at outlet V, = Vf, = 3 m/s
_, u,v... vi
Head of liater, H=
-']*;
,t- -]1.42xY,,
or. ,_
(3),
o;rt' -r51, since V,,. =0
or,
Vwt = 4.54 rn/s
flowrale,Q= ndrb'Vfr
ot,7.5=nx2x.2xVf1
or, Vfr = 1.19 m,/s
31.42x4.54
Hydraulic efficiency, ," = = = .94o/" A*.
? 9.81x 15
P :
Overall efficiency, rt,, : :9O.674" Ans.
byH 1,5 x 9.81x 15

Lel 0 = guide blade angle.tt inlel.

V.
From inlet velocitv diagram. tan(180"-p') -
U-"
1.19
tan(i80" -Pr) =
37.42 * 4.
h = 177 .47o
7.19
Again,
4.54
0 = 14.690 Ans-
v,.
From ollllelvelocrtv diagram, tanp, =-

tanp, = F, = 10.810 Ans.

15.71
 Problem 3.17
An inward flow reaction turbine develops 205 kW at 150 rpm
undar a head of Bm. The overali efficiency of the turbine is 75'1, and the
hydraulic Iosses in the turbine are 217" of the a\ ailable energv. The sPeed
ratio is 0.26 and the flow ratio is 0.96. tf ihe discharge is radial ai the
outleL find the guide blade angle, vane an8le at inlet and the width of the
wheel at inlet.
Given Data:
Pow,er developed by the turbine, f 205 kW
of the turbine, N = 150 rpm
Speed
Head of waler, H B m
Overall efliciency of the turbine,4o = 75'1,
SPeed ratio,0=0.26
Flowratio,V=0.96
To find:
- Guide blade angle, e ,
-
- Vane antle at inlet, P,
- Width of (vheel at inlet br

Outlet Veloclty
Dt.Er.p

,q Ialet VeLocltv
Di&are

Fig. P3.17

223
 Solution
soeed ratio. a= !t: = o.za
^l2cH
or, U1= 0.26\2glf =o.ze"l2x9.8rxB =3.26m/s
Fro,vr.lrio. r=-L=o.qu
' .121.11
x g. t:t * = t2.03 m / s
v t, = 0.9 6 J2}IJ = o.g a.7z
- Head at inlet - HYtlraulic loss
''' -
Hydraulic elliciency, 4h
Head at inlet

or' -_,;-
H - 0.21H
4h-- -t-l
' ot, 4h 07q
u.v*
.n.6ain hydr,irrlic efficiency, rlh - - gJr
' sin ce V-, =0

-- 3 26xY*'
or-
' o.79 = 981x8
or, Vwr ='19.02 m/s
-vf,
From inlcl vclLritY draqram, t,rn0 -:v"
tanU
-- t2.03

-19.O2
or, 0=32.310 Ans.
ASarn from rnlel vel(ritv diagram, tanp. =
V '12.O3
LL

or. tan[ - -1,,.02 3.26

or' 0' = 3736(' Ans'
rdN
PenDhLral velo.it\ at inlel, U. -
6t)

o. r^d x liO
',.76 - --
a0-

22.1
Solution
U,
Speed ratio, 6:_67:uI zo
' v1tsr
or, Ur = 0.26\'gH =0 ZelExC1txg : 3 26 n/s
V.
Flow ra5o. V=_6+.=0.q6
zgn I
or, Vr, = 0.961'EgH = O9OnTxe.rl,x8 = 12'03 t /s

Hydraulic efficienry, nh :
Head at inlet
H - 0.21H
of' tl" : .ll-
' ot, rlh= O79
,^,ga;i.t hy.lrarlic effici"".y, & =?'V*
U
since V-':0'
3'26xv*'
or. 0.79=-----
' 9.81" 8
or, Ywt = '19 02 m/ s
VI,
Frr,m irlrt \ clocirv diagram trnB-.r

t2 03
lane -
19 02
-
or, 0= 32 31o Ans'

Atdin lrnm'nlet vetocrtv diagram, tan0 -ffi

ot' g - 141
''n""' 7e.oz- 3.26 '

Fr = 37 36(' Ans'
rd.N
l'eriphHrnl velocity at inlet, U, = '--
T> dr^ liO
or, 3'26-
-L

221
 or, clr=042m
P
Overall efri.icnc\ ,.Qfi
. n =-
205
u_/) -
exo.8l,8
or,
Again flow rate,
-
Q = 3.-r8 m3,/s
Q = rdrbrvfl
ot, 3..18= ,r x 0.42 x bl x 12.03
ot, br = 0.22 m Ans.
IIqblsa 3.18
The idet and outlet diameters ofan inl'ard flow reaction turbine
' are 3.5m and 2.5m lespectively. lhe llow rate of water is 150 m3ls under
a head of 151m. The blade angle at inlet is 12011 and the velocity of flow
at outlet is 15 m/s. The overall efficiency is 85% and the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine is 90%. The discharge is radial at the outlet and
the breadth of the wheel is constant at the inlet and outlet. Find thc
power developed and the speed of the tu6ine.
Civen Drla:
Inlet diameter oI turbine, dr = 35m .

Outlet diameter of turbine, d? = 2.5m

Flow rate of rvater Q = 150 m3ls
Head of water, H = 151m
Blade angle at inlet, Pr = 1200
Outlet velocity of flow, Vf: = 15 m/s
Hydriuli, cfficiency, nF cn':"
Ovcrallefficrency, no = 8s'"
To Find:
- Power developed, P
- SpePd ,'f the turbine, N

225
 Inlet Velocity
D13c44!

t,
qutlet Velocity
Diaqram

Fig. P3-18
Solution
Absolute velocity at outlet, V, = Vf, = 15 m/s
Widih of the wheel at inlet = width of the wheel at outlet
i.c. b) = bz
Flow rate, Q = TrdrbrVh = xdtbtY tt
or, ,t x 3.5 x br x Vfr =nx2.5xb, x15
()r, Vf i = 10 71 m/s
U,V*.
H\irr,rulr. Plhctcnct, nh =
-
gn
U,V
or O-9O = ---- --:!
9.81x 151
or, urv*, = 1333 18

226
 1333.18
or. v.',
U,
,V
Asain. tan(180 ' - U'-V'
P,)
-r'
tan(l8U t20 )= l0'71
U,-V
or, Ur - V,., = 6.18
i313 1!
or. u,'u]
- = o.ta

or, Ui -6.18Ur - 1333.18 =o

b.'18:r *b.18)' +4 x 1333.18
l herelnrp l l- = '
2

. or, ut=39.73m/s
od'N
Bulperipher,rl velocity, U, =
60

or, 39.23=tx35xN
60

P
uverall , n,' =-
efticiencv.
QYH
P
or, 0.85 =
150 x9.81x 151
or, P = 188867 kW Ads.
Problq! 3.19
An inward flow reaction turbine develops 2500 kW at 300 rpm
under a head of 30m. The speed ratio is 0-95 and the flow ratio is 0.35.
The overall efliciency of the turbine is 82% and the discharge is radial ar
the outlet. If the hydraulic losses are 20'1, of available energy, find the
guide blade angle at iniet, blade angle at inlet diamerer of wheel at inlet
and the width of the wheel at inlet.

2Zi
 Given Data:
. Generated powet P = 2500 kW
Speed of turbine, N = 300 rPm
Head of water, H = 30m
SPeedratio,O=0.95
Florvratio,v=0.35
oveiall efficiency, rlo = 827"
To Find:
- Guide blade angle at inlet, 0
- Blade angle at inlet, 01
- Diameter of wheel at irileL dl
- Width of wheel at ir eL bl

I[Iet Velocity
Diagram

*
,_ /1
,7 lu'
=uq Out1et Velocity
Diagram
u2

Fig. P3.19
 Solution
Hydraulic losses are 20% of available energy.
avaiiable enqlE- hydraulic losses
Now hydraulic effi.ierr", nn -
avaihble energy
=(1 -020)=080
. Spced raho. O=g=0.95
-/28H
or, U, = 0,9518gH = 0.95.,Eig.SL><gO =ZS.OSm/s
Let dr = diameter of wheel at inlet.
, Peripher.-rl velocir. U.'60
=
nd,N

or' 23'05 = zxd' x300

60
' or, dr = 1.47 m Ans.
v.
Flow ratjo, V= +=0-35
' i2sH
V,, = 0.35J2SH = O.aSr/Z x g.rTxgO = a_+y m,zs
II.V
Hvdrnuli.eIrcipn.v. rl, -J gH since V- _0.
23.05 x v
9.81x 30
or, U"., = 10.21 m,/s
V,
Asain, ,,, ---]r-
lrn(180"-0.)--
U,.V-
84
ran1l80 -8,1--2r'0s-i021
p. - r46.5Jo Ans.
., _-:!
V,
'!ow, tan0 = v*,
4.49
or, tan {} = --:-
10.21

219
 or,0 = 39.7,1()
Let, Q = flow rate thro.i8h the turbine
I'(,Nni,le\ eloF,,i. l- = Q/H
or,250t)=Qx gst \ 3t)

or,Q rlomi:
A,l.rin lI{r rdtc, Q =,ri1 h Vf
or, B.'19 = n x 1-17 x b! x 849
" o., b, = 9.22 m Ans.
Problem 3.20
The inner and oLrter diameters of an outward flow reaction turbine
afe 1.5m and 2m resPectively. The runner has 30 vanes and each of the
vane is 25rnm thick. The head of warer is 52m nnd the flow rate of lvater
is 6 m3,/s. The constant wiclth of the wheel is 250mm If the discha'ge is
radial at the outleL find the blade antles at ir et and outlet and the guide
blade angle at inlet. The turbine runs at 250 rPm'
Giwen Data:
Inl, t di.rmetcl ol rrrnnPr d l'im
Outlet diameter of ru nr.er, d2 = 2ir
Nurnber of vanes, n = 30
I hicLne!\ ol vnnP, I = 2i mm
width of th; wheel, b = 250 rnm
Head of water, H = 52 m
Florv rate of water, Q = 6 m3ls
Speed of the turbine, N = 250 rPm
To find:
- Bldde .rnsle.'r ,nlet. P
- Blade angle at outlet, B2
- Guide blade antle at inlet, e

230
 ,="^ Outlet Velocity
Diagr?qr

Inlet Vefoc itv

Diagram

Fig. P3.20
Solution
Peripheral velocity at inleL U, =
rd,N r x1.5x250
lil]j] = ='19.63 m / s
60
g. {94! 2 * 250
Peripherdt vetocirv .rt ou,;",, =
60 = " 60
- 26. 18 m/ s

Now flow (rd, - nt) bvfr

ratP, Q =
' ot,6= (7r x 1.5 - 30 x 0.025) x 0.5 x Vf,
ot'Vf = 6 06 rt/s'
Again, Q=(,rdr-nt)bvf.
or, 6 = (,r x 2 - 30 x 0.025) x 0.25 x Vf,
ot.Vh=4.34a/s.
Vr
Absolute Iel(tcity al outlet, Vt:
U,V V!
Total h€ad- H= ' "' + -:j
E2E

231
 __ 19.63/V. (4.14):
9.81 2 r 9.81
or, Vr,t r = 25.51 m/s
trom inlel velNii\ rliagram. larrp -
V _ t]
6-06
or' tanP, = 25.51,
- 19.63
or, 0r = 45 860 Ans'
V,
Again, tan0:;;r

tang : .6.06
25.5 t
or, - Ans.
O= 13.360
From outlet vel(rity diagram, tan p, = p
.or, t^"gr=#
or, 0, = 9,alo Ans.
fpbleD 3.21
An outward flow reaction turbine hns inteinal and external
diameters 2.5m and 3-1m respe.tively. The sPeed of the turbinc is 300
rpm and the flow through the turbine is 6 m3ls The turbine works under
a head of 40rn and the constant width of th( wheel is 300mm. If the
discharSe is radial at the outlet, find the velocity of flow at inlet, vel(xrity
of flow at outlet, l'elocity of whirl at inlet and blade angles at inlet and

Crven Data:
Intemal diameter of turbine, dL = 2.5m
External diameter of turbine, d, = 3.1m
Speed of the turbine, N = 300 rpm

232
 Florv rate through the turbine, Q = 6 m3, s
Head of iv.1ter, H = 40 m
l -
Widtll of the rvheel, br = b, = 300 nlm
To Find:
Vclocity of flolv at inleL Vfl
- Veiocity of t-lor!.at olrtlet Vfr
- Velcrcity of whirl at inlet, Vwr
- Blade an8{e at inlet, pr
- Blade anSle at outlet, g!

(b) Outlet Veloci ty

Diagram

InIet Veloci rv
uTagram _4/l

L-u-J I
l*:,"__;
Fig. P3.21

233
 Solution.
leriDhcr:rl velocitv dtinlPt, U, _ ,td.N---,r x 2.5x 300 Je'2/
-^ -- m/s
' {,0 - 60
rd.N r' .^c'q^ m / s
3.1\300- 4x
l'(rrpheral \'elociry at ortllel. U, - -i:L
_
o0 -- 60
Flow raie, Q=rdlbrvfr
or,6=nx2.5 x 0.3 x Vfr
o!, Vfr = 2.55 m/s. Ans.
Agnin, flow rate, Q ,rd. b/Vf)
or,6=nx3.1x0.3xYIz
. oit, Yh = 2.05 m/s. Ans-
Velocity of whirl at outlet, Vw) = 0.
Therefore, V, = V1,
U.V -2
:]-:i! v'
Now head oI water, H = 1L
g2g
.
^ ..
39.27 xV e.Os),
9.8r 2x9.87
or, Vwr = 9.94 m/s Ans.
Since Ur > vwl, the cotected velocity triangle at inlet is shown in fig- (c)
v.
N.w tan(180" - 'u.-v*,
6) = "":!-

nr ran(l8o ) ss
r't - 39.27 -9.94
or, 0=1750 Ans.
From outlet velocity diug.o*, tan p, :5
U,
2.05
:::-
or tan B" = 44.69
or, 0z = 2.410 Ans.

234
 Problem 3.22
. An outward flor.v rea.tion turbine works under a head oI200m
and runs at 300 rpm: The constant width of the runner is 300 mm and the
flow rate of water is 7.5 m3ls. The inlet anrl outlet diameters of the
runner are 2.25 m and 3 m respectively. Duc to the thickness of the
- blades, the flow area is reduced by 9%. If the discharge is radial at the
outlet, find the vane angles at inlet and oudet and power produced by
the tu6ine.
Given Dat*
, Head of water, H = 200 m
Speed of the turbine, N = 300 rpm
' Widlh of the runner, b - 300 mm
. Flow rate of water, Q - 7.5 m3ls
Inlet diameter oI rurmer, q = 2.25 m
Oullet diameter of runner, d, = 3m
Faclor for thicl\ness of blades, K = (l - 0.09) - O.9l
To Find:
- Blade angle at inlet, Pr and blade angle at outleL 0,
- Power produced by the turbinq P
{J2
a-6-----1
lur''s outle!.velocllv
'q\
\
---*1.-
/

..ryfi' ( I!le:r. velocrry

F-,J
l--v";--.]
I
Fig. P3.22

235
Solution
ILdN r'225"300 rr.r+
--^, rrr /, s
peripherdt velocfty di i"t"t, U,
1O= - - 10 -
rd^N r'l'300
Peripher.rl velocity at outlcl, U? -
Zii - - 4/')zm / s
Flo\ rale, Q- K,rdrbvfr
"0
ot,7.5=O.g1xnx2.25 x 030x Vfl
or, vf1 = 3.89 m,/s.
Velocity of flow at outlet, Vfr = V,
Again, flow rate, Q = Knd2 bvf,
or, 7.5 = o.91 x r x 3 x 0-30 x Vf:
or, vtz = 2-97 rn/s.
u.v
Aaain- head of water. H = "' g'"', t 2E.
]' sirrce v., =0
"
tj.v v. )
or,'A2gH =:Li-I,+-1L

2OO-
35 34 <V -
- -: r-(2'elf
9 81 2x9 81
or, Vwi : 55 40 m/s
From inlet vPlocily di.gram, tanP, _ U,
V.,

or' tan P, = -55.40 35.34

--1€- -
or' 9r = 10'970 Ans'

From outlet velocity diugram, tan1l. = !U,

or, tanp, =34.
47.12

IJ.V
lower generated by turb;ne, P - Q'I t r- a
I
236
 or, p = 7-5x9.8t x 35 34 x55.40
or, P= 14683kW Ans.
9.81
Prob!€m 3.23
The diameter oI a propeller turbine is 6 tm and
it runs ar 50 mm
The biade angtes at rhe inlet and outtet are 1500
and 20o w,irh the wheel
tanSent_ The effective area of flow is 22
m2. V(.locity of flow ar the
inlet
and outlet'is constant. Find out the flow nte,
generated power and
hydraulic efficiency.
Given Data:
Diameterolturbine, D = 6.5m
Speed ofturbine, N = 50 rpm
.
Effective area of flow, A = 12 rn2
Blade anglc ar intet, pi : 1500
Blade anSle at ourtei p, = 20o
To Find:
- Fbw rate, Q and generated power, p
- Hydraulic efficicncv, rlh

ut

Dn-
Inlet Veloc l tv
Diagram

/
A
v .4
./t
'y' lv-=r-
,4.uz J"', Fi8. P3.23
237
Solution:
Flow velocity at inlet and outlet are equal i e Vn = Vf'1
are equal i e'
For iroPeller turbine PeriPheral velocity at inlot and outlet
Ur =Uz
5^50 Nz t/ rs
Peripheral velocity at outlet, U, - - -'tx6
'{DN = - Ll77.02ri
=
ry
From outlet velocity di.rg.am, - tanpr = ____r

ot,-lan21'--rt
ot, Yf2 = 619 m/s
FIow rate, Q = area of flow x Vf,
=A\Vr,
=22x6.19 = 136.16 t1375 Ans; '
From inlet velocity diagram
v,
tan(180"-P,)=----L
Ur- v*,
619
br. tan(180' - 150") - --:-
17 .02 - v *,

t:lr, Vw1 = 6.30 m/s

Generared power, P=
QI1u,v-.)

=991!Z2E,u.s2*6.3
9.81
= 14602 kW Ans'
Let H = hcad of w.rte

238
 Il V \/2
Thp.efo,e -I1 =H :l
-l g2E
*'
o,. H - "'" + ]' Since V,
g2s - V,.

.. 17.02> 6.10 (6.19)'2

9.81 2x9.87
or,H=12.88m
Therefore, hydrautic ef{iciency, rlh = =
? ##*
= 0f486 or, &t.86'l. Ans.
Problem 3.24
. A Kaplan turbine develops ,()100 kW at 70 rpm under a head of
16m. The outside diameter and diameter of boss are 9m and 3.5m
- respectively. The flow ratc of water in the turbine is 350 m3/s and the
hydraulic efficiency is 90%. Find the
(i) blade angles at hlet and outlet
(iD nechanical efficiency and overall ef6ciency,
Given Data:
Head of water, H = 16 m
Outside diameter of turbine, D2 = 9m
I.side diameter of turbine, Dr = 3-5m
Output power (BHP), P = 40,000 kw
now rate, Q = 350 m3,/s
Speed of turbine, N = 70 rpm
Hydraulic efficiency, Tlh = 90%
ToFird:
- Blade angles at inlet and oudet
. Mecharucal efficiency and overal efficiency

239
 l.- u1 -
l--",=
-_ --+t
I

Inlet Velocity
Diagrdtrr

/
+
il,.*," le!Diagram
qr! Yelgsr1v

uz

FiE. P3.24
Solution "-
For Kaplan turbine Peripheral velocity, Ul = U2 =U
Velociry of flow, Vf, = Vh Vf
o?1N 70
periDherar verociw. u - =
60 "'?f
60
= r: - /,
tr-(Dl
Frow rate. o-
-4' - Dl)v,
r{(9),
o.. 350 : -(3.5),}v,
or, Yt - 6.48 n/s

?40
 From oullet vel(ritv di.rgrnm, '' - \'.u,
tang,

'' - !j!
tanB'
.tl

II l,I
Hydraulic efficiencv, n. = "r''
8H
33xV
or, 0.90 =9.87>< 1,6*,
. of, vwt = 4.28 i\/s
. From inlet velocity diagram,
V
tan(180" ]L
-ts,)=U-_V
a,ta
' 33 "'"
or, tar(180"-0,)=
- 4.2A
ot $ =167.290 Ans.
et6cren n- - . P 40900
Mpthanicat
q;; rio)-
-Sfi
e s-r
C'-,'-, "3lxI ZS

. = 0.aO92 \t,80.92:/" Ans.

-
Overall efficiency, Io = qm x rlh = 0.8092 x O.g0 = O.Z2g3
or, 72-83"k Ans.
Problem 3.25
An inward flow reaction turbine has irrlet and outlet diameters
1.3m and 1m respectivety. The inler guide vane angte is 25o and the
blade
angle at inlet is 94o and at outlet is 2Bo. The width of the.runner at inlet
and outlet are 200mm and 300mm respectivelv. Due to th€ thickness
of
the blades, 97" of the circumferential area is blocked by the blades.
The
mechanical efficiency is 94%. The head of water is 6Om and the velocity

241
of flow is constant throughout- Find the sPecd of the runner and the
power develoPed bv the turbine'
Given Data:
Inlet diameter of runner, dt = 1 3m
Outlet diameter of runner, d, = 1m
hler guide vane angle, 6 = 25o
Blade an8le at inlet Pr = 94o
Outlet blade angle, P, = 28o
Width of the ruffrer at inlet, bt = 200mm
Width of the rumer at outlet, b, = 300mrn
Factor due to thickness of the blades'
( = (1-0.09) = 0.q1
Hydraulic efficiencY, q6 = 88%
Mechnn ical efficienry , (ln ' a4%

Head of water, H = 60m

To Findr
- Speed of the runner' N
- Polver develoPed bY the turbine, P

Inlet Ve lot it.'i

D i agram

Outlet Veloc it Y
D i agr art

Fit. P3.25
242
Solution
Velocity of flow is constant i.e. Vfr = Vf,
V,
From inlet qelocity diagran! tan0 = .,'-
v-,
V,
'
or, tan25' =:fv_,
ot' Vwr = 2 14 Vfr
V,
Again, tan(180" - Pr) =;;-rl,
Ut-v*,
or. tan(1s0" -94') = -- l!
or, Ur=2.2lYh (i)
,rd,N
Peripheral velocity at irJet, U1 -';5-
'
,, 60u,
1tx1.3
o., N: 14.69ur
,rd"N
feripherdl velocity at U, =
-Z
"utlet,
or' ., rx1xl4.69Ul
U'=-d-
or! IJz = 0.771\ (i')
From equations (i) and (ii)
U, = 0.77U, = 0-n x2.21V \ = 1.7OV
',
From oudet velocity diagram
V.
''
tan B- = -------.:-L
U,+V-
or, tan2g.. =
j=: v. Since V,, = V,.

or, Vwr = 0.t9 Vfi

243
 v.
Apain lan d, = ---1
v".

' 019V,,
or, O = 79.240
v.
Now. sind = j '
v,
V.
or,V, sin79.24" = --:!
or, Yt = l.O2 Vt.

_V U"
U.V ('*",)=
Wehave llla- H-+
cc28 "l-7V
2.21V t, x 2.14v,, . O.lgv t, x t, .^ (1.02V,,)'
9.81 9.81 2x9.81
ot, vh = 10.28 m/s
Flow rate, Q = K7.d1brvfl = 0.91 x 7r x 1-3 x o.2 x g.8 : 7 -64 n3 / s

Weight flow rate, W = Q'/ = 74.95 kN,/s

Peripheral velocity, U1 - 2.21y h = 20.95 tu/s
,rd. N
Apain. U. = -'60
. rjr-.60-- -- 7rr1.JrN
2U.95 =
or, N = 307.78 rpm Ans.
-
Absolute velocity at outleL V, = 1.02vh - 9.67 n\/s
BLJP
Mechanical Efficiency, n- - ii;
"-1U,V-, + UrV,.;
c

244
 ot, n.=- ,,,
w(H - I')
28
D
or' 0.94 L166 - lg.h?\')
- 74.95 ' "" 1

2 x9.81'
I
ot P = 3891 kW Ans.
Problem 3.26
A Kaplan turbine develops 16000 kW is workint under a head of
21m. The overall efficiency of the tuibine is 85% and the hydraulic
efficiency is 90ol". The hub diam'eter is 1.75m and the outer diameter of
runner is 3.5m. The guide vane angle of tlre runner is 35o. At the outlet
' velocity of whirl is zero. Find the speed of the turbing rurrIter
vane angles
at inlet and ou et.
Given Data:
Gene&ted power, P = 16000 kW
Head ofwater, H = 2lm
Overall efficiency of turbine, ilo = 85%
Hydraulic efficienc, th ='90% '
Outerdiameter of runnet D 3.5m
Dameter of hub, Dr = 1.75m
Guide vane angle, I = 35o
Velocity of whirl at ou tlet, V wj = O

To Find:
- Speed of the turbine, N
- Varre angle at inlet, B,
- Vane angle at outlet, p)

245
 Vo=V* Outlet VelocitY
' -2 Diagram

ur, Intet velocitY

Diagrao

Fig. P3.26
Solutior
P
Overall efficieacy, n" =
QYH
16000
or,0.85=e-;;i;,
ot, e .9I.37 mlls
rate, Oil V,,
Again flow O=
|to' - "
s1.32 -- I x{Q.s)'
ot,'A', - (1.7q'}x v,,
ar,Yh= 12.66 rn/s
v,,
From inlet velocit, di,rgram, tan0=t;

246
I

ot, tan3s" =98

' ot, Vwr = 18.08 m/s
IJ. V
Hvdra. u lic effi.icn.v fl.
,',= ' "' Since V*, =0
gH
u1 x 1808
or. o.9o =
9.81x21
ot Ur = 10.25 m /s
Again from inlet velocity diagram,
1/
tan B- =
'' ----:-!--
v*, -U,
tan tl- = -
12.(*
18.08- 10.25
or, 0r = 58.260 Ans.
For Kaplan tubine, Vfi = Vfr and Ur =U,
Flom oudet velocity diagmm
v.
,.
tan IJ^ = ----!
U,
v.
or, ''
tanU" = --r
u,
or, ^
tanu,
12.66
' ' = 1.0.2s
or, -
g, = 5l'1,'s.
nDN
Now, U, = U, =
6n

or, 5'N
10.25 = "3 60
ot, N = 55.93 rpm. Ans.

247
Problem 3.27
kW at 300 rPm
An inward flow reaction turbine devel()Ps 15000
turbine is 88% and
rmder a head of 100m. The hyclraulic efficiency of the
and the outlei
the overall efficiency is 85% The flow ratil) is 015
The discharge is radial at
cliameter of runner is half of the inlet diameter'
velocity of flow is
outlet and lvidth of wheel at inlet is O 35m If the
outlet and the blade
constant find the diameter of wheel at inlet 'md
angles. The area blocked by the blade thickness is 5% of the area of flow-

Given Data:
Generated Power, P = 15000 kW
SPeed of turbine, N = 300 rPm
Head of water, H = 100m
Hydraulic efficiency, nh = 887"
Overall efficiencY,le = 85%
, Flow ratio, \, = 0.15
Width of wheel at inlet, br = 0 35m

To tind:
- Diameter of wheel at inlet, dl
- Diarneter of wheel at outlet d2
- Blade angle at inlet, Pr
- Blade angle at outlet, P,

244
 ,-.1

(a) vi v"1l
Ialet Velocity
Diagran

-,0-
/
ur1,='r^
4 Outlet Velocity
Diagram

Fig. P3.27
Solution
Ratio of outlet and inlet diameters. 4=0.5
d1

Flow ratio. ,=I=O.rs

' 'lzsH
Yr, = 0.15-J2x9.8tx7oo = 6.61rrj. / s
P
n =-
C)verall efficiencv.
'-QvH
15000
or. U.a5 =
Q r9.S1x 100
ot, Q = 17.99 rII3/s

-
249
 Blockage factor, K = (1 - 0.05) = 0.95
Again flow rale, Q = Kndrbrvfr
or,77.99 =0.95xnxd1 x 0.35 x 6.64
or, dr = 2.59 rn Ans.
Outlet diameter, d, = 0.5 dr = 1.30 m 4ns.
,d,N ,r x 2.59 x 300
PeriPheral velocity at inlet, U,=r=-=4U6Um/s
- -
'6060
IJ, V
Hydraulic efficiency, rl* - '::* Since V*, =0
""gH
40.68xv..
' 0.813 = - ---'---------
9 81 xl00
. or, Ywt - 21.22 m/s
SinceUl>Vwl, the changed velocity triangle at inlet is Ehown in figue (c).
Velocity of flow at oudet, Vr, = Vr, = 6.64 m / s
From inlet velociq, diagram,
V.
'
tan(180'- 8.)
"'.= u, -v*,
"
A4
tarl(1800 - B. ) = -------::1
40.64,21.22
0r = 161.160 Ans
terilheral velocitv at outtet. u" = I9l! = !IJ!29 = 29.42 n 1 t
60ffi
From outlet velocity diagram,
v.
lan R- = ----=
'' lI-
oL ^ 6.64
''
LanS^ =
20.42
or, 0 -
l8(rAns.

250
 Problem 3.28
An ini,,/ard flow reaction turbine develops 4000 kW at 500 rpm
under a head of 65m. The hydraulic efficiency is 94% and the overall
efficiency is 85%. The diameter of wheel at outlet is half of the diameter
at inlet. The Ir'idth of ihe wheel at inlet is 0.6m. The discharge is radial at
- the outlet and ihe velocity of flow is constant throughout. The wheel has
30 vanes of 15mm thick at inlet. Find out the diameter of wheel at inlet,
diameter of wheel at outlet and blade angles. Tlrc flow ratio is 0.18.

. Given Data:
. Generated power, P = 4000 kw
Speed of turbine, N= 500 rpm
Head of water, H = 65m
Hydraulic efficiency, rlh = 9470
Overall efficiency, rlo = 85%
Width of the wheel at inlel br = 0.6m
Number of vanes, n = 30
Thickness of each vane at inlet, t = 15 mm
Flowratio,V=0i8

To Find:
- Diarneter of wheel at inlet, dl
- Dameter of wheel at outlet, d2
- Blade angle at inlet Pr
- Blade angle at outlet p,

25r
 Inlef - Vel"ocity
Dr agr am

+
i1"*,
. rJ2
9u$1S1. veloci ty
Dlagram

Fig_ p3.28
Solution
Vl
Flowratio, v=
' =0.t8
'128H
ot, Vt, =0.18^,t2xq81rt5 =6-43m/s
Again, V,, = Vr,
P
n =
-"QvH
@era ll efficiencv.

-
or, 0.85 =
Q x 9.81x 65
or, Q=7.38m3/s

252
 Flowrate, Q=(rd,-nt)b,V,,
or, 7.38 =(rd, -30 x 0.015)0.6 x 6.43

or, d, = 0.75 mAns.

outler diamerer. d" -{-0.38*
2
enr.
.. rd.N
vetocrw at rntet. u. :
,r x0.75 x 500
t9.rrtm/s
I eflDheral
'6060 =-=
U.V
,,,,,9H
Hvd ra ul ic efficienry n.= '*'
19.63 x V -'
' - 9.81x 65
0.94

or, Vwr 30.53 m/s

' v*, -u,
From ir et velocity diagram. lanE, = --y!

6'43
trnl\. = 30.53
- 19.63
ot, Er = 30 53o Ans'
rx0-38x500
periDheral velocirv ar outlet. u. - Ig4 =q'c5m/s
.,0---- 70
From outlet velocity diagram, tanB, :lle
u2
or. tan0,
'' = !j9
9.95
or, 9z = 32.87o Ans.
Prcblern 3.29
A Kaplan turbine has an outer diameter of 6.2m and boss
diameter 2m. The hydraulic and mechanical efficiencies of the turbine are
88o/" and q2% respe.(tivety. lf the now rate of water i5 185 m3ls, find the
output power and the head ofwater. Neglect velocity of wfurl at outlet.

253
 Given Dala:
Diameter of runner, D = 6.2m
Diameter of boss, d = 2m
_
Hydraulic efficiency,Ih = 88%
Mechanical efficiency, 16 = 92%
Flow rate, Q = 185 m3ls
To Find:
- Output power, P
- Head of water, H
Solution
Velocity o( whirl ,t outlet, Vwz
-- 0
. For Kaplan turbine velocity of flow ,'it = Vt, = Vn

flo,,c rate, O = I(D'?-d'?)V.

- 4'
o\ 85 = Il.6.2lt -ef N t

or, Vt = 6.84 n/s

u,v-
.,,''8H
Now hvdr.tulic efficiencv. n, = -----:-----:1

or 0
u.v
8a: --l--i!
gxH
u,v*,
or,0.88H=- (i)
a
Absolute velocity at outlet, V2 = Vf

Ataln,
-
.- vl
11--=-
u,v_.
(iD
)o
From equations (i) and (ii), we have
v?
H-J=0.88H
2g

254
 (o da)
, H- ),J
= 0.lt6ll

. or, H = Iq.87 nr Ans.

r rl I lL)Ll t powar(p,
Mechanic.rleffi.imcy, tt., - cr-
=l x U'V'',
s
P
'"' QY xo.88H
P
o.92 - 185 x 9.81x0.88 x'19.87
ot, P = 29195 kW Ans.

Problem 3.30
. A Kaplan turbine develops 15000 kw undet a head'of 5m. The
sp€ed ratio is 2, Row ratio as 0.7 and tlte ratio of boss diameter to runner
diameter is 0.30. II the overall ef{icierry is 90'"", find the turbine speed
and runner di;meler.
Given Data:
Cenerated power, P = 15000 kW
Hcad of water, H = 5m
SPeedratio,Q=2
Flow ratio, tt, = 0.7
' The ratio ofboss diameter and runner diameter, n = 0,m
Overall effi(iency, no = 90%
To Find:
- Turbine speed, N
- RrDnerdiameter, D

2s5
 Solution
Let,
rl - di.rmetHr,,f ho".
L = pcrjnhcral velocrlv of turbrnc
Vr = r'elocity of flow
TI
Now sDe.lrj r.rtio_ 6=::2
' r/zgu
o,, U = 2",lZx BA = ZltExs.llx5 = tg.8Lm / s
v
"
Acain flow ratio.
' = --==!:
\U
JzsH
= O.7

o\ v r = 0.7 l2gH : o.7"lrxqilx 5 = 6.93ttt / s

&erall efficiencv. , n",=-L
QYH
1-5ffX)
or-' U.9(, =
Ox9.87Y 5
ot, Q = 33979 m3/s
Ratio of diameterc ofboss and runner,
d ^^-
n=-=u.J
D
or, d = 0.3D
For Kaplan turbine flow r,rte, Q = I(D'-d')\',
,.-4
q=Tto'to.rrrltv,
4

or, 339-79 :!xOj1D! x 6.93

4
or D=8-28mAns.
Let N = speed oi turbine. Peripheral velocitv, U = IP!
6A)
E1!?8/N
o',ts'8t - 60
or, \ 45.bc rpm An5.

256
 Problem 3.31
A propeller t.rrbine dovelops 35000 kW at 150 rpm lnder a he..]
of.26n1. Thc outlct nncl inncr diametcrs of the turbinc.rre 5.5m and 2m
respectivel) - The h\ clra lic efticiency oF thc turl'ine is 90'2, anli theovcrall
offi.iency is 85'X,. Find the discharSe through the tlrbine and the Suide
vane angle at inlet.
Given Data:
Outlet diameter of turbine, D. = 5.5m
Inner diameter of turbine Di = 2m
Head of water, H = 26m
Speed of turbine, N = 150 rpm
Cenerated powcr, P = 35000 kW
Hydraulic efficiency, rth = 90'2,

Overall efficiency, n,, = 857,

To !ind:
- Discharge through the turbine, Q
- GLridc Yan., angle at inlet, 0

/"--n\
"n;**,--,-
Fig. P3.31

2s7
 Solution
l-et Vfr .
velocily of flow al inlet
P
, rl..= =
Overall efficiency, ;;.
(1yr1
35ooo
.,.. o.ss =Qx9.8lx26
or, Q = 161.44 m3/s Ans.
Flow rate, Q = I(Dj -Di)V,,

o\ 161.M = !$5\1 -(2)2lv t,

' or, Yfr = ?.83 m/s
For propeller turbine,lJl=U:,vh =vh andvwr=0.
,ID.N
Peripheral velocity, U, =
-;;
or, u,-'tx5'5xl5o-
'(fr 43.20m/s
tr-v -'
Hvdraulic efficiencr. ''' '
n.=
?,H
432xV
-- -
' 0.90 "'
= 9.81x26
or, Vwr = 5 31 m/s
From inlet velocity diagram,
V,
tano =
-r
v*,
ane=ZE
531
or, 0 = 55.860Ans.
 Problem 3.32
_ A Kapline turbine deYel()ps 50,0{)l) kw rnder a head of 25 m with
85'7, or'erail efficiencv. The spce(l ratio is 2 and thc florL r.tio is 0.65 The
ratio of boss dianrter to runner diametcr is ().:15. Find the diameter and
sPeed oI thc ttrrlrinc.
- Given Data:
Generatcd powL'r, P = 50,000 kW
H€ad of rvatt'r, H = 25in
Ovemll efficienct", rlo = 85'j';
' Speed ratio, 0 = 2
' Flow r.1tio, rY = 0.65
The ratio of boss diameter and runnerdrametet rr = 0.35
To Find:
- Diameter of turbine. D
- Speed of hrbine, N
Solution,
Let,
d = diameter oI boss
Vr = velocity of flow
For Kaplan turbiru velocity of flow is constant nt inlet aDd outler-
Now soced rdtio. a=-!:=Z
'l2sH
o,, u = z.lzgH = zJ2xqllxur = u.zgrn / s

Frowratio. *=ffi=ou,
or, v | = 0.6s \lrBH = 0.65 J2 x 9-81tl5 = 14.40 m ,/ s
Ove..ll.ffic;encv- n=
'-QvH
-

259
 or Ou5: - 50000
eve.8t>2i
or, Q=239.85m3/s
Ratio of diameters of boss and .rinner,
1= n = 0.35
D
or, d = 0.35D
Norv ilow rate, O=I(D'
4
d')V.

2'lq 85 -
n
lD ' (0 3D)'114 40
4
ar, D = 4.92 rn Ans.
PeriDher.ll velo.itv. U= nDN
60
o., *.-=""n.#"t
or, N= 171-93 rpm Ans.
' Problem 3.33
A Kaplan turbine deYel{)ps 10,000 kW under a head of 6rn with
{t5'L over.rll efficiency. The flow ratio is 0.70 and the speed ratio is 2. T}e
ratio of boss diameter to runner diameter is ().40. Find the speed and
spccific speed ot the turbine.
Civen Data:
Generated power, P = 10,000 kW
Head of water, H = 6m
Flowratio,v=O.70
SPPed r.]ti..6 = 2
The rati() of boss diameter and runner diametet n = 0.40
O!r,r.ill ('lrr.rcncv. n,' = 85':,

260
 To Find:
- Speed of turbine, N
-. Spccific speed of turbine, Ns
Solution
I et,
Q - fl,,w r.rtc lhroush thc turbine
D = diameter of runner
d = diameter of boss

. Vf = velocity of flow
U = peripheral velocity
For Kaplan turbine r€locity of flow at inlet and outlet are equal. Also the
' peripheral velocityat inlet afid outlet are equal-
N,,w <nPAl rari. ' : -::
h =2
^lzeH
or, u = z,lzgu = z",lzxs-t* (; = 21.7n / s
Alain. flo1v .ot;.,.,' = I = O-ZO
.lzeH
or, vt = 0.7o,l2gH = 0.70.f2t 9.87x6 =7.59m / s.
Ilatio ofdiameters ofboss and runnet .

,r=4=6-46
D
or, d = 0..10D
P
n
Now ordrall effi(ien.v-
'-AvH =
-10000
or. u.65 =
Ox9-81x 5
or, Q= 199.88m3/s

26t
 Fl(,w te, O= E(o'-d')v,
4
rq9.Ss =
4
1lD, (0.40D)r 17.se

or, D =6.32m
Perioheralvelrriw- U=4
t0
- - ,ix6.32xN
60
or, N = 65.58 rpm Ans.
Specific speed,
, NJF=ffi=698.36rpm
6s.5s,/ioooo
Ans.
,1j;
Problem 334
An inward flow reaction turbine works under a head oI 8m. The
rnlet 6uide blade angle is 30o and the inlet tip .rf rr-rnner vanes makes an
angle of 11(P with the tangent at the periphery. The velocity of flow is
constant. If the discharge is radial at the outlet,'find the hydraulic
efficiency and the velocity of flow.
Civen Data:
Head of water, H = 8 m
Blade angle at inlet, pr = l10o
Cuide vane angle at inleL e = 30o
To Find:
- Hydraulic efficiency, nh
- Velocity of flow

262
 2',f" Outlet Veloeity
DiaFran

Fi8. P334
Solution
Head ofwater, H - 8m
Blade anSle at inlet, P, . I i0o
Guide vane angle at inlet, 0 = 30o
Velocity of flow al inlet and outlet is equal i.e. Vfr
V.
From mlet velocitv diaerarn. hne=f
v*,
ot, Vr, = V*, xtan3o" :0.577V -, (i)

263
 v,
AA.rin, ldn(180 P,) - .,U -+;v^,
V
'' l.rnl I8O''ll0 )-- r'v*
u. -
or, vr, = 2.75 (U, - V-, ) (i,
From equations (i) and (ii), we have,
0.i77v w1 = 2.75 (U|-Vv!1)
or, Ur = 1.21Vwr
From outlet velocitv diagram
Yz = Ytz
Tlrerefore, V2: Yh = 0.577Vw1
H=
u'v'' *Yj
u,v_ . vi
Now head of 'c2g
water,
. v. r 1.21v*, -. (o.577V -,)'
or' o-- qir 2"9.8r
or, Ywt =?.55 n/s
Therefore. v11 - 0.577 xvw j= 4.36 m/s Ans.
v tr v" ^ t.2tv",
Hy(lr.rrlrc ef6cienc], n. '.--
- gH =
8H
7.55 x1,.21,x7.55
= 0.8789 or,87.89"/, Ans.
9.81 . 8
Problem 3.35
An inward flow reaction turbine h.ls intemal and external
dinmeters 0.5m and 1m respeciively. The constant velocity of flow is 5
m/s and the speed of the turbine is 300 rpm. The width oI the runner at
inlet is 100 mm and guide blade makes an anijle of 159 with the wheel
tanuent at the inlet. If the flow at the outlet is radial 6nd
(i) blade angles .rt inlet and outlet
(ii) relative ! elocity at inlet

26+
 (iii) flow rate through tlle turbine
(i\, width of runner at outlet
'(v) porverdeveloped
(vi) hydraulicefficiency.
Given Dat,:
[nside diameter of runner, Dr = 05m (ou tlet diameter)
Outside diameter of runn'er, D, = 1m (inletdiameter)
Constant r.elocity oI flow, Vfl = Vf, = 5 m/s
Speed of runner, N = 300 rpm
Guidevaneangle,0=15o
- Width ofrunner at inlet, bi = 100 run
To Find:
- Bldde angle at irJet, Pr and blade ,rngle at oulk,t, p,
- Relative velocity at inlet Vrr
- Flor^, rate through the turbine, Q
- Width of runner at outlet b:
- Ceneraled power. P
- Hydraulic efficiency, nh

Inlet Velocity
Diagram

- _1 Outlet Velocity
Diagram
Fig. P3.35
265
Solution:
,rD"N r, 1.300 - t5 /t m / s
{i) PeiiDheral velocitv at intet, Ur
b0 60
nD.N rx0.5x3O0 r
_L - -- /'65 m/
velocity al oullel' U2 = -
s
PeriPherdl

From inlet velocity diagrarn, tanO =

5

., - V', -
^-
5
=l8.o6m/s
tan0 tan 15'
V-
Agdin, tanpr=---:r-
'.5
or, tangt - 116 _1U,
9r = 56'160 Ans'
From outlel velocity diagram, o"0, =
tL
,5
or' tano, =
7,ra
or' 9z= 32560 Ans'

(ii) From inlet velocity di,g,att, sinp, =

+
5
or, _
st159.46=q
or, Vr! = 5.81 m/s Ans'
(iii) Flow rate, Q = ,rDrbrvfr
= r x 1 x O1 x5 = 1.57m3ls Ans'
(iv) ABain flow rate, Q . nD'bzvh
ot, 1.57 = L x1xO'5 xb2x5
or, b2= O'20 Et Ans'

266
 (v) Novr power develop"a, t=9>1U V- -U,V*,)

9.81
460.24 kW Ans.
- (vi) Let H = head of water
U'V., -UrV*.
th"."ro.", . H_E
.c2B
-
-- i:t = 1d
oI"
vj. u'v-
-+-
(5)' *tsllIf!fi
o, H =2x9.al 9.81
since V- = V

-Hydraulic = 3l.l6 m
u,v_, _u,v_,
ef6ciency, =ff
" U'v*'
=
gH
.15.71x 18.66
= 0.9590 or,95.90% Ans.
9.81x 31.16
Problein 3.35
An outward {low reaction turbine has rnside diameter 2.2m and
outside diametei 3m- The flow rate of water through the turbine is 5.5
m3ls and the width of the runner at inlet and ouilet is 0.3m. The speed
' of the turbine is 180 rpm and the head of water is 50nL If the discharge is
radial at the outlet find the (i) blade angles at inlet and ourlet (ii) guide
blade angle at inlet
Ginen Data:
Flow rate, Q = 5.5 m3ls
Inlet diameter ofrunner,Dt = z2m
Outlet diameter of runner, D, = 3m

267
 SPeed of the turbine, N = 180.rPm
Width of runner, b : 0'3m
Head ol ivaler, H 50m
To Find:
inlet. 9r and blade an8le at outlet
- Blade angle at F2

Cuide blade angle al inlet e Uz

Fit. P3.3b

Solution
Velocity of whirl at outleL Vw, = 0
Also V'? = Vf2

Flowrate,Q=r.Drbvfr
or,5-5=f'x2.2x0.3\Yf1
or, vh = 2.65 r /s
Again flow rate, Q = ,tDrbvf,
..o=-
or, vf.

264
 5.5
?r3x0.3 =7.95m/s
x
Peripherai vetocity ar inter, Ur IPl! ,rx 2.2 x 78O
= = =20.73m/s
60
Pe.ipheral vetocity ar outtet, U, = IP?l! =
,rx3x180
=28.27m/s
60
g- vr' U,V.,
1..1o-. -
2gg
ot, -^ {1.95)'z= 20.73xY w, ^:.
5U
"" 2tq81- ,31 srnce vz
or, Ywr = 23.57 m/s
From;nlet velo(iry diagranr tanpr 2.65
. =.1!
V., _U, - 23.57. 2A.73
or, 0, = 43' a"s.
V,
Again, tanB" = -..:! - '''-
' tL 28 27
ot F, = 3.95" ans.
From ir v" 265
et velocity diagram, tun6= - za';z
Y*'
ot 0=6.41,'Ans.
Problem 3.37
An inward flow reaction turbine has extemal
nnd internal diameters as
1-2m a;d 0.6m respectively. The
width of the wheel at inlet is 150mm
.rnd ,rt the outlet is 300mm. The wdtcr er
30 m/s at an ans,e or 10" ft"
25o. Frnd the anAIe ot abqotute velocity
",." ";i:';HJij;:r:Tr'"",".T;l
ar
I
ou{l,r and the work done per
unit wcitht of water.
Given Data:
IrJet diameler, dr = L2m
Outlet diameter, dr = 0.6m

269
 , Width of wheel at inlet, br = 15omm
Width of wheel at outlet' b'1 = 30t)mm
Velocity of$rater at inlet' Vl = 30 m/s
Guide vane angle at inlet' 0 = 10o
Vane angle at inleL Pr = 90o
Vafle angle at outlet, F, = 25o
To rind:
Angle oJ absolute velocity at outlet' O
- Work done Per unit v/eight of wate'

(a) *J+ inlet,

\vi=v",

Orlt let Veloc ity

Diagiam (c)

(b)
Fig. P3.37
Solution:
From inlet velocilv diagram;
u, = vwr

270
 and PeriPheral velocity, Ul = Vrcoso = 30 cos1oo = 29.54 m/s

,qeain. tr =IE!
60
or ^^ -_=
l9 'r4 ,r x 1.2 <N
60
or,N=470rpm
Vr, = Vr sin10' = 30sin10" :5.21m,/s
Velocity of flow at inler,
-
Flow rate, Q=ndlblv,, = rcx1.2x0.15x5.21= 2.95 nt /s.
Agai& Q = rdrbrvf,
ot 2.95 ,( Y 0.6 x 0.10 x Vh

Now. U,=nd,N
'@60 - 'Exoolgo -t4.T7m/s.
From outlet velocitjr diagram,
Vu
tan B. =
'' Ur-(-V*,)=U,+v,,,
-Vr,5.21
ta 25" =
74.n +Y..
or, ''/wt = - 3.6 m/s.
The value of Vw? is negative and the chanted \.elocity diagram is shown
in figure (c).
Y',
Now tanp, = u,-v*.
5.21
or, tan25'
74.77 -V
Vw, = 3.6 m/s.
Agai& v, = Jvr.'z+v*.
l6-21f + 9.6)' = 6.33 m /s
 v.
Now l.1n(180" o) -:,v
...
5.2L
tan(180" o)=17
ii = 124.6{0 Ans.
^. ' tjrv*. L,V..,
Work done per unit weight of water = - g - A
29'54x29 54 7'7 x3 6
-14
9.81 9.81
= 83 53 kNm /kN Ans'
PJoblem 3.38
reaction turbine is
The peripheral velocity at the iniet of an outward flow
times the outlet diameter'
12-5 m/s. The inlet diameter of lunner is 0 85
an8les at inlet and
The velocity of llow at intet is 4 25 m/s and th(' blade
at inlet is 4 25 m/s
outlet are 90o and 25o lespectively' Velooty oi flow
radially at the
and the head of water at outlet is lm IJ the lvater flows
inlet' (i' head
inlet then find (i) Stdde vane angle and absolute velo'itv at
of h'hiil at outlet is
of 1^'ater at inlet an.l h\ draulic efFiciencv The l"locir)-

Given Data:
Peripheral vetocity at inlet, Ur = 12 5 m/s
Blade angle at inlet, Pr = 90o
Blade angle at outlet, B, = 25o
Velocity of flow at inleLvr= 4.25n/s
Head of water at outlet, H, = 1m
To Find:
- Guide vane anSle at inlet, e
Absolute velocitY at inlet, Vr
- Head of lvater at inlet, Hr

272
 - H_vdr.rulic efficiencv, tlh

Ez

"\
RE-----i
a\1"=".
Out 1et \'eloci tT
Diagram

ar
Inlet geiocity
Diagram

Fig. P3.38
Solution
Let dr = inlet diameter of runner, d2 outlet
= diameter of runner
d.
I herelore,
d-
-- 0.8' velociry or whirl at ourtet, vv! . {,

fit From inht velocitv diagr.rm velociry ot whirl. Vwr = L

Now, tano- |or, tane=14 or, 0. j8.78o An5.
u, 12.5
Absolute veto.itv dt ir V, _ ,
"r, ,[1* V,

= ^l\Lsy +(425f = 13.20 m / sAns.

(ii) lrom outler velocity diaSram
peripherdt vetocrty,
., d,- I
", -1,,, ' O 85
< 12.5 = 14.71m / \
Absolute velocity, V, = V,, = U, ranp, = 14.Z ltan25,, = 6.86 m / s

27i
Neglecting ftiction, head ofwater at inlet is givenby
Vi U,V,.,
FI, =H,+-+
1.19{! - 12.5
(6.861t < 12.5
or. g. .- 1 '-"-:r:'] since U --V,,
or, HI = 19 33 mAns'
U,V".,

Hydraulic efficiency, rlh = : u'v-, = 9.81x

12.5 x12.5
H gH 19.33
: o.a240 oL 82.40"/"Ans.

IrollcE 3;39
A francis turbine develoPs 4OO0 kW at 1000 rPm under a head of 140m'
The hydraulic efficiency of turbine is 907" and the overall efficiency
is

80%,- The speed ratio is 0.9 and the flow ratio is 0

3 If the discharge is
radial, find the guide blade angle, vane angle at inlet' diameter of runner
and lhe widlh ot the ruhner at irilel-
Given Data:
Cenerated Porver, P = 4000 kIV
Speed ol lurbine, N - 1000 rPm
Head of water, H = 140 m
Hydraulic efficiency, 111 = 90"L
Overall efficiency, 1o = 80%
Speedratio,O=0.9
Flowratio,V=03
To Find:
- Cuide bl.rde angle,0
- Vane angle at inlet Pr

- Diameter of the runner, d

- Width of the runner at inleL b!

274
Outlet Veloclty
Diagranl

Fig. p3_39
Solution
II
Speed ratio, r0=-+=09
l2EH
or. U, = o.s!Dt|{ = o.s,li rg.Btx-t40 = 42.12 m / s
V
FIow ratio, u,r=-+=0.3
' ,l2EH
or. v,, - O.:./zgH = O.evU x 9^81 x-.t4{) = tS.72 m / s
I] V
Hydra u |ic efficiencv. n. = -r'*'
BH
47.17 xV *'
or. 0.90 =
9.81x 140
or, Ywt = 26.2O m/s

275
Since Ur > Vrvr, the velocity triangle at inlet is .hanSed and the corrected
velocity triangle is shown in Fig. (c).
From intet velocity diaSram,
L V.
tan(180'' P')=
U,_ V,
15.72
or.. tan(lao'' P) = i1i 2620
or, 9r = 143,140 Ans.
V.
Arain iane : J
V
15.72
or. L1n0 -
26.10
or, - Ans.
0=30.960
Let Q = florv rate through the turbine
P
Now over,rll -'qvH
cffciency, n., -
=-.
**-o"9^81t140
0.80 =
-
ur, Q ltJmaz'
rdN
An.in U. -
'60 -
rxdx1000
or 47.17: 60
or, d=0.90m Ans.
Flow rate, Q=rldbrxVfl
ot, 3.61 =- lt x 0.90 xb1 x 15.72
or, br -0.08 m. Ans.
Problem 3.40
A lrrncis lurbine develoPs 250 kW under a h''ad of 8m with an overall
et'ficiency of 75"/.'. The sPeed ratio is 0.26 and the flow ratio is 0 96 lhe
turbine runs at 150 rPIn and the hydraulic losse, in the turbine are 237d of
 the available energy. Considering raciial disch.trge find
rhe guide blacle
angle, vane angle at inlet, diameter of wheei at inlet and
the width of fhe
wheelal inlet.
iiven Data:
Cenerated power, P = 250 kW
Headofwater,H=8m
Overall efFiciency, rlh = 75-"1,

speed ratio, a = 026

Flowratio,V=0.96
Speed of the turbine, N= 150 rpm
To Find:
- Cu'de blade angle, O

' Vane angle ar inlet pr

- Di.meter of the runner, dr
- Width of the runneratinlel b,

Inlet Ve locity
Diagram

Outtret Veloci ty
Diagram
uz
Fig. P3.40

277
Solution
energY suPPlied -cnergy lossr ,OO
Hydrarr[c efficiency. n" = --1*rgy ,.pf,lr"a
= (1-0 23)x100 = 77%
U-
speed ratio, Q= ='t
7;15 'o
ot, U, = o.26.,tzgH = o-N"lzxs 87i8 = s'za n/s
v_
ltow ratio. \, - ---- - 0.96
'128H
or, v', = 0.96J28H =o g6.f,21g'rtrx8 = 12'03 n I s

:+ uv since V.. -
Now h,,,.trauli. efficiency, n"..gH 0

^* = 326xY*'
or, u.// 9.81x8
or, Vwr = 1854 rrfs "' "
From inlet vetocity diagradt, -
' v, r2-o3
'-"- v*, 18.54

0 = 32.980 Ans-

Atain,
""p,
=
v;,5!
12.O3
or, tanlt =
tB;,4 _326
ot, 0r = 38.210 Ans'
P
Now overall efficiency, rL, =
QIH
2fi
0.75 --
Q x 9.81x I
e = 425ir.P /s

278
t PpriDheral ! elc,citv at inlet U - IE!
t 60
..' _ nxdr 'l-0
or, J.t6
o(, dr = 0..12 m "0_
Ans.
FIow rate, Q=ndibrvfr
or. .r.25 ,t x 0.42 r br x 12.03
or, br = 027m Ans.

Problem 3.41
An inward flow reaction turbine develops 1000 kW at 400 rpm under a
head of 35 m. The hydraulic efficiency of thc turbine is 90% and the
overall efficiency is &5%. If the velocity ratio is 0.90 and the flow ratio is
0.30 find (i) blade angle and tuide blade angle ai inle! (ii) wheel diameter
and width at the inlet. The velocity of whirl at outlet is zero.
Gigen Data:
Generated power P = 100q kW
He.rd of water, H = 35 m
Speed of the turbine, N = 400 rpm
Hydraulic efficiency, Ih = 90%
O\ erall efficienry, no . 85'1,
Speedratio,O=0.90
Flow ratio, \, = O.3O
To Find:
- Blade angle p, and guideblade ande e at inlet
- ltheel diameter dr and width of runner, br ar inlet.

279
 Inlet Velocity
Diagran

V^=V- Qrtlet Velocity

z \ --lla€Eaq
'" iL:"'

Fig. P3.41
Solution
Let Q = flow rate through the tubine
Ur = peripheral velocity at inlet
Vfr = velocity of flow at inlet
(i) Overallefficiency, rl,, =
,P
QYI.1

ot, --
0.85 =
1000
Q x 9.81x 35
or, Q=3.43m3ls
U.
Velocity ratio.O = = 0.e
J,EE
ot, U. - 0.9J2gH = o.gJ-zxr\l> 35 = 23.58 m / s

280
Flowratio. *=ffi=0.
v,, =o srDgH = o a1,oxg'at * as = z so m / t
U,V,,
Now hydraulic efficiencY, "' gH
23 58xV,,,
o eo = eii-i
or, Vwr = 13.10 m/s
Here Ur > Vwr.Theblade angle at inlet will be an obtuse angle'
7.86
Again, tan(180" -0,)=_ i. = 23.58-13.10
ur -v",
or, Pr = 143.130 Ans.
v,
tano=t;=l3l 7.A6
Now.

ot, 0 =30.960 Ans.

,td.N
(ii) leripheral velor ity at inlet, Ur = 60
o'd'
or, 23.58 =
60
'4oo
ot, dr = 1-13 m Ans'
Flow rate, Q=tdrbrV(r
or, 3.43 = n \ 1.13 x b' x 7 86
or, br = 0.12 m Ans.

Problem 3.42
Arl inward flow reaction turbine develoPs 10'{)00 kw at 4-10 rPm with a
flow rate o( water l2-5 m3/s- FIow velocities at the inlet and outlet are
9.6mls and 7.25 m/s resPectively The inlet diameter is 15m' The
difference of piezometer head at the inlet and outlet is 60m and the
velocity of whlrl at the outlet is zelo Find (i) absolute velocity' 8uide

281
 blade angle_.lnd blade angle at inlet; (ii) head loss due to friction in the
runnel.
Given Data:
Ccrerated poh'er, P = 10,000 kW
Sl,cPd of runner, N 440 rpm
Diameter of runner, dr = 1.5 m
Flow rate of water, Q = 12.5 m3/s
Velo.ity of florv at inlet,yh =9.6 n/s
Velocity o( flow at ou tlet, Yf - 7 -25 rr./s
'I o Find:
- Absolutc velocit),at inlet, Vl
- Cuide vane angle at ir et, 0
- t lade angle at inlet,0r
- Head loss in ihe runner, hf

Inlet Velocity
Diagram

:u
t^ out l el-I9-l-e-q!-!.r
lrlagram

Flg. P3.42

2R2
 Solution
Velo.ity of whirl at outlet, Vw, =0
Difference of piezometer head behveen inlet and outlet is dven by

1\'lt * 7,1 1P-t a 7,1 = 66

^
rd'N ntl5'@-34.5o11/.
Peripheral velociry at int"r, U, =
'b060 -
U,V I J-V
Not\ outputpower, P - QY[---]---:-: - ' -
ca
U,V
l

or, P=QY1 ---:: since V-. -0

34'56 x v*,
10,ooo = 12.5 x 9.81x
9.81
Y-,=23-15m/s
Here Ur > Vwr, so pt will be an obtuse angle.
(i) From inlet velocity diarFam,

tano = fL
v"
9.6
or, tan8 = 23.15
or, O 22.5}oAns.-
Absolute velocity at inlet, V, = ,,[-1 V,,
t
=.[@t* -Oif =25 m/s Ans.
Again
'
tan(180'-8.)= ,, Vr'
u,-v-
9.6
tan(180" - 0,) =
34.56 - 23.75
or, p, = 140(, Ans.
Let hf = head loss due to friction in the runner.
Absolute velocity at outlet, V/Vt

283
 Appl} ing Bernoulli's equation between inlet and outletof the runner,
P V;
'-t-11- - P, V1'
-
+--+z.l-ln,
U'V,,
t2?,'Y2gE
or,
p p _. -:-!
vi - v. u,v"
lJ+Z)-['1+Z lT --l-:^'ih.
tY2g2gc
^ V; V) U'V. +n,
or, 6Ur.',=--+
t8288
60 l:'
125):- (7.25\'z+-+h,
34.56><2i.15
2^9.8t 2i 9.81 9.81
or, hr - 7.6J m Ans.

Problem 3.43
A Francis tuibine develops 500 kW at 500 rpm under a head of 50m. The
hydraulic efficiency is 95% and the overall elticiency is 85%,. The flow
ratio is O.20 and rirtio of width to diameter is 0.15. The blades occupy
5'2, of the outlet area and the inside diametcr is half of the outside
diameter. Find the guide blade angle at inlet blade angles at inlet and
oullet. The velocilv ol ,low al rnlet and ouilet,lre equdl.
Civ€n Dala:
Head of water, H = 50 m
Speed of the turbine, N = 500 rpm
Cenerated power, P = 500 kW
Hydraulic efficiency, nh = 957,
Overall efficiency, I,, = 85%
FIowratio,V=0.20
Widlh of diameter ratio, n = 0.15
To Find:
- Cuide blade antle at inlet, e
- Bl.ide angle at inlet. 0.
 - Blade angle at outlet, pr

Vr trr veIocltv
'---@- t
""

'r-u r" Outlet Veloc ity

!14cr4!!
uz
Fig. P3.43
Solution
Let Dr: runnerdiameter at inlet
Dr: runnerdiameter at outlet
Q = flow rate through the turbine
Velocity of flow at inlet and outlet are equal i.e., Vr, = V,,

Flow ratio. ,=!=n-rn

' .'l2cH
V,, = O.2O.,li 9.81 x SO = 6.26 m / s
"
Ralro of widlh and didmeter, n - a = 0.15
D,
Di.rmeler ratio, D' I

D,= 2
P
Overall efficiency,
", QyH

245
 500
or- U.tt5 - Qx9 81 (50
or, Q= 1-20 rn3/s
Now flow rate, Q = krrDrBvfl Here k= 1-0.05=0.95
ot, 120 = 0.95 x ,r x Dr x 0.15Dr x 6.26
or, Dr = 0.65 m
n
Therefore D-.?
=:1= O 33 rn
Peripheral velocily al rntet, Ur
,rD.N nx0.55x500
: jia n/s
= -- 17.02
60 60

Hy&aulic efficimcy, rl" = since v", =o

.
?
17-O2xV *,
ot 0.95= 9-81x 50
or, Ywr = 27.38 rn/s
From inlet velocity dligmm,
talo =
vr, 6.26
v.. 27.38
or, 0 = 12.88o4ns,
Vr. 6.26
A8ain, tanpr = '' - -r-=
v*, -u, 27-x-77.02
or, 9, = 31.14oAns.

Peripheral velocity at : "=" =

outlet U,-6060
7rD.N rx0.33x500

ot, Uz = 8.64 m/s

From olrtlet velocity diaglam,
o, zo
lanlJ.:---j:=:-
'- '' tJ- B.& since -'
or, 9, = 35.92oAns.

246
 Problem 3.44
A 5.1m Iong straitht divergent tube of a Francis turbinc having inlet and
outlet diameters 2m and 2.5m, discharges water at outlet with a velocitv
of 2.6 m/s. TIle atmospheric pressure is l0.3ni of water and 1m o{ the
length of the draft tube is immersed in water. Head loss due to friction in
the draft tube is 20% of the velocity head at ourler of the tube. Find the
pressure head at inlet of tube and ef6ciency of ttre tube.
Given Data:
Length of draft tube, L = 5.1m
Ir et diameter oI draft tube, dr = 2m
Outlet diameter of draft tube, d, = 25m
Length of draft tube irffnersed in tail race, h = I m
Velocity of wnler .rt the otltlel of drdJr tube, V, = 2.6 m/.
Atmospheric pressure, Paly = 10.3 m of water
To Find:
- Pressure head at the inler of drali tube, prly
.
Effi.ienc! of draft tube. rt.j
Solution
Static suction head, Hs = L, h = (5-1 - 1)m = 4.lm
Flowrate,Q=A,V, = ArVl
The \.elocity of water at inlet, V, = V, >14-1

I ' 12.s):
2.6x 4
= =4.06n/s
L xt2r'l
4
He.r.J L\ss dUc to frictk,n, t.=o:o,-Iz
, Q 6)'
= 6.2n = 0.069m
2 x9.81

23i
Applying Bernoulli's equation at lrJel and oullet'
p,
:P" _tvi-vl + u.l+ h,
Y12g
"' t - Io.i I(4oo)r-(2o))+41+0.0(re
y 2x981
or, & : S.SZ* of absolute Pressuie Ans'
v
vi-vi_r,.
Efficiency of draft tube, ,1"--=q-
2g

2g
(4.M)'2 -(z.q'z -_o-6e
=--__e@-
28
0.5078 or 50'78% Ans'.

Problem 3.45 .
A straight diver*nt dtaft tube of a Francis turbine has inlet diameter
0.45m aFd outlet diameter 0.65m. The velocity of lYater at the inlet is 5
m/s and the length of the tube is 5m. About 1 m of the length of fte tube
is immersed in tail race and head loss due to friction is 0 25m of water'
Find the efficieflcy and_the Presiure head at the irdet of the tube'

Given Data:
Velocit) of water at the inlet of draft tube, Vr " 5 El/s
Diameter of tube at inlet, dr = 0-'15 m
Diameter of tube at outlet, d'? = {)'65 rn
I-ength of the hrbe, L = 5 m
' Head toss due to friction, hI = 0 25 m
 ToFind:
- Efficiency of draft tube, rld
- Pressure head at the inlet ofdraft tube

l Fig. P3.45
Solutibn
Atmospheric pressure, ! = 10.3m of water

Let -A2 = cross-sectional area at outlet

' A, *lcross-sectional area at inlet

fqliiip."ss.,re head at ir et of drafr tube

Now sradc head, Hc = (5 - 1) rr.= 4 m
' 11 t
t,
 o { '' to lst'
Velocitv.ol water at outlet, V.- f xVr- l-x5-2.4mls

PressLrre head at inlet of draft tube

L= P,
2g-vi,
"t 't -(v; H.)*r',,
28

\ = to.z -1(5il=9L + 4l + o-2s

= 5.57 m of water absolute. Ans.

vl- v, -r,,
2c
Erl'cicncy of drdft tube, I.i - -q--
)d

(s)' - (2.q'?
- 0.25
. 2x9.8 . :0.5734 or
, (sY
57.34,1, Aas.

2
"g.81

Problem 3.46
A K.plan turbine develops 2500 kw under a h( ad of 15m is fitted with a
dr.rft rLrbe h.rvint inle! di.rmel.r 2m 1hc inlel of the drall lube rs l.lm
abovc tail r.1ce and inlet Pressurc is 4m ((.1cuum) of rvater' If the
.,fficiency of drafl tube is 85'1,, find the efficien.), of the turbine. Neril.'ct
hea.l loss due to friction in the draft tube.
Civen Data:
Cenerated Power, P = 2500 lW
Head of watet H = 15 m
Inlet diameter of draft hrbe, dr :2 m
Stahc Suction head, Hs = l 5m

290
 Inlet pressrre, Prly= 4 m (vacuum)
Efficiency oI draft tube, YId = 85%
Tb Find:
- Efficiency of the turbine.
Solutior
D....r.".
I
AtmosDheric -10.3m ofwalcr
t
Neglecting frictional ioss in the dralt tube,
D D \7:_\/:
j--L
- ---a ( ' ':l + H.) m oI water rbsolute
_Ytzg r, \/: \/.,
'r- ('r- ': I H.)m of waFr(vacrrum)
"t zg

6r' ,a=-l t r/r

'r r/r'r+l.slI
L:g l
or. 2.5
vi-vi
-- = !_2 (i)

vi-v;
Aijairl eflicicnc) of draft tubc, I.i = -r 2g

vi -v:
r, 0.85 = -r 2g
(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii), wehave

,q
ll85=-
v;
)o

ot, Yt = 7.6O m/s

291
Flow rale lhrouSh the turbine,
o=IYd: m'/s
- 4 -' xV,' -lYP!'Y7'6=2388
4

'
F.fficiencv of turbine,
P 25Oo
ot 7tts,ri,
"-QryH 2388"98t"t5
'i '- -:gl115
!rehlq!1 3.47
A Kaplan turbine develoPs 2000 kW under a head of 15m has 4 m
(vacuum) head at the outlet of turbine A draft tube with inlet diameter
1.5 m is 1.5m above the tail water' If thc efficiency of the turbine
Placed
is 85'1,, find the efficiency of the draft tube'

Givel Data:
Generated Power, P = 2000 kW
Head of water, H = 15 m
Diameter at the inlet of dralt tube. dr = t'5 [r
Pressure at the outlet of turbine, Pr /1 = 4 m (vacuum)
Stoti" .r.Ho. h"od, Ht = 1.5-
Eaficiency of turbine, rl = 857'
To Find:
- Efficieflcy of draft tube.
Solution
Let Q = flow rate ttuough the turbine
Vl = velocity of water at the inlet of &aft tut'e
V? : velocity of water at the outlet of drnft tube
Pa/y = atmosPheric Pressure
n 2000
Effic'ency. of turbine, n = or, O'*t =
, o:r* *
LryTi O
=,
or, Q= 15 99 m3/s

292
 Velocitv of water at the rnlet ol drdft tube,
..o
u' -
l *0,
4'
or, u,- r'to' =9.05m/s
4 x r1.5)'1

Neglecting losses in the draft tube the Pressure at the inlet ofdraft tllbe is

given by,
Pr P' vr + H.]
- - Ivi-- (considerinS absolute Pressure)
^t't'29
or, l,'y = -tvi--2gVi , H. I (considering vacuum preasu re)

,=-fvi-vi*"-l
lzs l
",'28 !.t:Jz = 2.5

vi -vl
2e
Elficiency oI drafr tube, ,-l.l = UT-
)q
E
-"=
= (e.0sr = 0.5989 or 59.897" Ans
2"9.81

Problem 3.48
A Kaplan turbine develoPs 6500 kW under a head of 11m has 5m
(vacuum) head at the outlet of turbine. A draft tube with inlet diameter
3m is placed 1.5m above the tail race.II the efficiency of the draft tube is
757,, find the efficiency of the turbine.

293
Given Data:
Cenerated power, P = 65{D kI r

' H(.ad of waler, H = 11 m

Diameter at t}le inlet of draft tube, dr = im
Pressure at the outlet of turbine, Prly= 5m (vacuum)
Efficiuncy of turbine, rtJ . 757,
fo Find:
- Efficiency of trrrbine, n

Tail raie atum

Fia. P3.4E

294
 Solution

Let Q flow rnte tlrroLrth llte turbine

Vr = velocity of water at the inlet of dralt tube
V, = \,elocity of water at the outlet of dr. t tube
hr = head loss due to friction in draft tul'e

Applying Bernoulti's equation at Points (1) and (2)

P,VI_P,V:-
-J+----+7. = --J t '+/. tht
't2s'y28
.P.V]P.Vi-
J .r
or, + + Z, _
_:z .f
"lzgfzg :t + Z1 (negle( ting hr)

- Here Prl1is the atmospheric pressure-

Considering v.rcuum pressure

-5+!+1.5-o I ]/+0 Here Zr =1.5m

2g 2g
v? vl ^-
2g 29
Yi vl
Draft h'be effi.ien.v-
2x 2e
n = e-q
vi
,8
15
or, 0.75 - + v;
2"q81
or, Y, =9.57 m / s
1t.
Atain discharge, Q =td; xv,
or, e=nl3lrxg-57
-4 =62.64 m' /s
 P
Therefore, efficiency of turbine, I =
-(/vI
. 6500
67.64x9.81x11
= 0.89 or. 89% Ans.

Probl€m 3.49
A Francis turbine fitted with a straight conicnl draft tube has an inlet
tliameter of 3m and outlet diameter of 5m. The velocify of water af the
inlet of draft is 5.5 m/s. The inlet of rhe draft ilrbe is 5.5m above the rail
. race level and the losses are one half the velocity head at its outlet- Find
' fhe pressure head at irdet of draft tube and.ihe flowcr lost in the drafr
tube.

Given Data:
Diameter at the inlet of d;aft tube, dr = 3 m
Diameter at the outlet of draft tube, d, = 5 m
Velocrry nf water al rnlet ot drart tube. \'r 5.5 m/\
Height of inlet of draft tube from tail ra.e, Zr = 5-5 m

To Find:

- Pressure head at inlet of dftft tube, Pl/',1

- Power lost in the draft tube

296
r --- - '

Datum
Tail race

Fig. p3.49
Solution
. Appiying Bernoulti,s equatioo at pomts (l) and (2)
' Lr!*2, =P, *vj nz.*!*v:
' 't 28 ' ''z'
't 2g 2^2F,
P. Va
or, _+ -:1+5.5 =0+1.5j_t+O
I z8 29,
or, P, =1.5v,'_ vi _q.
f 2g 2g -- (i)
From continuity equadon ,.
ArVr = A,V,
8,,
or, v, =Axv, d,v- ' -/l\'
A, = L.t, -,/ xss=198mls
t
4
From equation (i), we have

I, - r.s _ (s.5)' _ss

"l "-q.et
2xe.8'l 2x9.81
or, Pu
= - 6.rn^ onr.
I

297
Flow rate of water, W = ArVrY
_. {16ixV,,1
4
tl.x (l)' ,. <.! va.8l
- 4
: 381.39 kN ,/ s
w..)
towerto,rinrhedrrfl tube - I xl/l -Y. xv I

- l,
381 3"
I-1., *rr.sat']
2 12 q.8r l
:a r XW ln"'

Pl-!-blrm 3.s0
A 5.7 m long straight divergent draft tut'e of a Francis turbine has inlet
water at
and outlet diameters 0.55m and O_75m resPeitively Velocity of
tube is
the outlet of draft tube is 1-3 m/s and 145 rn length of draft
kinetic
immersed in tail race. If head loss due to frictir)n is 25% of oqtlet
energy, find
(i) pressure head at the inlet of drafi tube
(ii) hea<l ot water at lhe inlet dnd outlet
(ii, Power lost with the outlet
lt/ater
(iv) efficiency of draft tube.

Given Data:
Length of draft tLrbe, L = 5-7m
lnlet di,imetcr of draft tube, d' = O 55m
Outlet diameter of drall tube, d, O'75m
Length ofdraft tube immelsed in tail race' h = 1'45m
Velocity of water at the outlet, V2 = 1-3 m/s

294
 To Find:
- Pressure head at the inlet of draft tube, Pr /I
- Head of water at the inlet and outlet
- Loss of energy with the outlet water
- Efficiency of draft tube, rl.l

Tail race

. Fig. P3.50

Solution
Atmospheric pregsure, PalY. l0.l m
Static suction head, Hs = L - h = (5-7 - 1.45) m = 4.25 m

Velocitv of water at intet, V, = V,- ,4

A,
! x (0 75)'
4
= 1.3x n = ?'42 m / s
x (0.55)r
4

299
 Head loss due to friction, h, = 0.25 x E
tl_'r)
N - o.)J t =0.0125m
f ) 9.81
(i) Pressure head at the inlet of draft tube
o'- t' Iui^
uj *n.l tn'
y'tzg
- (11\2t 4.251+0.215
ft7 {2, -\r'J,
_ to j _ltz ^r\2
I
L 2 ^e.8t I
= 5.8b m of ab'olute Pressure.
Therefore gage pressure at inlet = (5.86 - 10-3) n1 = - 4.'14 m Ans.
(ii) Considering tail race as the daturn, Pressuro head at the inlet is Siven
by
Fr =l-r1A.Llg
tzg
t., /1112
: 4.M + :::::L + 4.25
2x9.81
= 0.1085 m
Head of water at the outlet, Hz = Hr - hr
= (0.1085 - 0.0125) m = 0.087 m Ans.
.4I y 16./!)? x 1. 3 - 0.057 m' / s
(iii)Ftow rate. O = A.V. - I x dl, y y,=

Power lost with the outlet water = qyHT

= O.57 x 9 .81 x 0.087 kW
= 0.49 kW Ans.

300
 Q.4D1-0A1
-0.0215

9 42)'
28
= 0.6394 ot, 63.94Yo A^s.

Problem 3.51
A Frdncis turbine develops 2000 kW at 200 rpm working under a head oI
29m and is provided with a divergent draft tube. The atmospheric
pressure is 10.3m of water and the vapou! pressure is 0.2ft of water.
Find the maximum height of draft tube required for the turbine
installation.

Given Data:
Speed of turbine, N = 200 rpm
Working head of water, H = 29m
Generated power, P = 2000 kW
Atmospheric ptessure, Ha = 10.3m of water
Vapour pressure, Hv - 0.2m

To Find:
- Maximum heitht ofdraft tube.

301
Solution
e maximum hcight of draft tube
Let Hs = static suction head i

Specific speed of turbine,

..
N.--
NrP - 2ooJ2ooo - .12.9i
-erl,' '" ''
H
For Francis turbine critical caf itation factol'

".
- r''l i; )' - o'ozs(tZ!n*t)' = o oso

H
Now o.=----H..-H.
'or, 10.3 - o-2 -H"
0.056 =
- -6
or, Hs = 8.48 m Ans.

3()2
 E)(ERCISE

1. In what respects ouiward flow reaction tutbine differs from

inward flow reaction tur:bine? Deduce an expression of hydraulic
efficiency ofan ouhvard flow reaction tu.bine.
2. What kind of a turbine is F.ancis hrrbirre? Find an cxp.ession of
hydraulic efiiciency of a Francis turbine.
3. Why a reaction turbine should either be submetged in tail race or
fitted in the draft tube? Find a general erpression for the pressure
at the iniet of a draft tube and find also the efficiency of a draft
tube.
4. The ratio of inner and outer diamebers {rf a Francis turbine is 0.6.
Water enters the tuibine at 12o to the tangent of the wheel and the
blade angles are radial at the inlet. The constant velocity of flow
is 2-5 m/s. The width of tlie wheel al inlet is 100mm and the
turbine runs at 280 rpm- The thickness ()f thc vanes occupy 5')1, of
the area of flow. Find the blade angle at outlet and the power
produced by the turbine.
(Ans. 19.50; 83 kW)
5. A Kaplan turbine develops 5000 kW under a head of 5.5m. The
speed ratio and the flow ratio are 1.8 nnd 0.6 respectively. The
ratio of the hub diamete, and runner di.meter is 0.6. If the overall
elficiency of the turbine is 88%, Iind tlle speed and the specific
\Peed of the turbrne.
(Ans. 71 rpm; 593)

303
6. A Francis turbine runrler has inlet and r)utlet diameters 0.8m and
. 0.6m respectively and the turbine runs at 200 rpm. The constant
velocity of flow through the turbine is 2.5 m/s and the discharge
is radial at the outlet. Width of the turbine at rhe irller is 220 mm
and the Suide blade angle is 15o to the rangent of the wheel. Find
the blade angles and the hydraulic efficicncy of the turbine-
(Ans.: 690; 21.750; 96"/")

a-

.lo4 '
 CHAPTER 4

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBINES

4.1 Introduction

In order to predict the behaviour of turbines, it is essential to study the

performance ol the turbines under the varyirlg conditions other than
design conditions. The varfng conditions include head, speed, output
and gate opening. In practice, the following \'ariations in the working
conditions usually occur.
- The head and output may change but the efficien.y remalning
same by adiusting the speed.
. The output may be varied by the movcment of nozzles or Sates
but the head and the speed remain constant.
- The head dnd gate openint remain fixed but the speed may vary
depmdinB on the load.
- The head and speed may vary.

The performance of turbines working at different heads, outputs, speeds,

discharges elc. are very difficult to compare. Howevet to compare their
performance it is necessary to convert their conditions at unit power, unit
speed and unit discharge under a head of 1m. Similarly, to compare
between the turbines of different types certain specific quantities are also
required.

With the help of the following common characteristics different turbines

can be comPared.

305
i. Specific sPeed, Ns
ii. Unit power, Pu
r Unil speed, Nu
iv. Unit discharge, Qu

4.2 Spe(ific SDeed of a Turbine Ns

sPeed
De{inition: The sPecific speed of a turbine may be defined as the
of an imaSinary turbine Seometrically similar to tlre actual h'rbine
but of

such a size that under corresPonding conditions, it develoPs unit Power

(1 kW) when working rmder unit head (1m)

The equation of sPecific speed of a turbine is derived below'

Nomenclature:
Let N - sPeed of turbine runner in rPm
D - diameler of turbine runner
Ns = sPecific sPeed o( turbine runner
U = peripheral velocity oI the runner
V = absolute velocity of water
Q - discharge tluough the turbine
b = widdt of the runner
VI velocity of flow
P = power develoPed bY the turbinP
H = head of water
Derivation of Equation:
The speed ratio is a constant for turbines.
U
Therefore, speed ratio = =co.'stu"r
15;;'
or, U=constantxrEBH
or, u - Jrr

306
 Again, the peripher.ll velocity ofthe mnnqy g = IPry
60
' or, DN- U
or, DN - iH since U - r,E
or' D* +N (,
The discharge through a hrbine is given by
e = ,rDbvf (ii)
But b- D
Again flow ra tio is constant for turbines.

oE, Vt *,,12gI1
or, V, * JH
Substituting the values ofband Vfin equation (ii)
- rD.D..,/H
Q
or! O * D'./H
Substituting the value of D kom equafion (i)

o-[f)'.*
ot, a- Hrtz
n, (ii0
Power generated by hrrbine
p=qyH
Therefore, P * QH

307
 Pufting the value of Q from equation (iii)
rf\/7
,N'
P*11-;g
r's/1
".'N' P-l-
N;- e-
Ils/z
or.P

N* H:
iP
FIV,I
or.
'Jf N - k-+- (iv)

Whelekisaconstant.
Now from the definition of sPecific sPeed
H=lm
and P=1kW
Therefore,N=k=N5
Putling k = Ns in egu;tion (iv)
--4t!
I--
N=N 'vP
NJF
^. ^, -_ Hv'
".
The specific speed is usehn to determine the type of turbine fhe various
values of specific speeds for different tu$ines are given below.

Tvpe of Turlrin€s Specifi. Soeeds

Pelton wheel, single iet I to 30
Pelton wheel, multiiie iet 30to50 -

Francis turbine 50 to 250

Kaplan or Propeller turbine 250 to 850

308
 4.3 Unit iower. p,
Definition:
'The
power developed by a turbine working
under a head of 1 meter is
known as unit power. fhe overall
efficiency r,emains the same,

Nodrenclaturei
Let P, = power developed by furbine under unit head
H = head of waier under whidt the tu"hne is working
P = power produced by the hrbine undor a head of H
Q = discharge through t}re turbine
Io = overaU efficjency
D = diameter of runnet
b = width ofrunner
Deriv.tioa of Equation:.
The power developed by a tulbine
is gjven by
p=qyH\Io
Therefore p* eH
But discharge, e = nDb x Vf
Therefore, Q Vf -
-
Hence, P Vrx H
or, P * .,/ff a 11 since Vr * r|H
or, P e H'/2
or, p = krHr/,
(0
Where kr is a consiant.
From tite defnition of unit povre! H= 1m
Therefo.e, p=kr=pu
Pu , hng kr pu in equation (i)
=
P = Pu H3/,
ot, Pt =Pfif1t,

309
 4.4 Unit Speed. Nu
Definition:
of
Unit speed is the sPeed of a glven turbine' when working under
a head

1m. The overau efficrency remains constant'

Nomenclature:
Let U = periPheral velocity of n'mner
D = diameter of turbine runner
N = sPeed of tu*'ine runner when thq head oI water is H
Nu = speed of the turbine un'lpr trnit head
Derivation of Equalion:
' Now peripheral velocity of rumer is given by
,EDN
ll=-
@
U
or, ,- N
But U*JH
JH
Tlerefore, D -
For a Siven
^
turbine D = constant'
Therefore, N - rE (i)
o', N =k,JE
Where k7 is a constant.
From the definition of unit speed H = 1m
fherefore, N'kz=Nu
PuttinS kr=Nu in equation (i)
N - N" lE
N
or. N" =tE

310
 4.5 Unit Dis.harse- o,.

Delinition:
Unit disdErge is the discharge of a given hubint,, when working under a
head of lm. The overall efficiency of the tur:bine remains the same_
Nomendature:
Let Q . discharge through the turbine undel a hend of water H.
Qu = discharge through the same furbine under a unit head
I.
H = head of water
Vr = velocig of flow
D diameter of tu-rbin
width of runner
b=
Derivation of Equation:
The discharge throuSh the rurbine is given by

Q = ,rDbvi
or, Q*Vr
But V, *.,8
Therefore Q * VH
,".Q-1,\fH (i)
Vyhere kl is a constant.
Now from the delinition of unit discharge, H = lm
Therefore, Q=k:=Qu
Pufting kr = Qu in €quation (i)

o = o,,JH
or, o
Q. =
E

3t1
4.6
Some definite relations are required
for geo etrically similar turbines
speeds' discharges and
*f-r.., .rraa. to ivork under l'arious heads'
aPPlicable for both
dcveloPi{rg various Powers These relations are
tmder di{ferent
prototype and model or for the same turbine working
conditiorls-
NoInenclature:
workinS
Let FI = head of water under which the tu6ine is
H
P : power developed by turbine under head
Q: discherge through the turbine unde' head
head ofwater Hl
P, = power developed by the turbine when
head of water Hl
Qi = discharge through the turbine under
Derivarion of Equations:
IJ
Speed raEio, -E=, = constant
!z6tt

rDN
Atain, psriPheralv€locity U =
-
Of, DN*U
or, oN - JH
"E
or' DN
JE--"'
Where lr i\ a constant {or similar turbine'
D.N. D,N, (i)
rhererore.
ffi:JE data for
Here Dr, Nr, Hr are data for actual turbine and D' N'?' H1 are

similar turbine-

312
 Flow rate through a turbine is given by
Q= rDbVr
or, Q * DbVr
Butb-DandVr-rE
Therefore, Q - D'?iH
,.. o-4.,8
-N'N since o--E
_ H")
or, e_ tr
= O, where k, is a constant for similar turbines.
"" $
. rherefore g4i _ g# (i,
Hi" H,"'
Again we have, O * D' lE
ffi = f,, where kr is a constanl for similar turbines.
*,
rrr"t"ror". .Q.r : .Qr (ii,
DiJH, D;,|]l,
Power generated by a turbine is given by
P=QYH
ot, P-QH
or, r-I'1'rn "n." o*x'1.'
N,
H5/2
N'
PN,
H., = k r where k, is a constant lor sinrdar turbines.

lheretoreI,N]
','=
P.N.
'
'Ht'1/'z Il15/t'
N,./P. N-.tr-
specific speed = Ns (iv)
",'#=;f

313
Equations (i) to (iv) can be aPPlied for PrototyPe and model'

Problem 4.1
A Pelton wheel develoPs 3OOO kW under a head of 80 m of water' For a

smgle iel turbine find out the maximum and minimum sPeeds'
Given Data:
Cenerated Power, P = 3000 kW
Head ot water, H = 80 Ir|
To Find:
- Minimum speed of turbine,.Nl
- Maximum speed of hrrbine, N2 )
Solution
For a single iet Pelton wheel, lowest sPecific sPeed is 8 and the highest i
I
-l*ific speed is 30.
For minimum specfic sPeed
*,
N,
"F
'"' HsA I
or. - N, J3ooo
o=-Go)s/t - It
ot, N, = 34.95 rPm
For highest specific speed
,, N,1F
,\.=E 1-

^^ N,a5ooo
(80)t/n
Nz = 131 rPm Ans.

1
Problem 4.2
of 76%' works under a
turbine having an overall efficiencv
-"*a" of this turbine is 185 rPm'
i""Oo, ,ru * ", n o.Om' If the sPecific sPeed u'hen the
also the flow rate of water
flrla or, af," no- *," of water' Find
head is 90m.
Given Data:
Head of watet H = 126 m
SPeed of turbine, N = 430 rPm
Overall efliciency, no = 76%
Specific sPeed, N5 = 185 rPm

.To Find:
- Flow rate of water, Q
is 90m'
- Flow rate of water when head
Solution
Let P = Power Seneratcd by the rurbine
NJP
Specific speed, N. =H54
4301/F
185 = --:- -
^. (126) "

or P = 329a6 kW
P
Overall efficiencY, n" =
QTH
32946
-- i1a-
-'" q Bl x126
O>
ot' Q = 3511 m3ls Ans'
o 35.11 :^ l: l"
unir dis(har8e. o, = fr --
ffi --
'"'
New head, Hr = 90 m
I et O, = new drs(harge
***"." O, -- a.!tr'
--313J-90 =296qi\1 /s Ans'

315
 Problem 4.3
l
A - scale model of a Kaplan turbine workin)t under a head ol 5m. .l he
I
protatype develops 8500 kW at 150 rpm under a head of 10m. The
overall efficiency of protot,?e is 86%. Find thc speed and discharSe for
the model. Find also the specific speed of the turbine_
Giver Data:
ForModel Fo. prototype
Head, Hm = srn Head, Hp = 10 m
Power, Pp = 8500 kW
SPeed, Np = 150 rPm
Overall efficiency, rto = 86%
To Iind:
- Speed cf the model, Nm
.Discharge of the mode,,
erl
- Specific speed, Ns

sslulio-E
Let Dm = diameter ofrnodel
Dp = diameter of prototype
Nm - speed of the model
Pm = power generated by model
Qp = discharge through the prototype
Scnte rat;o. 9g - --l
Dn 10
_HH- _=_I_ = _
ror.rmrlnnry ' ot the turbines_'N;D; Ni D;

or. - !-rl,&]'..rv,
N1 =
H, tD_/

316
 5.
or, N:'" = - ){10)'x(150):
10
' o., Nm - 1060.66 rPm Ans.
PI
Overall effi. iency of prototype,
' ' I.*'- e"TH"
^
8500
or, 0.86 =
81r
Qr '9 10

o,: Qp = 100'75 m3ls

Again for similar turbines
Q-:Qo
N-Dl NnDi

o- _ o".. I: .[+J
or o -t66.75.1&t4*[ 1\'
lso l,oJ
or, Q- = 0,71m1 /s ens'
For similar turbines,
P-
D,^H}, =P"
DiHY,

P- =o ^f%l',.f!,"1"'
" lD"l lH../
P- =8500.(1)'"(q)"'
P* =30kw
ru"!P. rovq:g0
Specifi. speed, N. - H;" - 0o)""
--277.68m;,

3r7
 Problem 4.4
A I scale model ol .r Frnnci. turbine develoPs b kW.rt 'r00 rPm under d
8
head of 2m. What wiil be the speed ancl Por{'er of the PrototyPe I
operating under a head of 10m?
Given Data:
ForModel For Prototyoe
Head, Hm = 2m Hea4 Hp = 10m
Power,Pln=6kW
Speed, N- 400 rpm
To Find:
'- Speed of prototype, Np
- Power developed by protot,?e, Pp
Solution
Let Drn = diameter ofmodel
Dp = diameter of prototype
Np = sPeed oI the ProrotyPe
s.ale rario. P- = 1
.D,,8
H^ H.
- " - '-' ----r-
For srmilaritv of the trrrhines- =
N;Di NlDi
o,. *,=*r"*"[*)'
-

or, N; =(4ooI"+,.(*)
or, Np = 111.8 rpm Ans.

314
 .. I." t",
Ag.rin for.imjlar turbines,
DF;I - DFI]
ot, .. _ / D- \' rH. l"'
"-,l.r. j " ln. J

or' Po = o x13;'Y1-lo1' 'r

or, Pr = 4293 kW Alns'

Problem 4.5
A water turbine develops 75,000 kW at 75El head The sPeed of the
turbine is 120 rPm and its overall efficiency is 90% A model of this
. turbine is tested in the Iaboratory at a flow Iate of 500 l/s under a hcad
of 5m. Find out the scale of lhe model.
- Given Data:
Model
For For Actual Tud)ine
Head,Hm=Sm Head; Hp = 75 m
Flow rate, Qft = 500 l/s SPeed, Np = 120 rPm
Power, Pp = 75,000 kW
Oyerall efficienc, n" = 907'
To find:
' S.ale of the model
Solution
Let D- = diameter of model
Dp = diameter of PrototyPe
N- = sPeed of model
No\r',, overa Il efficiency,
' ,1" --
'' =--&-
Q, x 1xH,
75000
or' o'90 =
a"x'81x75
or' QP - 713 26 rnl/ s

319
 Now for the model and prototype,
QpxN;_O^xNi
Hlu H:I'
113.26 x (t2o)'1 0.5 x N'?
(75)"' (s)"'
N- = 237 rpm
DoNo D-N-
Again for the model and protot,?e. --
J4 ,tr;
Dex12O D^x297
--"lE- {5
D1
Do= -_
-:-!q AnE.
7.65
'ErcEleE!
4.6
A Kaplan turbine works under a head of 15 m and at 175 rpm. The
specific speed of the turbine is 500 rpm. Find ihe number of turbines
required to gcnerate 35000 kW at the same head.
Given Dala:
Specific speed, Ns - 500 rpm
Head o( water, H = 15 m
Speed of turbine, \ = 175 rpm
Generated Powet Pr = 35000 kW
To Find:
- Number of turbines to generate 35000 kW.
Solution
Let n = nlimber oI turbines required
? : power generated by each turbine
N1F
Speci6. speed, N. =
Hs/{
775"lF
500 =
(1s)'^

320
 or, P=7113.64kw
Therefore,number of turbines requiIed"
l5om
' L-
-- P 1lli.64 -+s2.5Ans.

- Problem 4.7
Show that the sPecific speed of a Pelton wheel is rePresented by
4944 . The nolations have their usuat meanhgs'
*1[tc,
Solution

l-et P = Power Senerated by Pelton wheel

U = peripheral velocitY of turbine
H = head of water under whch the turbine is working
N = sPeed of lhe lurbine
Q = flow rate through the turbine
d = diameter of iet
D = diameter of wheel
Cv = coefficient of velocitY
0 = sPeed ratio
Derivation of Equation:
U
ratio, 0-:
'
Soeed
,l2cH
u = alEH
rDN
Asain oenoheral '6U U=:
velocirv,

. or, ,fF=#
60AligH
,tD

321
 or. N=84.60af
velocity of jet, V = C,.r 2gH

Flow rate, Q - I44x d' , v = 1., a', C.,7ZgH = 3.48d1 xC,.,l2EH

P
Overall etficiencv. n =
'-QvH
or, I, -- n,QyH
ot, p= 11" x3.48d? xC,JH x9-81xH
ot, P = 34.14n"d'zC"H3/'z

Now spccilic speed,

^,=+#
= 43.5,6"@ r.
1r-.D ^lu:4xuxa'xq
lJ'/a
"u"'
ot, N. = aeao*lh,c, Proved.

Problem 4.8
A reaction turbine develops 87000 kW at 180 rpm under a head of 150m.
The diameter or lu'rbine is 3.5m and the disch.rrge js 6.5 ih3ls. Find lhe
speed ratio, unit speed, unit power and specific speed.
Given Data:
Generated power, P = 87000 kW
Head of water, H = 150 m
Speed,N=180rpm
Diameter of turbine, D = 3.5 m
Dischar8e, Q .' 6.5
^31s
To Find:
- Speed ratio, 0
- Unit speed, Nu

322
 - Unit powe., Pu
- Specific sPeed, Ns
Solution
teflpheral velociiy o, r1'," 1ur6;nu, g -$ - n-:l!IJ!9 - 33 - 7,
. soced ratio.
' . - -L - --iJ - o 6r Ans.
\i 2CH V2
vq.8l x 150
u,,ir speed. rV, -
" *i/H- *V150 - l4.70rpm Ans.
87090-
unitDower. r = f--
" H". (150)," -47.:o*w en".
s.Deciric speed,' N. = Ng -
l80fp = 1s1.1a ,^ a,.,..
H-" (l s0)""
Problem 4.9
A Pelton wheel develops 7000 kw at 200 rpm working under a head of
225 m with an orerall efficiency of 82%. Determine unit speed, unit
di"charBe and unit power. Find tlre 5peed. di\ch.rge and por{er !vl'en thc
turbine is working under a head of 142 m.

Given Data:
Generated power, P = 7000 kW
Speed of tuibine, N = 200 rpm
Head of waler, H - 225 m
Overall efficien.y, Io = 827"
SPeedtatio,4=0-46
To Find:
- Unit speed (Nu), unit discharge (Qd, unit power (PJ.
- Speed, discharge,rnd power al 142 m head.

323
 Solution
Let Q = discharge of the tu$ine
-P
Overallefficiency, L. = :
Q'Ti1

' oaz-
or. -
O 1y-_
e8lY225
ot, Q:3.87 rrt3/s
Lnit<peed, * " --N. =.--p.-13.33rPm Ans.
!H -1225
o ia7
unitdischar8e. a" = ft =6=0.26mrls Ans.
unit polrrr. r, P 7000 2.0? kw Ans.
- ;; -
=
;fift
When the hlrbine works under a head, H1 = 142 m,let
I{1 = sPeed of turbine
Qt = discharge ttuough fhe turbine
Pt = Ircwer Senerated bY turbine
tjnitsDeed =
NN,
' ./H
-- -
./H,
fu. * = tr42 x200 = r58 8e rPm Ans.
or. ,, = \/fr,. V;;;
a)o
Ijnit dis.harce = -> = --
" ./H JH,

PP.
Unit power = rFn=q
^" r'' =(ILl"
\H/ 'r-(la|""'zooo
\22s)
= 3509-59 kW Ans.

324
 Problem 4.10
A turbine works under a h€ad of 2Sm ar 200 rpm. The discharge throuSh
tire turbine is 10 m3ls. If the overall efficiency ,)f the htrbine is 91./", Find
the power generated by the turbine and the type of tulbine.
Given Data:
- Head of water, H = 25m
Speed of tudine, N = 200 rpm
Discharge,Q=t0ml/s
Overall efficienc, rlo = 91%
To Find:
. - Polver generated by the turbine, p

of turbine.
- T),?e

Solution
t€t P = generated power

Overall efficlencv. n =a
QvH
or, P=1.xQyH
= 0.97 x 10 x 9.81 x
=2231.78kW Ans-
Specific speed of turbine, '' 1' 2oo\DnL7B=rovrnm
N ='l]1=_.....: _-
(25)5/4 -'r"'
Since the specific speed lies between 50 to 25{), the turbine is a Francis
lurbine.

Problem 4.11
A hydroelectric power sration is supplied with 175 m3fs ofwater under
a head of 20m- The overall efficiency is 80"/". Find the
number of Francis
turbines required for 161 rpm of each turbine and a specific
speed of200
rPm

32s
 Given Data:
Flow rate, Q = 175 m3ls
. Head of water, H = 20 m
Speed,N=161 rpm
Overall efficiency; to = 80%
Specific sPeed, Ns = 200 rPm
To Find:
- Number of Francis turbine, n
Solu rion
Let P = total generated power
Pl = power generad by one turbine
.P
Now overall efficiency, rl",,'- ^
QYH
P
' 080=
775x9-81x20
P = 2746a kW
N.E
Specific speed, N. =
E#
161,1P.
:"" - (20f,.
200 = --:l---r-
ot, \ = 2760.47 kW
There(ore, number of Francis turbines,
n=P = 27ffi =9.75=10 Ans.
Pr 2760.47

Problem 4.12
Show that the specific speed of a Pelton wheel is represented by
ZX$.t* with usual notadons when Cv - 0.98 afld the bucket speed is

0.46 times the speed of the iet

325
solution
Nomenclature:
Let P = power Senerated by Pelton wheel
U = peripheral velocily of turbine
H = head of water under which the turbine is workin8
N = speed of lhe turbine
Q ' flow rdte through lhe turbine
d = diameter of jet
D = diameter of wheel
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.98
SFedratio,0=0.4
Derivation of Equation:
velocity of ieL V =C,"lrg! = O.g}.lZg$

Speed ratio, O=fi=0.+A

v-5"'
or. u= o.a6.,lw
A8ain, peripheralvelociiy, U=rDN
60
60u
or N=-
?rD
60 x o.a6.l2gi
ltD
OO x O. a6rl7-x 9.81 x H
,ID

", N - 38.916
D
Flow rate,
,r.
Q=-^d','V
ot, a = fxa'xo.ea./zgH

327
 P
Ovcrallefficiency, n., -
eyH
of, P = n.Q"rH

or, P-q.. nra' o.ssr/zgHzv*H

or, p=q,. <_d.x0.98;\-2 <9.1'iltH xq.8l' H

or, P = 33. Mr\,d'H'/'

NJP
Now <pecifi. speed, N. - Hq r
H''
e' fE ..
- 33".-- D "'[:eaan"-'l''
Il5/4
= zzs *
frJn. Proved.

Problem 4,13
A turbine develoPs 12,000 kw under a head of 30 m at 160 rPm Find the
specific speed of the turbine. Find the sPeed and outPut of lhe turbine
rLnder a head of 20m.
Given Data:
Generated Power, P = 12,000 kW
Head of water, H = 30 m
Speed ol lurbine, N = 160 rPm
To Find:
- Spe.ific speed of turbine, Ns
- Speed and output of turbine at 20m head
Solulion
Let Ns specific sPeed of lurb,ne

324
 Ni/P
Therefore, \ =
H5/',t

*\=ffi = 249.64 rp,. A,.s.

lvhen the head of water is 20m, let

Nt = sPeed of turbine
Pl' generated power
D = diameter of turbine
Ht =20m

DN _ DN,
Now --/H,
-JH=
N _N1
JH - iH,
76 _N1
16= - 120
N,: 130.64
Again specific speed,

130.64"1P,
or )49 64 = ----:----L
\20\"'
ot, Pr = 6532 kW ans.
Problem 4.I4
Show that the specific speed of a Kaplan hllbine is represented by
494OJn.(1 -n'z)t/ . The notations have thek usual meanings.
Solution
Nomen.lature .

Let P = frower developed by KaPlan tu$ine

U = peripheral velocity of turbine

329
 H = head of water under whi'h the turbine is working
N = sPeed of the turbine
Q = flow rate through the turbine
d = diameter of boss
D = diameter of (aPlan runner
0 - sPeed ratio
V = flow ratio
no overall efficjencY
Vr = velocity of flow
li,rtio, n = d/D
Derivation of Equationr
I]
Spccd ratiu, f =-lffi
or, U = O\EgIl

Again, peripheral velodtY. U = I#

TrDN
or, d'/igH = 60

".. *-ry3==84.6o0#
Flow ratio, -:#
o., V, = Va,EgH
Flow rate through the turbine, a =t@' - d')Y,

or. o=io'o-S>v,
ot, g=Lo,o_n )v,
ot, o = f,o'']r- rl'!Y.[-zgt' i'

330
 ''QvH_L
Overall effrciencv, n- =

or, I.QIH
P=

o,, p = q. x-1o,1r- n,)ry.[g]ix1H

or, t'= 11. x Io'11t - n'?)\r1Dr9f1x I{ x 9.81x H

or, p
= 34.13qD,(1- nr)vH3/:
Now specific soeed. N = Nf
JE x * s'"'
= sl.eo
D
',6+r:r1;d1r-n1
Id5t1
= 494OJr"D'?(l - n'?)v Proved.

Problem 4.15
A hydro€lectric power plant is suppEed with 450 m3ls of water rmder a
head of 7m. Find out the number of Kaplan tu6ines required for 50 rpm,
83% ovemll efficiency arid 500 rpm specific speed. Find also the power
generated by each turbine.
Given Data:
Flow rate, Q = 450 m3/s
Head,H=7m
SPe€d,N=50rpm
Overall efficiency, Io = 83%
Specific speed, Ns = 500 rpm
To Find:
- Number of Kaplan turbrnes required, n
- Power developed by each turbine

33r
 Solution
Let P= pswer developed by each turbine
Qr = flow rate for each tlrrbine
N"F
Now specific speed, N, :
E.,,
50 vF
5UU=-
\/ )
or, P: 12964 kW Ans.
Overall ef f
,,
iciend- n* =
Q,TH
'12964
0-43 j- .-
Q' x9.81\7
or, Qr = 227.45 nl/ s
Therefore, number oI h,.bir.*,' , = 9-=$- -l-98= 2 Ans.
Qt 227.45
Problem 4,16
Prove that the specific speed of ,a Francis turbine is expressed by
l.t" = 9880(Kn.,vn)r/'z
where Q,\y and n are speed ratio, flow ratio and the width ratio
respectively and K is the ratio of dctual flow area to the tolal ared.
Solution
Nomenclature:
Let P - power developed by tufuine
Francis
U = periPheral velocity o{ turbine at inlet
H = head of water under which the turbine is acting
N = cpeed oa the turbrne
Q = flow rate through the turbine
Br = width of runner at inlet
Dr = inlet diarneter oI runner
Vfr = velocity of flow at inlet

332
 0 = sPeed ratio
\Y = flow ratio
' rlo = overall efficiency
Vfr = velocity of flow at inlet
K = ratio of actual flow area to the total area
DeriYation of Equation:
Now ratio of runner width anddiameter, n = &
Dl
ratio dr=&
'
SDeed
''lzeH
or, U, = O\EH
Again peripheral veloci,r, U, = '?;*
*, o15sH =4J!
6oo\2gH
or. N = - S4.6od@
rD- f)
Plor, 111;o, y=!
^l2cH
or. v,, = y.t2gH
Now flow rate, Q - K x bfal flow area x flow velocity
or, Q = K xcircumlerence x width x flow_ velmily
or,Q=K,rDrBrVfr
or, Q = KnDrB,VirgH
or, Q = kDinvitgH since B, = nDl
or, Q = 13.92KDinYrE
Overall efficlencv n =l
'-AvH
or, p = noeyH
 p = 1. x 13.92KDfmyr/H x g.gt xft
P= 136.56l"KDinvH'/'
NJ7
Specific speed,
' H'"
t 'D]
=*.0.@* Hs "r
N" = 9880 (l.KnV)'/' Proved.

Problem 4.17
A 1/7 scale model of a turbine is to be tested ir the laboratory to design
an actual turbine which will develoP 30000 kW output power under a
head cf 5C m running at 400 rPm. Fifld the sPeed, outPut Power and flo-'
rate for lhe model. I he overall efficiency of the model is 86% and head
available for ihe model is 10m.
Given Data:
For Model For Actaal Turbin€
Head, Hz = 10 m Output power, Pr = 30,000 kw
Overall efficiency,12 = 86% Head, H1 = 50 m
Speed, Nr = 400 rpm
To Find:
- Speed of the model, N2
- Flow rate for model, Q2
- Output power of the model, P2

Solution
Let D1 = diameter of turbine
D2 = diameter of model
D-1
D,7

334
 For geometrical similarity
D,N, D.N,
\E; 1'E.
oa,
N, D. N.
r H, D, rlH.
g=19
r'50 7'!10
ot N: = 1252 rPm Ans.
ASain considering the model and the actual turbine
N,JP, _ N,JP,
H,s/{ H,"'
400.,130000 _ l252JP?
^- (s0f^ (10f^
or, Pz = 54.78 kW Ans.
ouhrut Pot^/er of model
Overal I efficrencv of model, rl, - a-
P2
=
", o,il{,
54.74
0.66 =
Q, x9.81x10
Q'=0.65mrls ans.

l'toblem 4.18
A Pelton wheel develops 8500 kW at 250 rpm under a head of 250m' I(
the overall efficienry of the turbine is 85%, find out the unit discharge,
unit power and unit speed- If the head oI water reduces to 150m 6nd
.il\o lhe discharge, power and .peed.
Given Data:
Generated Power, P = 8500 kW
Head of water, H = 250 m

335
 SPeed of turbine, N = 250 rPm
' Overall efficien'y of turbine' Io = 85%
To Find:
- Unit dis.harge, Qu
- Unit power, Pu
- Unit speed, Nu
is 150m
-Discharge, Power and speed lvhen head
Solulion
Let Q = dis€harge of the tu$ine
P
Now overall elficiency, n" -
o.yH
8500
ot,
0.85 =
o;j1 ,50
or, Q=4.08m3/s
r) 4.08
unir dischar&e, a, #= ffi=o''u-'/"o"''
P 8500
= 2 15 kw Ans'
unit power. ,,,
=
rt" ,;# =
N 250
unit speed, * =16=.ffi='581rPm
Ans'

when the head of waler rs I50 m' let

Qr = discharge
Pi = geaerated Power
Nr = sPeed of turbine
Let Hr :150 m
Asam. ^aa,
v"- Jfr--F;
^ f H, ,'"^a=t25ol
or. a,:l.",] I l5o f/z ""'4.08 - 3.16 m'/s Ans.

336
 Unitpower,., =#=#
or, = = asoo[14)" =:eso.44 kw Ans.
", "(+)"
N =I:\
unit sD€ed
"
JH JH,
or. ,.,,,' = *f\H,/
+l' ' =zso(p)"'
\2fl) =
trr.65 rpm Ans

&qbkE 4.1e
A turbine working under a head oI210 m runs at 300 rpm. FIow oI warer
' in the tubine is 9001/s. If the ov€rall efficiency is 85%, find the type of
hrbine.
Given Dala;
Head of water, H = 210 m
Speed of turbine, N = 300 rpm
Flow rab, q
= 900 17.
Overall efficien. \, no 859"
To Find:
- Type of turbine.
Solution
Let P = generated power
Now overall effrciencv- n= P
,-Oyn
or, {Ju5=- P
0.9 x9,81x 210
or, P= l57okW
. Nora.sp€cidc spe€d, *- = N9 = {?,^ - ,n.ro
Hv, '**(ZtOl",

337
 Since the specific speed is 14.9, hence the turbine should be a single iet
Pclton wheel.

Elqbl€lq 4.20
For a KaPlan turbine Pu = 40, Qu = 100 and Nu = 125 The diameter of
the turbine runner is 1.6m. Find the runner diameter, sPeed and discharge
of a similar runner when working under a head of 30m and developing
2600 kW power. Calculate also the sPecific sPeed of this runner'
Given Data:
For the Actual Turbine For SimilarTurbine
Diameter of turbine, nr = 1.6m Head, H2 = 30 m
Unit power Pu = 40 Power, P2 = 2600 kW
Unit discharge, Qu = 100
Unit speed, Nu = 125
To Find:
- Runncr diameter of similar turbine, D2
- Speed of similar iurbine,
^"2
- Discharge of similar turbine, Q2
- Specific speed of similar turbine, Ns
Solution
For similar turbines specific speed i s given by

", N,JP, N,.lP, _

N,./E

Foruni!quantities Hr = H= 1 m
rh-"r"*. N'lF, =
N'4
1 H,"
*, N. = 125r/-a0- t (30f/{ = 1088-57 rpm Ans'

338
 Againforsimilar turbi.*, = Here N,=N,
H H
L25 x 1.6 _ 1086.57 x D,
150

Again,

Here Qu = Qr

ot, Qr = 213.95 m3ls Ans.

Now specific speed,

N"=
N,Jp, 1os&s7.,m
rptn Ans.
H,"' =790.57
GqUA

Problem 4.21
-{ propeller turbine develops 7000 kW under a head of 5m. The speed
ratio is 2 and the flow ratio is 0-65. The dianretcr of the boss is 0.36 rimes
external diameter and the overall efficiency is 90%. Find the diameter of
runner, speed and specific speed of the turbirc.
Given Data:
Cenerated power, P - 7000 kW
Headofwater,H=5m
Speed ratio,0 = 2
Ftowratio,V=0.65
Overall efficienry, Io = 909'"
To Find:
- Outside diameter of runner, D

3-39
- Speed of turbine, N
- Specific speed of turbine, Ns

Solution
Let Dr = diameter ofboss
Vf = velocity of flow
Q = flow rate
L = PeriPherdl velocitY of runner

thereforc. B 0.36
D =
P
Now overall efficiency, I" =
QYH
7000
or, O.,O =
e;-*r;
or, Q=15a'57 tu3 /s
v.
Flow ratio, V=@

NAE,:,-:J-
""'
^12 ^g.stxl
or, Vt = 6-M^/s
Flow rare. Q= f ro'-o1lv,
*, a=;{D'-(o.36DF}v,
*, (o.36D'z l'6. a
158.57 =
x{D' -
or,D=6rnAns.
U
Speed ratio, O = p:f,
U
,=:
- .12 *9.8t r 5
rJ = 19.81 t /s

340
 Now, U= ,TDN
I

i 60
t
I

i 60
or, N =63.06 rpm Ans.
rr-6
Specitic speed, N- = +
$.06.17000
= 706.77 rprn Aas.
(5)u^

Ptublem- 4.22
A Kaplan turbine develops 33000 kW under a head of 40m. The speeC
' ratio
is 2.1 and the flow ratio is 0.62. The ratio of the diameter of boss
_ and the ruinel is 0.36. If the overall efficiency of the turbine is 90%,
cal€ulate the runner diamefet speed and specific speed of fhe turbii€
Civen Data:
Cenerated power, p = 33000 kW
Head of water, H = 40 m
Speedratio,O=2.1
Flowntio,V=0-62
Overall etficiency, rlo = 90%
To Find;
- Dameter of runner, D
- Speed of the turbine, N
- Specific speed of turbine, Ns
Solution
Lel U = peripherdl veloaty of iurbine
Vf = velocity of flow
Dr = diameter of boss
Q= flow rate of water

341
rlrcrefore.L:036
'U D
Speed ratio, q: ,=i=t t
1-D.- --
or. rJ =z.tx''Tx9 81740 =588:lrn'/s
V.
Flow ratio, V =-=;fr=ooz
v, -o.oz",D"ost' +o -17 37 m/s
P
Overallel(iciency, n" - O/H
33000
. or, o-90 _
O^=-..gf
1 > -40

or, Q 93'44 rn3 / s

A8ain. floi^/ rdte, a =;(D'-Di)V,

o,, Q = I {D'-(0.36D)'}v' ,/
fr
-4 9i- l{ = , o\?D' /'17'37
^.
or,D 2'8tmAns'
t herefore, D' = 0 36D = l ol m
rDN
AEnin, peripheral velocitY, U - -^
or, 5883=q#I
or, N = 400 rPm Ans'
' NtrP= 4oo@ .-'":'Y'"
zzz.sq -^ """'
sn''
speciric speed. N. - H- --(40)-,, =

342
 Problem 4.23
The scale of a Fmncis turbine modcl is l/7. Th{. modcl Llc\ elops 5 kW ar
35Orpm under a head of 3m. Find the spcrd an,l ScneratL'd p(Nvor for thc
prototype under a head of 10m.
Civ€n Datn;
Speed of model, N,, = 350 rpm
Head of water for model, H- =3m
. Rower genemted by model, P- = 5 kW
Head of waier for prototvoe, H" =
:' IO m
To Find: .''
- Speed ot the prototypc, r{F
- eower gencra'q;d i#r_y protorype, pp
Solution : :a

Scale of model ar ,
D._1
D, 7

F(rr sinrilar turbines,

DT

1E;
xNP
--lE-
D- xN-

ot, Nr D, ._ iH"
-- ," "14 XN-
1
=-x.r-x
J1o ,-,
t5(1
/ tJ
= 91.29 rpm Ans.
Agair!
N, x *'P,, _ lt", x.t-
H;/' H:1',
91.29x
or, -:-:(10)", " = _350 .5
."lP y
(3)',,
or. P- = 1491 kW Ans-

,:J ".!
r Jr;
 Problem 4.24
A PelkD wheel develops 4O00 kW under a head oF 300nr. The sPced
rntio is 0.:16.1nd the overall effioency of the turtrine is 85'){,- If the sPecific
specrl oi thc turbine is lil, find tlle cliameter ot turbine and diameter of
iet- ThL' coefficicrlt ot lelocitv t(tr the nozzle is 1r.98-

Given Data:
CcrrUr',rtc,i1r'ucr. I' . lO0lr kW
Ilcac{ of water, H = 300 m
\l'c.(l rdtro, o
0.{6
Ovcrall efficiency, rlo = 85')1,
. Cocfficient of velocity for nozzle, C\, = {1.98
Specific speed of turbine, Ns = l8
fo Find:
. Di.rmcrer of trrrbinc, D
- Diameter of jet, cl

Solution
l-et N = spced of the turbine
U = peripheral velocitv of turbine
Q di.. hirge rhrouth Ihe turbine
tr.tvF
Nor^' sDe.rti. sDe.d N :---
' H-',
N..?ooo
or llt=-
(300)-'
ot N.- = 355 rPm
vel,rjr\ nr rcr. V-C, \2iH - o.qSvr, '1.81, 400 - 8r,.82 m / r

'
SDcccl ratr,) O=.- U
JzsH
U
0.46=- 9.x1
'12 ' " 3OO

U = 35.29 m/s
 Asain, peripheral velocity, ,r 1rDN
60
.E.6 ir.D^-ll5
60
or/ D=1.35mAns.
P
Oyerall efficiencv,
-QyH
or. 0.85 =
Q x9.81x 300
ot, Q= 1,60 m3/s
Aga;n discharge. Q=Ia'rv
4
1.50=lxdrx85.82
4
d = 0.153 m =153mmAns.

Problem 4-25
A turbine der.elops 10000 kW at 150 rpm urdcr a head of 25m. What is
its spccific speed? Find out the normal speecl .rnd outplrr ol rhe turtrinc
undcr a hcad of 30m.
Given Data:
Cenrr.it8l power, P = 10000 kW
HPdd, H 2i m
Speed,N=150rpm
To Find:
- Spccific spced(,f turbine, Ns
- Spe.'d and output of turbine at 30m h!'.1d-
Solution

Specific spc'erl, N. = rPm Ans.

**=W=268.33

-r-15
 Wher the he.id of !1,ater is 30m, let
Nr = sPced ol tlrrbine
t, = 6cncr.,tcLl p,'rr er
H'=30'n
DN
:=-+rD.N,
1

Noh
iH nHl
For the san1e turbinc, c'iiameter of runner, D = Dr
NN,
VH r,'H,
50 \,
.l

' \2; V30

N rpm Ans.
16-1.32
N, JF;
Atarn, spccrtrc sPccd, l\I. = ;r
=
tM32,li
,t 26a.33 = ---------!---!
(30)v'
or, . I', = 131-15 kw Ans.

Problem 4.2b
A dcvc,ol.s 2r)r)l) LW unLl('r .r lx'.kt r,f.1(l n] .rt :0{) rPm. I h. flow
tLrrL,;nc
ratc of h,ntcr is .:l n13/s .rnd the di.mL'ter of runncr is 1.75 m.
A geometrically simil.lr turlrinc generating 3{x)I)kW nt l0 m lvatcr head.
Find ()ut thc rrrrrner diametcr, sPeed and thc lk)w rnte of w.lter for the
.sLrond tu linc.
Civen Data:
For the First Turbine For the Seqa4lIlrbilt9
Dlrmeter of.unncr, D = 1.75 m He.d, I-lr , 5() nl
Hcad of watcr, Hr = 40 m Gencrated Power, I'- = l(XX) kW
 Ccnerate(l Po\1'er, I'r = 2(100 kW
Speecl, Nr = 2t)0 rPm
rate, Qr = 3 tu3/.s
Flor.,,
To Find:
- Runncr cliamcter ofsccond hrrbine, D2
- Speed of second turbine, N:
- Flow rate for second turbinc, Ql
Solution

\im'hr tlrrbincs
N../P.
' !,,,'
N-.lP-
For = '.=',-
200J2000 N,i3000
(4ol'' (501"'
' ot, N": = 215.84 rpm Ans.
DrN, D,N,
Agairl,
E-E
200
-E-----6,
1.75 x D, x215-84N,

D:=i.t{1 m Ans.

Again for similar turbines,

O,Ni _ O.N:
H,1/r H.'/'
3x(200): _ Qr > (215.84)r
(.10t'', ' (50)"'
or, Q, = 3.-10 mll5. A ns.

!jb[c!!\ 4.27
A turbinc \^ ()rks undcr a he.1d of 3(lm running .rt 200 rpm. Thc flow rato
of water through the turbinc is 16 6375. If th, overall cfficicncv of thc
krrbine is 91'2,, fincl thc pcrtirrmance of the turbine under a head o4 2.1 m.

l.lt
 Given Data:
Hrad of i{ater, H = 3t'l m
. SFecd of turbinc, r\' = 30() rpm
FloH' raic ()a r^'.1ter, Q = l() m3/s
Ovcrall cfficicrrcy, rl(. = c)1 1,
To Find:
- I'crbrman.e ot turbine uncler a heaLl of2{ m.
Solutior!
T() find thc perlbrmancc of turbine under .r hcad of 24m means k) find
thc spee(i, Liischarse.lnd powcr at this head.
When th(] head of water is 2'l m, let
' a, = flou/ rate of rvater
l', = gcnor.rted power
N, = speed of turbine
Hr=2'lm
Let us.1s:iLrne that overall efficiency will remain same.
Ls1 ' P - power generatecl when head ofwater is 30 m
I .-eyH
hcrckrrc.,,rer.rll ellrc'"n.y, ,1,- 'P

P
0.91 = 10x9.81>30
or. I'= 2678 kW Ans-
N N,
t_rnrr{,),r"i N = ':=-:1_
\,H 1H
300 N.
\'31) .,2-l
-=4
Nr 2lrit..|.'t rPnr Ans.

.i-13
 dischar8e,
oo
O. = -;
\rJ1= Jnl
+
Unit
'
10 Q,
v30 v2+
or, Q, = 8.94 m3/s Ans.
PP.
L,nit Dower. P =:= l-
' " H H."
-26?t = _P,_
(30\"' (24r"'
or, Pr = 1916 kW Ans.

?roblem 4.28
A Propeller turbine develops 10,000 kW tmd€r r head of 1t m The sPeed
ratio is 2, flow ratio as 0.65 and the ratio of boss diameter to runner
diameter is 0.35. If the overall eFficiency of th(' turbine is 92'1,, find the
spccific speed of the turbinc.
Given Data:
Cener.lteci Po\!er, P = 10,000 kW
Hcad of w.rtcr, H = 1l m
SPecd ralro. O= 2

Flowr.rtio.V-0.65
Overall efficiency,I = 92'2,
To Find:
- StL'cific spced of the turbinc, N.

Solulion
Lcr Q = floh r.ttc of w.rle r
N = sPced of runncr
d = diamcrcr {,f boss
D = .liameter of runner
 lherelore. -d = 0.35
D
.P
Overall efficicncv, Tl
= m:
loooo
...' o.gz =ex9_81x11
or Q=t00.73m3l\
Flow ratio. , = _lt -O.nS
''/zsH
Discharte through the flrnner,

o= a'l * v,
fro'-
o,.
"=;""{,-(*)'i"*,tr,r
I
or. r00.ru = x D'{1- (0.:s)'}x o.osJ2xr-sr, rr

Norv. socer{ .ati,,. o = -L =Z

x'2sH
rDN
l'criL'hcr.ll vck).irvot D..'o"tt... U - b0
q. ZEH = IPI
"'. 60
or, 2i2x9.81x11= rx3-9lxN
@
or,N=143.52rpn1
Specific speed of turbine,
N1F 14ts'52nl!444
^,
'" - H<! (11)-..
- 7,;6.43 rDm Ans.
 lhcrotor.
-:{1.J5
D

' '' IQvH

Over.rli otfic;.ncv. n =

loooo
..' o.gz - Q x 9.81x 11
or, Q=l0O'73m3/s
Flow ratio. r =-L=O.OS
r/2gH
Discharge lhrouSh thc rtrnnet

9-11o,-a,yxv.
4

or,
"=;,"{,_(*).}",,aE,r I

. or. I00.ru=IxDr{t-(0.:s)'}"o.esrExr:rxrr I

()r, D. 391 m
U
-\o\v. \LF..L r rti,f O- -2
' J28H
trDN
I'eriohor.,l \.1().itv ()l r'.,,o.tt... U - 60
.., o"ZSfl =
S
,r x 3.91x N
oa 2n2x9.8Lx1-l = (fr
or, N = 143.52 rpm
Specific speed of turbine,

*. = Y: = l€(l1)'
5?! !oo9 n6.43 rpni ans.
-
 FrobleJ 4.29
A Pelton wheel develops 10000 kW under a head of 350m wilh 62'X,
overall efficiency. Find out the percentage reduction ofihe diameter ofiet
in order to reduce the output of the wheel 50%- The speed of the h,heei is
.onstant and the coefficieni oI velocity for the nozzle is 0.98.
Given Data:
Otitput power, P = 10000 kW
Head of water, H = 350 m
Overall efficiency, Io = 82%
Coe[ficienl ol velocity lor the no,,zle, Cv 0.98
To Find:
- Percentage reduction ofjet diameter with 50% output-
Solution
Let Q = flow rate of wate.
d = diametei of jet
P
Now ov€rall efficiencv. n =
'-QvH
10000
' 0.82 -
Qx9.81x 350
or,u=J,!5m./s
vetociry of iet, v=C,,pgu -o.ssr-zxo.stx:so -Bl.2tm/s
I
'
Cross-secLional area 06 ;"1. 6 =

,t _.
v= !!1
a,-zr
= g.rB37mr

Now, a--Yd'
4
or. 0.0/f;7 = Lxd'1
4
or, d =0.24m
Let us assume that the efficiency and head of water will remain same
when the output reduces 50%.

t5l
 Let when outPut is 50%
Qr = flolr, rate
dr = diameter of iet when output is 50'l"
P xo.s
Overall
= --
eFficienc)', n"= (J,]r1
10000 x 0.5
O.A2 =
Q1 x9.81x 350
Q, = 1.78 m3/s
t
Cro5s scctionil area of ' '1= o.olg-'
iet !- - ,r2
6o,!11
Therelore. diameter of iet, d r - V-rr =,J.17^
Theref3re, percentage reduction of diameter o.fjet

= 4-i! x rco - '24-'17 t loo = 29.17"/" Ans.

d. .24
Problem 4.3O
A Kaplan turbine develoPs 35000 kW under a head of 26 m at 200 rPm.
What is thp diameter of runner? Ihe flow ratio is 0.70 and the ratio of
boss diameter to runJrer dia'meter is 0.32. If the overall efliciency is 927",
find the specific speed of the turbine.
Civen Data:
Generated por /er, P = 35000 kW
Head of watei, H : 26 m
N = 2OO rPm
Speed of turbine,
Flowratio,v=0.70
Overall efliciency, n6 = 92"1'
To Find;
- Diameter of runner, D
- Specific speed of turbine, Ns

352
 Solution
Let Vf = lelocity of floiv
. Dr = diameter oI boss
Q = flow rate
ru.* LD = o.:z

Flow ratio, r=:

'
'128H
or.0.70=4
.!2,9.81x26
or, Vr = 15 81m /s
P
.Now overall effi< iency, , -
SrH.
35000
- - Q x 9.8t x26
ot Q= 119.16 m3/s

Flow thJougl the ru,rne.,

-4 Q= 1(O'- O,') r V,

- o= TtD'-(.32Dfl,v'
ot, 14s.rc = LID! (.32D),]xl5.8l
4t
or,D=J.66mAns.
209rff
spcciri. speed, N.
H".| -
' - ),.. (261,, -r;tt.tr rpm Ans. -

Problem 4.31
A 1/4 scale model of a turbine work under a head.of 12 m. The
prototype ra'orks under a head of 32 m at430 rpm. If the model develops
135 kW, find the speed of the model. Find als{i the type and the power
developed bv the protot_ype-

353
 Given Data:
Power generated bY model, P- = 135 kW
Head of water t'or model, H- = 12 m
Head of water for PrototYPe, Hp = 32 m
Speed o{ prototyPe, Np = 430 rPm
To Find:
- Speed of model, N-
- Power developed by protot)?e, Pp
- Type o[ turbine.
Solutior
Scale r,rtio of model
.D-1
and prototyPe,
D;-;
Iorsimirrrhrrbines. P+ - +\
JH. {H,
D.
*'= r:',/il"'
n
or, \m--4vi--x430=l0i3.28rpm Ans.
N .tr , _ 1053.2qfi35 548 rpm.
Speciric <peed of mod.1, t'.1. = =
ffi (2F,.
Since the specific speed is 548 rPm, the turbine will be KaPlan type
turbine.
N",E
Ata,n sf.ccific speed, N, = +#

or. s48
430.1P_
=Id+
or, Pr = 9408 kW Ans.
 Problem 4.32

A small P€lton wheel of 400 mm diameter working under a head o{ 200

m. Ihediamelerof nozzleis40mm and its coellicienl of velocilv i\ 0.d8.
The ratio oI relative velocities at outlet aid inlct is 0.95- The outlet blade
- angle is 15o and the speed ratio is 0.46. Find the unit Power and unit
speed of the turbine.

Given Data:
Diameter of wheel, D = 400 mra

. Head of water, H = 200 m

Diamete, of iet, d = 40 [Urr
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.98
Outlet blade angle P, = 15o
SPeedmtioO=0.46

To Find:
- Unit pow-er, Pu
- Unit speed, Nu

Solution
Let Vr = velocity ofjet
U = velocity of wheel
Vrr = relative velocity at inlet
Vr2 = relative velocity at outlet
N = sPeed of the wheel

355
 I 1*,
tlt -
i-- ur- -t--v.J ),
Inlet Velocity Diagram

Outlet Velocit

Fig. P4.32

Now. ---j: = 0.95

vetociry of iet, vl = C,J2g11 = 6.93.12x9.81x2co =67.39 m / s

'
Speed ratio. -!:
.lzcH
= O.Ee

or U=28.24m/s
Rel.rlrve velocity at inlel,
V., = Vr -U = (61.39 -28.24)rn /.s = 33.75tr:. /s
Relative velocity,rt outlet, V,. = 0.95 x V., = 31.49 m / s
Velocity of whirl at outlet,
V-. = V., cosp, - U = 3'1.49 cosl'" -?8.24 = 2.18 m / s

356
 Here, Vpcosft > U, the direction of Vw, will be in opposite ofVwr-
velocitv oI wheel. U= rDN
60

or. 28.24 = try'-]!

60
or, N = 1348.36rpm
U{U-.
Work done per Lrnit weighl of water = -f-U-,ll
c'
-44bt.3e +2.181 since v, = v,,,
9.81 '
= 183 Nm/N
flow rate Q=1"d'rV, =! 7Q.6412 76139 = O.O'n m1 /s
.'-44
Output power of turb t^e,P - QtE - 0.A77 x9.81x 183 = 138.23 kW
' P 13a.21
--- :-: = 0.(X9 kW Ans.
Unit Dower. P =-=
H" ' (200)',

unl speed. ru." = * Mg;:u - e5.3 rpm Ans.

./H= , V200

357
 EXERCISE

1. What is specific sPeed of a turbine? Derive the exPression for the

specific sPee.I of a turbine and exPlain its Practical utility.

2 Explain and derive the exPressions for unit sPeed, unit Power and
Linit d,s.h.rrge.

3. How are the values of sPeed, dischargl', torque and F'ower of a

lrrrbine are computed rf the head varies trom H1 to Hr.

4_ A turbine develops 7000 kW at i00 rPm under a head of 20 m-

Find the specific speed, sPeed and outPut of the turbine under a
hea.l of 25m.
(AnE. 198; 112 rP[U 9780 kW)

A Francis turbine develoPs 2000 kW at 250 rpm under a head of

25 m- Find the unit Power and unit sPeed. Find also the Power
produced under a hedd of20 m
(Ans 16 kw; 50 rPm; 1434 kw)

6. An impulse turbine develops 11,000 kw at 300 rpm under a head

of 490 m. The diameter of the turbine is 2.75 m and it uses 2.7
m1ls of waler. Frnd oul lhe sPeed. Powi'r and discharge when lhe
head of water is 400 m.
(Ans. 27i rpm; 8113 kwi2.44 rn3/s)

358
 CHAPTER 5

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

5.1 Introduction
A centrilugal pump is a machine whi.h converts me.hanical
enerSy into knetic and pressure energy tfuough ccntrifugal force.

A centrifugal pump consists of fwo main pafs:

- a rotating element, including an impeller and a shaft.

-a stationary element niade ui ofa casin& stuffint box and bearings.

The shaft oI the pump is driven by power from an extemal source

by which means the impeller along with the vanes inside is rotated. The
fluid receives energy from during flow through the rotating
the vanes
impeller resulting in an increase in both velocity and pressure. Fluid flows
from the suction pipe due to the formation ofpartial vacuum in the centre
of impeller. A large part of ihe total energy of the Iluid leaving the
impeller is kinetic enerSy. It is necessary to reduce the absolute velocity
and transform the large portion of ihe velocity head into pressure heacl-
ln overcoming the delivery head oI the pump the high pressure head of
the leaving fluid is utilized.

5.2 Workins of a Centrifusal PumD

A diagramrnltic vieh'of a centrifugal plrmp is shown in Figrrc

5.1- I'riminS is done befoie starting a centrifuSal pump.

:15 9
 Delivery p 1pe

Priming cock
Delivery valve

Inpeller
Casing

I
Suction pipe

Foot vafve
Strainer
Figure 5.1: Components of a Centrifugal Pump.

For removing air water is filled in suction pipe, casing and into a portion
ot delivery pipe. As the head developed by the pump is directly
proportional to the density of fluid to be handled, so with the presence of
air it is not possible to create pressure. So if irnpeller runs in air, very lola
Pressurew'll be developcd becau.e of ven low,;en:,rrvof.rir. A..r r.,.ull
no liqurd will be Iiited by the pump.
During priming drrli\.ery vah,e is kept closed. lt is very essential to
prime the pump properly. When the prining is .ompteted and the prime
 rrover deli\.erv vah,e is kept still closed so that the startinll
is stnrt€d, the
krrque is rcdL(ed. A cenrrifugal head in the liqui,I is prodrced due ro thc
rotation oi impellcr in the casing fult of liqu;d. The presstire in the Iiquicl

As thc speed of the pump becomes constant the deiiverv valve is

gradu.rlly opened. The liqui.i flows radially ourward direcrion through
the impeller vanes and attains a higher velocity and pressure at the outer
Periphery of impeiier. The special shape of casinji converts kinetic energy
into pressrue enerSy ancl reduces high vetociry. The Iiquid with higher
Pressue flows throuSh the deli\.cry pipe inro a desired heighr. A partial
. t'a.uum is crcated at the centre of the impeller due to the centrifugal
,rction. Owing to this suctr'on pressure liquid fl(,ws through the suction
pipe towards the impeller eye to take the place of liquid which has Ieft
the impeller vanes. tn rhis way, liquid is raised to a certain heighi
continuously at a coirstant rate.

5.3 C€ntrifugal Pump Efficiencies

loindicate the perform,rnce of centrifu8at pumps the ioliowing
types ofefficiencies are generally used.
.r M.rn,,mctric E ir i.nc\ {rlrr
b. Mechanical Elficiency (nm(h)
c. Overall or Actuat Efficiency (no)
d. Volnmetric Efficiency (nO)

L.t Q = vohrme flow,rate

H,, = manometric head
H = total theoretical Iifr oI pump or desig,) head
V.1 = velocity of lvater in delivery pipe

lv = weitht flol{. rate = Q Y

 U2 = peripheral l'elocity at outlet of imreller
Vw2 = velocit_v of whirl at outlet
W
\ow worl done/sec by impcllcr : . U.V*'
I
Waterhors€ Power = QfH. = WH-
Work done/scc b-v impeller pcr unit weiSht of *or., = U'V*=
- Manometric Efficiency (tm)
It is the ratio of the manometri. hcad and energy supplied by the impeller
per rrrrit wcight ot fluid-
Manomeiric efficiency can be represented by
H- H. H,,
Vw.U, ,, V:, H_ +hvdraulic losses in the pump
H+r
E2g
_ W x H- _ water horse power(WHP)
- - ,*"rk d"* / *" by l,"pe t".
;@
8,
- This is also kno!1n as hvdrarrlic ef{iciency.

- Mechanical Effi(iency (tme,h)

Il r. rhe ratio of ener&y .rv,rilable al lhe impeller and lhe energy Biv.n tn
the shaft.
Therefore,
.. Energy av.rilable .rl ,mpellcr Energy dvdilable at impeller
"t"d' - fr..g,, sir"n t,, ,t," 't ntt .hrrr L"* p"*"(sHll
U.Vw.
lr
U-.V"l. .
,**,
g "..tr*rl

.t 6.1
 - Overa or Actual Efficiency (Io)
it is the ratio oF the poll,er supplied b), the pLrmp ro the pow€r delivered
to the prmp shaft.
Thereftrre,
Manomet.ic head
Energy supplied to pump shaft per r"rni t weiEht of water
_ WxH-
S.H. P

- Volum€tric Efficiency (ta)

There is always loss oF capacity due to Ieakagc through
the cleatance
between the rotating and stationary parts of the pump.
I Ihe capacity
available at the delivery pipe is less than that passed
through the
I inpeller due to the leakage. Volumerric efficiency is given by
I
I
I

o-
n,,
- =Q+AQ
where Q = (Jrccharge lhrough rhe dclrven prpe
AQ = amount of teakage

Problem 5.1
Derive an expression for enerty conveBion in the impeller
of a centrifugal
pump. What is Euler head?

Sotution
The equation for the work done by the impeller can be found out by
drawinS the inlet and outlet velocity triangles. ln the
centrifugal pump
waterenters the impeller at inner periphery and ieaves at outer
peripherv.
Let us consider a centrifugal pump lifting wate,.from a lower
level to a
higher levei. The inlet and outlet velocity t iansles are
shown in Fiture

.l 6l
 P5.1. Somc asslimptions h.1ve been made while (ledf ing the.equation for
cnerty corl\'ersion in a centrifugal PnmP-

Assumptions
i. The impeller has inlinite number of vancs so that the water is
guided on the vane profiles smoothly.
ii. No energy Ioss in the in-rpeller d e to frictio[ and eddy formation.
iii- There will be uniform velocit)' dist.ibutiorr in the narrow Passage
formP(l between two ad,acent vanes.
iv. Velocity ofwhirl at the inlet is zero.
vi No loss due tc siiock at entry i.e. inlet edge of the imPellerblades is
parallel to the relative velocity.

Out lei Velocity

D i agram

Inlet V! locltv
Di agram

Fig. P5.l
 Nomenclahrre:
tel rr . rddrusoI impe Fr at inlet
. r, = rn.lius of impeller at outlet
0) = angular i€locitv of impeller

W werght of warer flowin& for second

Ui = peripheral velocity of iEpeller at inler
U. peripheral l.eloctly ol impeller at outlet
Vrr = relative velocity of water at inkt
of impeller
Vr, = relative veloci ty of wa ter at outlet
of impeller
Vf, = velocity of flow of water at inht of impeller
VF = velocity of flow of water at outlet
ol ilnpeller
Vwr = velc,city o, whirl at inlet
Vw2 = velocity of wfurl at outlet
0r = vane angle at inlet
& = vane angle at outlet
Derivation of Equation:
Now aigular momentum = mass x tangenfal
vel(rity x radius
Angular momentum of fluid entering the
irnpdle, per sec-= { x V* x r,
,
Angul,rr momcntum of fluid leaving the impelr".1*.
*.. ArV- ,r,
Therefore torque = rate ofchange ofdngular
c'
mommtum
w _
=
-(Vwrr, Vwir, )
l;
Now worl.rlone per \ec. = t,,rqLre \ angular
. w- velo(rty
-(Vvr',r. - Vw,r,1
But peripheral velocities Ui r,!, and Ul
= = r,o

_]65
 Therefo.e, lr'ork done Per sec by imPeller on the u'ater

= !{1u.v*, u,v*,)
In centritugal pumps, Seneraliy water enters the imPeller radially, and so
the velocity of whirl at inlet, Vw1 = 0
w__
sec i-U.rVw,
lherefore, !^'ork done per

Work done per sec or energy transfer Per unit weiSht of fluid,
-l=- U-Vw"
The term E is krrown as Euler head and is equal to head develoPed by the
p"^p.

Problem 5.2
A centritugal pump with an impeller of 0.5m outside diameter rotates at
900 rpm- The constant velocity of flow is 4.5 m/s and the vanes are
radial at exit- The'impeller is 80mm wide at the exit. The velocity of
water in the delivery pipe is 3 m/s. Neglecting r)ther losses calculate the
height through which wate, is to be lifted and the outPut Power of the
PUMP.

Given Data:
Olrtside diameter of impeller, D2 = 0,5m
Speed of the impeller, N = 900 rpm
Velocity of flow, Vf) =YIz= 4.5 m/s
Wr,lth of impeller.rt oullel, b2 80 mm
Volocity of water in the cielivery pipe, V6 = 3 m/s
 To Find:
Height through *'hich water is to be lifted, H.
- Output power of the pump.

Outlet Velocity
Di agram

Inlet Velocity
Diasram

Fig. P5.2
Solution
Velocity of whirl at ourlet Vwr = U,
Peripheral velocity of impeller at outlet,
, , rD.N ,r x0-5\ 900
'6060 13.i6m/s
Now height rfuough which water is to be lifted,
,, = U,V*. y.t 23.56 , 23.ib (l),
g 2g 9.81 2 x9.81
= 56.12 m of water. Ans.
FIow rate, Q = ,rD2 b2 Vf2 = ft x 0.5 x 0.08 x 4.5 0.57 m3
= /s
Output power of the pump = eyH = 0.57 x 9.81 x !rt12
= 313.81 kW Ans.

367
Problem 5.3
Show that the Euler-PumP equation can be Ilrittcn as

F--l
- .),'['.
llv - V:l r tU.-U)t
-,
-tV-
t l
v'l.lj ]]. *hereihenutation"h,,!e

their usual meaninS. AIso exPlain the each of the three Paris of this
eq ation.
Solution
Inlet and outlet velocity diamgrams for a centrifuSal PumP are shown in
Fig. P5-3 Here 1^'e shall consider the velocity of wlirl at ir et

Outlet Velocity
Diagram

'I_nlet Velocitt,
Diagram

Fig. P5.3
Nomen.lature:
Let vlvr = velocity ofwhirl at inlet
Vw. = vq1..i1r.6 v/airl at outlet
Vfr = velocity of flow at inlet

-16 8
 Vfr = velocity of flow at outlef
Derivation of Equation:
Work done per rrnit rveithr of \ ater, e- l1U-V.. _U,V.,1 (t,
From inlet velocity diagram
vi -vi +vi
or. vi : vl, + {vi, _(u, _ v*, F}
or. vi : vi, + v; _ Ui - vi, + 2U,v*,
or, vi : v:, -ui +2U,v_,
. ot, u,v-, -:rvi +ui -v1,, \2)
2
From outlet velocity diagram
vi = v'-, +v?.
ot, vi = v'-, +lvi. - U,-v_,;l
or vi : v2*. +v:. -ui -vi. +2U,v *,
of, u,v_. = j(v;*ul-vi ) , (3)
From equatioas (1), (2) and (3), we ha\.e
v/ork done per unit weight of wate,

r= 1(u.v -u-v
I w,l)

or. E=
+{(vi+u,-v:)-(vl+ui-v;,I
or, e - ,1- ltvi -v,1+ [J, . ui 1+ 1vi -vi,11
From thrs equation ir is found lh,rt work done per unit weighr
of water
consists of the three merty components.

169
 Explanation of Diff€rent Components:
Vr V.
- lh.. ,D.,rl '-L'- I reure.enls the ch.nBc rn kinPiic Prlerby of lhn
),,
liquict.

lhc prrl
U::r- trlf rePre'cnlr.rrr incr"ase in slalic Pressurc

acconlplished $'ithin the imPeller due to the change of centrifugal

head or energy produced by imPeller.
'I
VT _V'
hc Parl -+j rePre.ents a chante k;netic ener8y due to
'n
retardation of fluid florv relative to imPeller.
Therefore, this term
rcpresents a conversion of kinetic energy within the imPellel itseff.

Relative proportions of these terms vary considerably in different

designs.

Problem 5.4
Find an cxpression for the minimum starting spe.d of a centrifugal PumP.

Solution
When the impeller of a centrifugal pumP is started to rotate, water wili
not flow unhl the pressure developed by the imPeller is large enough to
overcome the manometric head. If the imPeller is rotating and there is no
flow, the water is rotating in a forced vortex and ,n" O.:::y",n:10
.,r .e(l by the centrifut,rl torce on the rotating w.rter will be
U; ;; l
Flow will not cornmence Lmtil centrifugal head is equal or greater than
manometric head.

:r70
 Nomenclature:
Let for a centrifugal
pump,
Ur = peripheral velocit) oI impeller atinlet
U, = peripheral velocity of impeller at outlet
Dr = diameter ofimpeller at inlet
D, = diameter of impeller at outlet
Vw, = velocity ofwhirl at outlet
N = minimum starting speed
l. = manometric efficienry
H- = manometric head
Derivation of Equation:
When flow commences

E-i="- =-, "'

U3 U: -- Vw^U-

l'z
/,rD,N f rD,N )z
l60 l-t 60 l

f ,rD,N rp,N
[ool (ool )'] _ f l'z
= 2CI1*

/,rD,N):-(/ rD,N l'] =2gxlt^ Vw, ,rD,N

I 60 J 60 ./ s60
^,,
120 x n- x Vw, D,
,t D;_Di

From this equation minimum starting speed (N) to commence the flow
can be found out-

1tI
W
Problem 5.5
The inner and o{ter diameters of the imPeller ot a.centrifugal PumP are
300 n-Im and 600 mm respectively The constant \'elocity
of flow is 2 2
m/s and the vanes are curved backward at an arlgle of 45o at the exit ll
of the
the manometric efficiency is 75%, finci the minimum stafiing sPeed
PUMP.
(]iven Data:
lnlpt di.uneler of imPeller, Dr = 300 mJn
Outlet diameter of irnPeller, D2 = 600 mm
Flow velocity, Vfr = vf2 = 2.2 m/s
Vane angle at outlet, 0, = 45o
Manometric efficienry,Il* = 75Y"
To Find:
- Minimum starhng speed of the PumP, N.

tr- Lre. '*l

l",ll
v-: I

Outlet Ve loc ity

!!ccI3m

I nlet Veloc itY

Di asr am

Fig. P5.5

172
 Solqtion
Let Vf, = velocity of flow at outlet
Vw, = velocit-v ofwhirl at oirtlet
U, = pedpheral velocity at outlet
N = required speed oI impeller
Now Ur-6060
,rD,N 8X0.5^N
=

From outlet vetocity diagam,

V.
tan B- ,. = U,_YW,
':

2_2
ot tan45" =
0.031N- Vw,
or, Vw, = 9.6315-r,,
Now manometric effici"".y, n-=gfu
c
H-=1-Yu'Vw-'
c
Let Ur = peripheral velocity at inlet

Now u. =IP:l!,n6 IPJ!

'(fr'60 11- =

Vvhen flow comrnences,

!E_15=,
)o )t

I / ,!DrN \r I 1 rD,N )'l U.Vw.

,B\ 60 )-rgl 60 l
lr -rgl
1 f ,rD,N 1 / rD,N )' Vw- rD-N
<-v
,cl 60 I 60 / =In g6u -r
" - -;(E-Dll-
n,_ l20x11-xVw:^D,
 120x0.75x(0.031N' 2.2\ x0 6

N = 63.66 (0.031N - 2.2)

N = 144.33 rpm Ans.

Problem 5.6
The inside and outside diameters of the imPeller of a centrilugal PumP
are 310 nm and 620 rnrn resPectively lf the PumP works against a head
ul 32m, lind lhe minimum stdrtin8 sPeed of the PUmP'
Given Data:
bxtside diareter of imPeltet D, = 620mm
Inside diameter of imPelter, Dr ' 3I0 mm
Total head, H- = 32 m
To Find:
- Minimum srarting speed of the PumP, N-
Solution
Let Ur = periPheral Yelocitv at outlet
Ur PeriPheral velo(ity al inlet
N = required sPeed of imPeller
Now I l. - rD.N
(rO
,tx0.62'N
'- :- - :--i l r- ^,
-- U.032N
' 60
anct u. - '!D'N -'(^o3l>N-o.or6N
'(fr60
when flow commences,
lli. ul.=H
)i ,o
1^l
..
1

.ri' ro.o,t2N 'I --r0.016N)'

-1 ,-
- 12

(o.o32N)2 - (0.016N)2 = 2 x 9 81 x32

N = 904 rpm. Ans.
Ii
I Problem 5.7
I Derive an equation for the minimum dian-retcr of the impcller oi.r
i centrifuSal pump, $'hich will initiate pumpinij, when runninS .t thr
i normal sPeed.
Solution
Inorder to obtain an expression Ior the minimun diameter ofan irnpeller
which will enable it to srart pumping when running at its normal speed,
the following assumptions are m,rde.
- The oulsrde diameter of the impeller is twice lhe r-nner diameter.
- DurinS
slarting centrifugal head isequal to manr)metric head.
Nomenclature:
tet Ur - peripheral velociry of impeller at inlet
U2 = peripheral velocity of impeller at outlet
D, - inner dia-rneter of impeller
D2 = outside diameter of impeller

. N = rotation in.pm
H. = manometric head
Derivation of Equation:
The equation of 0ow conunences of centrifugal pu mp is given by
ui ui ,,
2g 2s
f ,rD,N )'] / ,rD,N l'
or,\60t\@)_H
2g
Putting D, = 2Dr, we have,

l,tD.N I l nND, / 21
\ 6U / \ t(] / _H
2g
 .r (*#l{, (N'}=,,"",
o,, i"(#)'=*"-
e (^?;*)' = ,, r.', ",r-
"
or. D,:- 9z.68.lH
--l----a metres

This equation is used in practice for lhe design of impellers. The outside
diameter should be atleast this amount otherwise, the impeller will be
ujlable to start pumping at its normal speed.

Problem 5.8
A centrifugal pump delivers m3/s watet against a head of 26 m
O.2o
while running at 950 rpm. The constant velocity of flow is 2.9 m/s afld
the vanes are curve( backward at an angle of 30o. If the hydraulic
effj.jenc! is 77"/,,, find t}.e diameter and the 1^ idth of the impeller at
outlet.
Given Data:
Iotal head. H :26 m
Discharge,Q=0.20m3/s
Speed of impeller, N = 950 rpm
Velocity of flow, Vfr =VL=2.9 rn/s
Vane angle at outlet, p? = 30o
Hydr.rulic efri( ien.y. n. - 77",.
To Find:
- Diameter of impelle. at outlet, D,
- Wictth of impeller at outler, b?

37 6
 Out let Ve IocirJ
Diagram

Inlet Velociti,
biasram

Fig. PsA
Let U, = peripheral velocity of inpefler at(rutlei
Vw, = velocity ofwhirl at oudet
Hydraulic efficiency, -cH
,r" =
.
uJ*
-*
''h - u,(u,
8H
- vr. coto,)
9.81x 26
0.77 =
U,(U, -2.9cot30")
Uz = 20'88 m/s
rD-N
Now ti.'60
= '
20.88 =nDzx959
@
D?=0-42m Ans.

377
 Discharge, Q = ,r D, bz Vf,
3
b1 - 0.052 m = 52 mm Ans.

Problem s.9
A centrifugal pump devetops 32 rn oI head anct discharges 0.15 m3ls
oI
waier when running at 1500 rpm. The outlet diamerer and width of rhe
impeller are 320 mm and 50 mm respectively. Find the vane angle ar
the
outlet of the impeller if the hyclraulic efficiency is 7g%.
Given Data:
Headdeveloped,H=32m,
Disch.uge,Q=0.;5mlls
Specd of the pump, N = l5O0 rpm
Outlet diameter of impelte, D2 = 320 nrn
Width of impeller ar outlet, b2 = 50 rlun
Hyllraulic efficiency, 1lr = 782,
To Find:
Vrne .ntle .tt the outlet of jmpeller,
Fz
Solution

F+- - u,
L-v*zl
----.r I
| I

Outldt Yelogity
. Diagram

Fig. P 5.9

3-74
 Let VF2 = velocity of flow at outlet
Vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet

P2 = vane angle at outlet

Peripheral velocity at outlet,
-- _ ,.D.N
u.'6060j: = ,rx0.32x1500
- -- ----
=25.t3rn /s
Discharge, Q = rDrbrV,,
0'15-r\032xoo5xvh
or, Vt) 2.s8 m/s
grl
. Hydraulic efficiency,, 1" =
V,,.U,
9.81x 32
V_ x2513
or, Vw, = 16.g2
v. ^1,
Now. tanB.
" . V.'.
2.9a
or, tanu.
'' = 25.13 -16.02
or, g, 18.l1o Ans.

Problem 5.10
-
A centrifugal pump delivers 0.055 m3/s ofwarer to a total height of 16m.
The didmeler of the pipe i) I50 mm and it is 22 m lon8. If the overa
efficiemy rs 75'7", calculate the power needed to rtrive the pump. fike f=
0 05 for lhe pipe.
Given Data:
DischarSe. Q = 0055 m3/s
Total heighL H = 16 m
Diameter of pipe, d = 150 mrn
kngth oI pipe, I = 22 m

119
 Or.erall efficiency, rlo = 75%
Fricrion fa(tor, f . 0.05
To Find:
- Pdver needecl to drive the pump, p
Sd!r!ia!
I( t V - retocit) ot ! dter in the pipe
Nowclischarge, Q=Ia.rV
4
or. u.055 - r(0.15), \ V
4
or, V=3.11m/s
I read ross ciu(. ro fricri.,. H, - ry] 9-s1::?"(3.!lt
zBd=0 2x9.81x0.15 - 3.62 ^
Total head of the prmp,
H,. -H, H *Y - rc , t.ez+!!!- =zo.tr
^
c'..:-:ll erri.ic..), n - Qfl-
P
0.0t- - q.8t" 20.t I

P
P. 14.17 LW Ans.

Probtem 5. t I
A centrifugal pump delivers 0.12 m3,/s of wabr atainst a head
of 2d m.
The outside dia;eter of impeller is 250 mm and it is 50
rnrn width at thp
outlet. If the manometric efficiency is 76"/,,, lind the vane angle
at the
outlet.
G iven Data:
Discharge,Q=0.12m3ls
Total heiaht H- = 26 m

38l)
 Outside diameter ofimpeller, D? = 250 mm
Width of impeller at outleL b2 = 50 mm
Manometric efficiency. n,,, = 7J'%
To Find:
- Vane angle at outlet,02

Inlet ielocit

Fi6. p5-11
Sotution
Let U2 = peripheral vetbciry at outtet
Vf2 = velocity of flow at outlet

-tliI
 Vw2 = vu1o";, ot*nirl at outlet
Bz = \'ane antle at outlet
nD,N i x0-25x1500
. Now, U , _ --!:: -_ - -'-' ',--- 19.63 nt / s
-6060 =
Dis6l.11g". Q= nD,b, xV,-
or, 0.12 = ,r x 0.25 x 0.05 x Vr.
or, Vl2 = 3.06 rn/s
I{
Manometric efficiency,I- = r+

c
26
or' u/b- I9j3x v;
9.81
or, Vw2 17.10 m/s
from outlet velocity h-idrrtie
V"
tatr B.
'' =u,-v--
ot tan8^ =
'' ---i!L
19.63- 17.10
or, Bz -50.420 Ans.

Problem 5.12
A cenlrilugal pump supplies water against a head of 15 m ar 1500 rpm.
The vanes are curved back at an angle at 3Oo at the outlet. The outside
diameter of irnpellff is 300 mm and it is 50 rnrn \vidth at the outlet. If the
manometric efficiency is 92"1,, find the flow rate.
Given Data:
tL,t.rl height, H-

*
Is m

;:::';J,:I::I:L |

3{t2
 Outside diameter of impdller, D2 = 300 mrn
Width of impeller at outlet, b,) = 50 mm
Manometric efficiency, I- = 927"
To find:
- Flow rate, O.

Fig. P5.12
Solution
Let Uz = peripheral velftity at outlel
Vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet
Vf2 = velocity of flow at outlet
,TD-N 7E x0-30 x 1.500
Now, U:=3= = 2i.56 n/ s
60 '.

lri3
 .H
Manomeiric efficiency, n- = ; ,*
'c
. or, _ t5
o.e2
zt.sii v.
,a
or, Yw2 = 679
From outlet velocity triangle
^1"
V-
'' = U, -v*.
tan R^
"
v.
' or, tan30" = 23.56 ',
- 6.79
or, Vf2 = 9.68 n/s
Norv, Jischarge, Q: nD,b, x Vr,
ot Q = rrx 0.30 x 0.05 x 9.68
or, Q = 0-456 ml,/s Ans.

Problem 5.13

Show that the pressure rise through the impeller of a centrifugal pump is
giren by 1(V, 'z + Uj - V,.'zcosec?p:) with Lrsuat notations. Negtecr

frictional and other losses.

144
 Solution

T-
Outl et
velacity Diagr:am

Inlet Velocity-
Di asrqF
=vf,

Fig. P5.13

Let us consider the poinr A at the inlet edge of the impetlcr on the
horizontal centreline of the pump, point B at ourler edge of impeller on
the same centreline.
Nomenclaturei
Let PA = Pressure at inlet edge of impeller
PB = Pressure at ourlet edge of inpeller
Vf! = Velocity of flow at inlet
Vf, = Velocity oI flow at ouflet

185
 Uz = Peripheral velocity at outlet
0: = Blade angle at outlet
Vw: : Velocity olwhirl at outlet
VA . Vr= Absolute velocitv .1t inletof imfeller
VB -
V: = Absolute vetocity at outlet of imPeller
Derivation oI Equation:
Applying Bernoulli's equation to the inlet and outlet edge oI the impeller
of the pump and negl€€ting losses.

Energy at ouilet = Energy at inlet + work done by the impeller

P"
* l^ *U * u,YL si^cc z^ =zn
't2qt2ss
Yi =
p" P" vi va u,v-. (1)
"rt2g2gc
n".. f '-o- Io) ,"r."."r'," the increase rn I.ressure of fluid while
iv 't )
flowing through the impeller.
From inlet velocity diagram, Vr = Vf!
From outlet velocih/ diagam, V., =Uz-Ytcot9z

Asdin. V: = vi + Vl
= vi. +(u, - vi cotg,)'
: vf +ul+ v,'?, cot'z9, -2tJ,v.cotl,
= vi. (1+corzp,)+ U!, 2U,v,. cotlt2
= Vi cosec'p, + Ui- 2U,v, cotpT
 From equation (1),

Pressure rise
..2
=
"', .l(u:.".".20,nuj :1 ,v, cotp,),-"f r, u.'2-,g,'1l
?{ 2x\ '2
t/
-lvi^r' -vf
- .,,1 cosec'p, -u; ?Lt)vt cotpr+2u:-2u,v, .otD) l
'./

- lv: +L:z v: co'..'0, I

-'2s\ Proved.
'' '2

. &qbls!! s.14
Explain specific speed of a centrifugal pump. Derive expression for the

Solution
The specific speed is the only characteristics index of distinguishing
feature of a centrifugal pump when several imp('llers can be used for the
same head and capacit,v. The performan.e and (limensional proportions.
of pumps having the same specific speed will be the same even though
their outside diameters and actual operating spe( d may be different.

In workint out the equation for the specific speed some asslrmptions are
made. These are -

i. All pumps of a given type are Seometrically similar. Alt linear

dimensions will be in proportion to the di.rmeterofthe impeller.
ii. The veiocity diagrarns for all pumps of same typeare assumed to
be similar
iii. AI1 velocities are proportional to the square root oI the total head.

_tti7
 The specific speed ofa centritugal pump may bc clefined as the
speed in
revolutions per minute of a pump geometrically similar to the actual
Pump, which *'ill .tischarge unir quantity of w.1rer (1 m3ls), while it is
being raise.l through a unithead (1 meter).
Nomenclature:
Ler D: = external diameter of impeller
N = speed oI rhe impeller in rpm
Ns specifrc.peed
H lotdt he,rd
U, = tangential velocity at outlet
Q = discharge ofpump
b, = width of impeller at ourtet
Vf, = velocity of flow at outlet
Derivation of Equation:
Tangential velocity of impellec U-
= I9.{
Therefore, D,N - U,
Ag.rin. U - rH
lherefore, DrN " 1/}1
- lir
D. * lll
N (1)
Now discharge, Q = area of flow x velocity of flow
or Q=rD?brxVf,
Therefore, Q - D.b.V,.
But b. * D, and V, * VH
Therefore, O*D;VH e)
From equationr (I) and (2). we have,

o- tlrH
- - N7- (J)

3aa
 or, e_ Hr/r
*,_
or. t*#JA
H, '
l,'va
N= where kr is a constant.

From definition of specific speed, when lI and Q are reduced to unity

each, N becomes the specific speed Ns oI the punp.
i.e. kr=N=Ns

ffrerefore N=N.ff
*, N,=nrg
NJ--A=
rn non-dimersional fo..-' N = (cHf"

Specific speeds are generally used ior comparing the plrformance of

different pumps. Specilic speeds are also helpful for the selection of a

PUMP

Problem 5.15
A centrifugal pump delivers 10 l/s of water at 1500 rpm. The intemal
and e\lemal dramelers of impeller are 125 mm and 250 mm respectively.
Width of the impeller at the inlet is 13mm and at the outlet 7 mm. Vanes
are curved backward at an angle oI 30o at th(! outlet, If water enters
radially at the inlet, find the pressure rise in the impeller..
 Given Data:
.ExErnal diameter of impeller, D, = 250 mn1
Internal diameter of impeller, Dr= 125 IIllrr
Width of impeller at inleL br = 13 rftr
Wrdth of impetler at oultet, b? = i mlr
Vane angle at outlet, 0, = 30o
Speed of the pump, N = t5O0 rpm
Flow rate, Q = 10 l/s

To Find:
lressurr iise th,uugh Lhe impelJer, Ap.

Sstulio4
vel*iry ot ftowarintel V. Q - 001
= --- ' "
" ,rD,b, ,rx0.125x0.013=1-96ml<
Velocit) of flowatou,ru,, v. = Q = 001
' rD.b? nx0.25x O.OO7 -1R2ml.
Peripheral velocity at outlet,
.- ,rD.N
u,- . ,tx0.25x 1500 Iq.63mls
'6060 =
Now pressure rise through the imp€ller is given b],,

AP - 2l-{vi + U, v, cosec?p,}
1,
- 2,q'tllLeq" +U e.63f - I.82cose(']JO"1- re.qom an,.

390
 Problem 5.16
Prove that for a centrifugal pllmp running at speed N ancl giving
discharge Q, the manometric head can be expressed as
H,,=AMTBNQ-ce'
where A, B and C are constants.
Solution

tiz

";-i
Outlet vei-oc it il
Di3c]E

Fig. 115-16

Let U, = peripheral velocity at outlet

Vw2 = vs16.;ty .l rhirl at outlet
V2 = absolute velocity at outlet
Vf, = flow velocity at outlet
Dr = outside diameter of impeller
N = speed of impeller
Derivation of Equation:
The mano.netric head is given by
tJ-V \/:
)o

39 t
 where k is a constant and k$is
)d
the head in the impeller and casing.

Let kr, k2 and kl are constants.

From the outlet velocity diagram
g.=tr9e1!=1,11
'(fr
v.'' =9--r"o
A,
where Ar is the outlet ared of impeller
From oudet velooty hiangle
V-. = U, - V,. cor I
= k'N - k,QcorP:
= krN - k,Q
Again,
Vr' = V,, +V.,'
= (k,Q), +(k,N - k,Q),
rri!11,1'r
Now. H- = - r..91- * rt,N - Uof }
{{tUo)'
o., n- = 1121,2r2 .2kil3eN) -
!(*r'r',t,zt',2-zt,trel,lr2o')
2a 2a' '
rI. .1
lki)l
or, Hm - - u.i ). QN(2trk3k - 2ktk3) t O'Gk].5 -
-[N'(2kr-
or, Hm = ANz + BQN + CQ2 Proved.
where A=1/zt:-ttlt
a= -L(zk.t..L- zk.r.^ l
z8
c=l(-kki-kkl)

392
 Prol'lem 5.17
5t.:r. the effect of variation of sPeed o[ a centriftrgal PumL' on disch'rrge'
hed(l .rnd Power.

Solution
- The effect of the variation of speed of the imPelicr of a centriftgal Pump
is discussed here. Let us consider a centrifugal PumP, whose sPeed is to
be chang€d to adaPt the new set ofconditions.
Nomen(lature:
. t et Nr = designed sPeed in rPm
. Qr = discharge at desiSned sPeed
H, = head at designed speed
- Pr = power required at desiFed sPeed
11l of PumP at desiSned 6Peed
= efficiency
N, = new sPeed for changed conditions
Q, = new dis.harte for chanted conditions
Hr = new head for changed conditions
P: = power required fol new conditions
D - diimeter of imPeller
b - width of imPeller at outlei
Derivation of Equation:
when the speed of the imPeller is changed from Nr to N2, various antles
of the velocity diagrams will remain same. So the shaPe of the velociiy
diaSrarns will remain the same. Considering the PeriPheral veiocity of the
impeller at outlet at designed sPeed, U, =,rDN, ot U? * Nr' velocity
of flow dePends on PeriPheral velocity.

Therefore, outletvelooty of flow, Vr -Ur

or, V,- * N,

393
 Disclurge at designed speed, Qi = rDbvr.
or, Qi - Vr,
or, e, _ N,
Thus clischarge of a centrifugal pump is dilecily proportional to the

Similarly for dranged condition, Q, - N,

Itrerefore. Qr - N'
N. o.
Let V., , =velocity of h'hirl at outlet at designed speed.

Hend i,f w,rter at designed speed, H, - n, !&

:,{
or, H, * UrV* -
or, H, * V-.!rl. '. U, - Nr
or' H, - N,N,
of , H, - Ni .. 1'V.,, * U?

. and V,,. - N,
fl'c tpped .'f r centrifutdl prrmp is proportioral to thp squ.rre of thc
speecl of ihe impeller-
Similarly, for changed condition, H, - Nl
rtreref.'re. l1 = ll= I ]]l
H: N: \N.]
I

Power required to drive a centritugal pump at designed speed is given by

Ll .v
l-, - Q,1H, -Q,raxt,
P, - Q,v,. Ur
Pr - Q,V,,.N, '. U, * Nr

P'*Nl
 Power required to d !e a centrifugal pump is proportional to the cube of
the speed.
Srmrl.rrlv, fnrchanged condil nn. l- - N:
P. Nr /N.\'
Ttrerefo.€ -r=-l=l,-r
P. N. lN. I

Problem 5.18
5l.lle the ellcct oF chnnSe of drameter of impeller of centrifug.rl pump on
discharge, head and power of a centrifugal pump when the speed is
' fixed.

Solution
' The elfect of the variation of ouhide diamete. of impcller of a centriiugai
pump is discussed here keeping the speed of the impeller fixed. Let us
consider a centrifugal pump whose outside diameter is cl-.anged to suit
thc new sel of conditions.
Nomenclalure:
Lcl D. out<ide di,rmeter of impeller
'nrti,rl
Qr = discharge ofpurnp with diameter Dl
Hr = head for the pump with diameter D
Pr = powerrequired to drive th€ pump with diameter Dl
D: = new outside diameter ofimpeller
P, = required power rvhendiameter of impeller is D,
H7 - head for the prrmp whpl diameter ot impeller ir Dr

Qr = discharte ofpump when diameter oi impeller is D,

N = constanl \peed ol the pump
b = wiclth of impeller at outlet
Derivation of Equ:tions:

395
 when the diameter of the impeller is changed from Dr to Dr, various
angles of the velocity diagrams will rernain sarne. So the shape of the
velocity tr'arrgles will remain the same
For initial conditiont the tangential velocity of thc impeller at outlet,
U: = rDrN.

lherefore, U, * D,
Outlet velocity of flow at outlet at initial conditions,
V,, - U,
or, Vr, - rDrN
or, V,. - D,
Discharge for initia I mnditions, Q, = ,rprbvr: (onsidering b as constanl
or, Q, * D,V,.
or' Q,-D,xD,
or' a' - oi
Therefore, the dis.ha;ge oI a centrifugal puIn,p is proportional to the
square of the diameter of the impeller. Similarh' for changed condition,
a,*Di
' a,
nrerefore
o- Di=lql
=(D,/
Di

Let V.... :velo€ity ofwhirl at outlet at initial conditions.

\r = efficiency of pumP with diameler Dr
 Head of water at initial conditions,
II.V
H,-rl,.g
a
or, Hl - UrV-.
ot H, -D,xD, since V*, - U, and U, - Dr

- or, H'*Di
The speed of water of a centdfugal pump is proportional to the square of
the diameter of ils impeller.
Similarly, for changed conditiorr, H, * Dj
. rherefore L=lq.)'
H, \D, /
Power required to drive a centrifugal pump at initial conditions is given
,w
v.,u,
p, = e,fi, = e,r g
xr,
or, P, - Q,V"- U,
or. P, *Di xU,.U '.'V,, -U,
or, P,*DirD,xD'
or, f, - Oi
The power required to drive a centrifugal pump is proportional to the
fourth power of the diameter o{ its impeller.
Similarlr lor changed condition, P, - Dl
P' Dl D'
n',"."r",..'P2= =I )'
Dl [D'i
Ploblelq 5.19
Ihe blades of the impeller of a centritugal pump are swepr backwards at
.rn acute angle of P to the tangent at exit. The velocity of flow is consiant

. throughout and the velocity of whirl at inlet is zero. Show that the
1_ pressue rise through the impeller per lmit weight of water is giv€n by

397
 I/ V, cotB,_l)
- 2l -l l+ '
u. )
wh"re Vf: is lhe veloc'ly of flow and L i. lhe l.rntentidl velocity ol the
rmpeller at i1s outer periPhery.
Now if a similar type of pump is fitted with a diffuser which converts a
certain fraclion k of the head due lo whirling c.)mponenl ol vetocily al
outlet into pressure he.rd, show lhat the above relation will be equal to
ll2L'
,*.,,-,, o,v'
cotFrl
U, ]
Solution

,4

Outlet Velocity
DiapraB

Inlet Veloc ity

Diagram

- Fig, P5.19

398
 Nomenclatur€:
Absolute velocity at inlet, Vr = Vfl
Velocit]'of flow, Vfr = Vfl
Peripheral velocity at outlet = Ur
Angle oI blade at outlet = 0l
Let Vz = absolute velocity at outlet of impeller
- Vr = absolute velocitv at inlet of impeller
Pr : pressure at inlet edge of impeller
P2 = pressure at outlet edge of impeller
Derivation of Equation:
From outlet velocity diaSram
' Velocity of whirl, V*, = U, - Vr, cotp?

. WorL doneU.V
per unit weight of wa ter,
II
= - -:__:: _:!(u2 - v_, cotp.) (i)

With no loss€s through impeller work done per urit weight of water
n- vl P. v. (,,)
t 2Ey 28
From equalrons (i) and (ii), we have
!,r,-u, corp,)--
P,-Yi
-P'-v; (iii)
Ey28y2:
Asain vi = vl. +Vi"
v1 = vi. + (U, - Vr. cotp,), (il,
Froln equations (iii) and (iv), we have
u ,, v. coro,)-L+
ui,
-v. .nr8,r'-
P I29
t 'y 2g , -L,,..,,
2E' ' f
Sincc V, = V1, = Y6,
or. ',-ll--r _:,r(U, .V, coto-)
'' _-l(U:_V, cor0,)/
7-

399
 l'. l', I tr; - Vl cor-p,) (v)
or.
v2s-
Dividi;g equation (v) by equation (i), lve have,

t;trtV.ffi;ar -{rul -v'' "o*r')ururri-..ot,

-rU,(U,+v,.(otp/)--'-{lr-cotpr) Proved'

Vi lhi'
f", L is theamountofhead recovered due todifh$er' Adding
2g
.lmount to eq(ahon (i),
Ur1g, -)i t"'f
work dore ppn,orl weighl of water - v,, corp,) l
'
Considering equations (ii) and (vi)

?.8 ",'-i; =?''' v' coro't+tf

P.- P' I! rr, - u, .otg,r
,,.
Y - g '"' '
--'" 9+2E I:.-np
28 28

o..'
P. -o, : !.(u, -u,. -,p,y- uil-tl' -5-lt{
y C' 2g 28 28

v,."ntp,l-frr-rr As V,,-V,
",-. +=Lru,
*. P;,P.=Ir,ru?-vr_cotp,)- (Ur - vlicotp,)'?O_ k)

-v,. colp,)t2u, -(l-k)(u"-vr.cotp,)l

"" Ta: *,".
 f -;fU.-v, cotp,X2U. U,r V,.cotp? rtU:-tvr.corprJ

.. P. -P,'--IU.-V,
I
V, cot0.{l -k)l
_r zti
cor 0. )l U , ( I + k ) + (vii)

Divi;int equaLion (v,i) by {,

(lt -Pt) / |
work done per unit weight
U. - r,. .,
=
f f B,ltur(r +k) + vr; cot0,(r - Of
U,Uy_ft;.t[, r
I
=
2U1
[u,( I i k) + v,, (or0,(r-. k)]

= proved.
]trt*rl*rr-r.1I419,1.
Problem 5.20
Prove that the ideal efficiency of a centrifugal pump is given by
Ul - Vi. cosec':p,
lhenobtionshavetheirusualmeaninS<'
zu,f ur v,,.tprr'
Solution

!1iE!!4

Fig. P5.20

401
- energy at exit from the runner islost'
All the kinetic
Yelocity-
Velociiv of water in the deli|er-'- PiPe is equal to inlet absolute
- Velocilv ol whirlal rnlei is 7ero.
Nomenclature:
Let, Vr - absolrte velocity at inlet
V: = ab5olule \elociw at oullet
Vfr = velocity of flol^' at inlei = Vl
Vh velocity ot flow al outlet
Vw, = velocitY of whirl at outlet
' U, = PeriPheral velo,uty at outlet
0, = bl.i.le anAle .rt outlet
De, rvation of F.,r.tion:
Frorn uullel velorily orat,.,c':,
vel(rity of whirl, V*, = (U, - Vr, cotpr)
Again, vi = vi, + vf. since v, = v'?
= {U. - Vr. cotgr )' + vi
= Ui- 2U,V'. cotp, + vi' cot'?Pr +Vi
Under ideal condition useful work done
H=U.V'--:V:
E2E
or,

- u-1u,-v,..otp,)-:|
I p, + Vi I
11 (u, - 2u 'v, cot p, + V", cot
gz8
or. n -.llr:
lg' (vi cotrP, + vi, )]

g- l-lu. vi
- cosec'o,1

402
 U.V tJ
Iot.rl rnput to the pumt - "'^' - "'(U, -t, cor0.)

Now ideal efficiency

vi..o.".'P.] ul- vi .o.n..p.
H flui Proved-
u.v". /s 141u. - v,. zu.(U, - V,, cotP.)
-tp.;

flqbkll s.2l
The eylemal and inlernal di,rmeters ol an impeli,:r of a centrrfugal pump
rre 450 inrn and 225 mm respectively..The puolp delivers 200 l/s water
impelier are
at a speed of 1250 rpm. The outside and inside n idths of the
70 rnrn and 150 mm. The vanes are curved backward at an angle of 30o
ai exir. If the manometric efEciency is 82%,6nd the Euler heaci and
rnanometric head. Water enters the impeller radially.

Given Data:
Outside diameter ofimpeller, Dz = 450 rftn
Inside diameter of impeller, Dr = 225 mln
Outside width of impeller, b, = 70 mm
Inside width oF impeller, bj = 150 mm
FIowrate,Q=200lls
Speed of the pump, N = 1250 rpm
V,rne angle at outlet, Pr l0o
Vanomernc elfi. rency. rt , 82",,
To Find:
- Euler head, E
- Manometric head, H-

401
 Solution

Outlet Velqcity
Diagram

Eig. Ps.21 ._..--

velocitv or flow at inlet o

v. =,--L= 0.2
=7.89n1/s
,b,
nD.h. ,r x 0.225 x0.15
'o.2
Vel(rcity of flow at outlet, Vr. = ------- : =2.02m/s
r.D,b2 a x0.+5x0.070
Peripheral velocity at outlet,
T x0'41-k 1250
u. = IP2]! = =29.45n\/s
Peripheral velocily at inlel.
t' x 0'2?21 Dn
u, = @-E = = 14.73 m/s

Velo€itv of whirl at outlet.

=u.-:1-
v... = 2e.4s- 2rt1.=/5.ssm/s
"' ' tanP, tan l0.

40t
,!
l
frominletvelrritydiasr"m. t.rn0 -
- ., 1 _ 1.8"
u, 14.;1
or, Fr = 7.310

Now. Euler head, u _ u.V.. _ zq.+5 , 25.q5 __ ^

e8l - - //'q9rn Ans'
.

g
Manomehic efficiencv- ,, = H-
U.,V"
;
0.82 =29.45H.
x 25.95
9.q1
H-=63.88m Ans_

Problem 5.22
The outside diameter of impeller
of a .entrifugal pump is 460 rnm and it
runs at 550 rpm. The constant velocity
of flow is .i.5 1x/s. t/aires are
radiai at exir and 7i mm wide. The vek
is 3.6 m/s. Nestectins 1.,"", ,,"0
*" n"ii,ll,ltJ.fil,::;:::::?:;
and the water horse power of the pump.
Watcr enters ra;ially at thc
inlet

Civen Data:
Oulside diameter of impel,er. D,
= 460 mm
Speed ol thepump, N . s50 rpm
Velocity oI flow, Vfi : y
f2 = 4.6 m/ s
Width of impeller ar ourteL b, 75
= nxr
Velo.iry of w.rrer in the delivery pipe,
V6 3.6mls

405
 To Find:
The height throLrgl't which $'ater is to be lifted, fl
- WJtcr horse power ol lhe PumP

Outlet Ve 1ocIty
Diagram

ILIet Velocli_ry
DiagraB

' FiA. P5.22

Sjllrlion
Peripheral velocity at outlet,
rr = nD,N= ttx0.46x550..t3.b /s
60 60
From the outlet velocity triangle, U, = V*.
Now heitht through which water is to be Iifted is given by

,r: U,V*. .u1 -t3.25,13.25

o.8l
(1.6)' _
t7.24m ofwarer. Ans.
S 2E 2Ye.81
Ftow rate, Q = ,r D, b, Vfi
= tt x 0.46 x 0.073 x 4.60
= 0.50 m3/s
Water horse power of the PumP = qIH = 0 .fi x 9.81- x 17 '24

= a4.56 kW = 113..10hP Ans.

406
II Prib!s!! 5.23
t
j
A centrifugal pump ctelivers 115 i/s of water ag.inst a heacl of 32 m. The
constant velocity oI flow is 2.5 m/j and the punlp iuns ar 550 rpm. The
1 blade anSles at the inlet and outler are 15o and 45o respectively. Find the
I
outside rliameter of impeller and the widths of the impeller at the outlet
I
i and inlet. Wate. enters the impeller radially at the inlet.

Given Drla:
Flow rate- Q = 115 I/s
Total head, H- 32 m
Velocity of flow, Vfr = 2.5 m/s
Speed of the pump, N = 550 rpm
Ir'let blade an8le, p, = l5o
Oulletblade.m8le,0? 45o

To Find:
- Outside diameter oI impeller, D,
- Outside width of impetler, b,
- Inside width ofimpeller, bj

407
 Outlet VelocitL
Diagram

:V. IElet Velocil-y-

'l Diagram

Fig. P5.23
i

i
Solution I
--i
Velocit-v of whirl at outlet, V-. = r-
' - tanp,
','.
I
I

I
I
'408
I
 U.V,
Manometric head, H-=j
c
-\
1r-l u-- "'I
' tan45" ,/
cfrt 32 =
9.A
19.01 m/s
,[DrN
But U, =
6t
,r x D- ,< 550
or, 19.01= ___60-
or D, = 0.66m = 660run Ans.
From inlet velocity diagram
V.
tan0, = '-1
ul
2.5
.r tan15" =
-U,
ot, U, = m/s
9.33
nD-N
Asain, U, =r OU
r x D, x .550
e33= i-
ot, Dr = 0.32 m = 320 mm
Flow rate, Q = ?rDl br Vfr
or, O.US = lL x O.32 x b1 x 2.5
or, b, = 0.046 m = 46 mdt Ans.
Again flow rate, Q = ,rD, b, Vf,
or, 0.115 = E x 0.66 x b2 x 2.5
or, b, = 0.022 m = 22 rnrn Ans.

409
 Problem 5.24
A t!r,o stage centrifugal pump delivers 110 I/s oi warer at 1200 rpm. The
outside diameter of impellers is 450 mm and the impellers are 25 mm
$,idth at the exit. The blades are curved backward at an angle of 30o.
Due to the thickness of rhe blades 10% oI the exit area is btocked_ If rhe
manometric efficiency is 86% and rhe overall elficiency is 80y", find the
head developed by the pump and power required to drive rhe pump.

Given Data:
Discharge of the pump, e = 110l/s = O.11r 3/s
speed of lhe pump, N = 1200 rpm
Outside diameler of impeller, D, = 450 run
Width of impeller at outlet, h = 25 mrn
Blade angle at outlet, 82 = 30o
Manometric efficiency, rl^ = 86"/"
Overall efficiency, no = 80%
Outlet area blocked by btades = 10%
Numberofstages,n=2
To Find:
- Head developed by the pump
- Power required to drive the purnp, p
Solution
Peripheral vel(riry at ourlet
.. ,TD,N ,r ),0.45 x 1200 _ .o .1
'6060 m /s
Lei Vf = flow !elociry at ouilet
V$/, = velocity of whtul at ourler
H = head developed per stage

4to
 Flor.r'rate, q
= 49r.6, 11 - 0.10) Vf,
or, 0.11 = ,r x 0.45 x 0.025 x 0.90 x Vf:
or. V[.. .l.Jb m/s
Velo.ity of whirl at outlet, Vw, = U, - Vf, cotpr
= 28)7 - 3.46 cot3t\<)
= 22.28 r /s
Manomelric effi(ienry, n_-,, H
-rV",
-
I
or, {J.86-a^.-
t8.27 x22.28
.
=-r81
or,H = 55.22 m Afts.
Theref.,re, total head developed, Hr = rl x $ = 5a.22 x 2 - ltO_M m

(,lver,rlIethcrency, I'ower outDul

lower input
or, Q1H,
0.8 =
P
^ 0.tt<q.81y 0.44
0.80
Problem 5.25
A centrifugal pump delivers 125I/s of warer aSninst a head of26 m and
runninS ar 1500 rpm. The ourside diam€ter of impelle. is 300mm. The
width of lhe impeller al e\ it i5 50mm. If the manomerflc efficienry is 8),,.,
find the blade angle at outlet. Water enteE rhe impelter radia y at the
inlet.
Civen Data:
Flow rate, Q = 1251/s = 0.125 m3/s
Head, H- 2o m

4tt
 Speed of the pumP, N = 1500 rpm
OLltside diameter of imPeller, D2 = 300 mm
Width of impeller.-lt oLrtlet, b2 = 50 mm
Manometric efficiencli rlm = 82'?,

To Find:
- Blade angle at outlet, P?.

Outlet Velocit

Ltt IElet Velocit

Fi9. P5.2s
Solution
Let, Vw, = velocilv ofwhirl atoutlet
Vfz = velocity of flow at outlet
Peripheral velocity at outlet,
'u" ,rD-N r x0.3 x 1500 ^- --
= =ZJ.)Om/5
60

4t2
 Nor^, flow rate, Q = ,rD:: Vfrbr
or, 0.125 = n x 0-3 x Vfr x 0-05
ot,Vtu=265m/s
H",
M.uomelric elli(ien(-}, ,,]. -
UV;
c
or. o.tz
'- - 23.56YV"
== =26,,
9.81
or, Vw2= 13.m n/s
from outlet velority diagram,
V.
'' U,-Y'r--.
-
tanli-

or, -
tanu,:
2.65
'' 23.56,13.20
or. P? = la.Js. Ar,5.

Problem 5.26 -
A centrifugdl pump delivers water against a stati. head of lb m. The
diameter of suction and delivery pipes is 125 mm. Head loss due to
friction in suction and delivery pipes are 1.6m and 6.6m respectively.
The outside diameter of impeller is 380mm and the impeller is of 26 mm
width at the exit. The blade angle at outlet is 45,)and the pump runs at
1250 rpm. If the manometric elficiency is 76%, find the flow rate. Velocitv
of r hirl at inlet is zero.

Civen Data:
Static head, Hstaric = 36 mm
H.ad loss rn suclion pipe, Htr I.6 m
Head loss in delivery pipe, Hfd = 6.6 m

4tl
 Outside diarneter of impeller, D2 = 360 mm
Width of impeller at exit, bz = 26 mm
Bladeaigle at outlet, P2 = 45('
DiAmeter of suction and delivery pipes, d = 125 nrm
Speed of the purnp, N = 1250 rpm
Manometric efficienc y, l^ = 76%

To Find:
- FIow rale, O.

Outfet Velocit

Inlet Veloc i t v
utagram

FiB. P5.26
Solutioa
Manometric head, H", = Hstati. + Hfs + Hfd = (3h + 1.6 + 6.6)m = 4.1.2m

Peripheral velocity at outleL

-, rD.N ?r x 0.38 x 1250 =24.87m/s
'60 60
 L€t, Vw2 = velocity of whirl at oudet
H
Mdnometric effiomcy, rl- - i+
s
or, 0.76=EIg;i
44.2

9.81
ot, vw2 = 2294 ftt/s
From oudet velocity diagranf
tan B- =
'' --:l-
U, - V*,
v
or, tan45" = 24.87 '"
-U..94
or, Vh = 7.93 m/5
Now flow rate, Q = ,!D2 Vh b2

= n )( 0.38 x 0.026 x 1.93

= 0.06 m3ls Ans.

Problem 5.27
A centrifugal putr|P is required to work against a head of 10 m and it
runs at 550 rpm. The outside and inside dianreters of the impeller are 500
mm and 225 rnm respectively. Blades are curved backward at an angle of
451 at the outlet. The constant velocity of flow is 2.3 m/s. Find the
manometric efficiency and the blade angle at iltlet. Water enters radially
at the inlet. Find also the minirnum starting speed of the pump.

Given Datar
Outside diameter of impeller, D, = 500 mnr
Inside diameter of impeller, Dr = 225 nrn
Speed of the pump, N = 550 rpm

4r5
 i
I
Blade angle at outlet, 92 = 45(r
Velocity of flow, Vfr =Vf.=2.3m/s
To Find:
- Manometric e fficienc!-, rl-
Blade angle at inlet Br
- Minimum starting speed, N1

v Outlet Velocity
\ Diagram

ut=ua,
Irlet Velocity
Diairam

FiB. P5.27
Solution
Neglectint losses, 10'm head can be considered as manometric head, i-e.

H-=10m

416
 outleL

',=-a-
..n
,rDr*F
-* fXIR5 ^ 550
='14.40 i.\ / s
n
Let, Vw, = velocity of whi.l at outlet
From outlet velocity diagram,

tan 0, _ v,,
U. V*,
tan45" =14.402.3-Y*.
or, Vwz = 12.L my's
Manomehic effioency,
H-
1J.V =rflur=o.soz o, 56.3% Ans.
.. 9.81

Peripheral velocity at inlet,

,,,@rD,N 1 x0.22.5x sfi
= 6.50 rir ,/ s
60
From inlet velocity diagram,
V
trn B
,, =-Ut
or- -=
tanll.
2.3
6-5
ot, Pr = 19.49" Ans.
Let, N: = minimum startint speed
For minimum starting speed.
ui_ui r_r
=
2B

/ no,N, )' nO,N, )']

or. l.60 l-l2g
1r

60 l-H

4t7
 / rxO.5xN, )'? (rx0.225N, )r
t 60 l-( Go l = 10
2x9.81
Nr = 599 rPm Ans.

Problem 5.28
The outside and inside diameters of the impetler of a centrifugal pump
are 550 mrn and 275 mrn respectively. The ir et vane angle is 30o and the
outlet vane angle is 4[5o. The constant velocity of flow is 3 m/s. Find the
speed of the pulrp, work done per unit weight of wate, and the pressure
rise.

(;iver Data:
Outside diameter of impeller, D2 = 550 m.lrr
Inside diameter of impeller, Dl = 275 f|
Outlet vane angle, & = 45o
Inlet vane angle, 91 = 30o
Velocity oI flow, Vf1 = Yfz- 3 mls

To Find:
- Speed of the purnp, N
- Work done per urrit weight of water
- Pressure rise thr:ough the impeller

4r8
 OutlS'! Vetocity
'ulagram

Ir=", Illet
Yetocit

Fig. W2A
Solution
From inlet velocity diagrar&

.,
tano. = .Yl'
U,
ot, tan30" =1
ur
or. Ut = 5.2 m/s
= IPr]!
Now. u.'6A
r.x0.275xN

ot. N = 361.14 rpm. Ans.

4t9
 Peripheral velocity at the outlet ofimpeller,
_ *D N
L,-'6060 -r/o5c lol ll_ to. In -/,
Fron outlet Yelocii]. dhSram,
V,
tanB-: ''
U. - V,..
3
tan45'=10.40-v,..
-
or, Vw2= 7.40 rn/s
Work done per unit weighl of water
u,Y.. 7o.4x7.4
= - = 7.85 Nm Ans.
. c 9.a1
Absolule velocily at oullet,
.{vl; v: =,Or.tztt' =7.e8 m / s
Absotute velocity at inlet, Vr = Vf, = 3 m/s

-:f - vl +
L.,v".
Pressure rise ilrfoueh lhe imDeller =
2B2ga -
(3,r t7.egf 10.4x7.4 5.t)6m()1
- warer. Ans-
2x9-81 2x9.81 9.8L =
-+
Problem 5-29
-
A centrifugal pump delivers 45 l/s of water through a 100 m lont and
t00 mm diameter pipe ro a total heitht of 22m. It rhe overall etEciency is
82"1,, fir.d the t)ower required to drive the pump. Take f = 0.04 for the

Pipe.
C iven Dara:
flow rate, Q = 45 l/s = O.Ms m1/ s
Total heiSht, H = 22 rn
Length of pipe, I = 100 m
Diameter of pipe, d = 100 rI'Jn

420
 Overall efficiency, no = 82%,

Friction factor, f = 0.0"1

To Find:
- Power required to drive the pump, p_

Solulipl
. Let Vd = velocir) ol wdier in the pipe
Flow rate, Q = n/4 x d2 xYa
or, 0.045 = ?r/,i x (0.1)2 x Vd
or, Va = 5.73 m/s
' He.,d toss due ro
-,
,n.non, n, _ arjJ =
',, o.o4 too x (s-73\,
""lax lY:jj?4| _ 66 % m

' Manometric head,

' H--u+n,+$. " + bb'94 + ---:_
- 22
(s71tl
= 99 61
,r ^
Now, overall efficiency, n. - QH-P
o,. p- QyH. _0.045x9.81x90.61
-

rl., 0.82
= 48.78 kW = 66..U hp. Ans.

Problem 5.30
The outside and inside diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump
are 450 mrn and 225 mm respectivety. Ihe pump delivers 0.035 m3ls of
water at 1500 rprn. The pump works againsr a total head of 36 m. The
constant velocity of flow is 6 m/s. The blades atu curved backward at an
angle of 25o at the outlet. Find the manomeh.ic efficiency and horse
power required to drive the pump. What is the rninimum starting speect
of the pump?

421
 Given Data:
Outside diameter of impeller, D2 = 450 mm
Inside diameter of impellet Dl = 225 nun
Dischar8e, Q = 0.035 m3ls
Speed of the pump, N = 1500 rpm
Total head, H- = 36 m
Velocity of flow, Vfr =Ylz= 6 n/s
Blade angle at outlet, P2 = 25o
To Find:
- Manometric efficiency, 11.

- Horse powe{ required to drive the pump, P

- Minimum startint speed of the puq|p, Nr

Outlet Velocity
D i aerarn

Fit. P5.30
Solution
Peripheral velocity at inlet,
r, , ,rDrN - ,txO.225x1500
=17.67 rn / s
"'- 60 fi

422
 Peripheral velocity at outlet,
.,
L. __
,rD,N ,1\0.45^ 1500 --.,
'b060 - --=J).Jlm/s
From outlet velocity kiangle, velocity of whirl
v" - = u: vr. cot9z
= 35.34 -6cot25"
= 22.17 m/s
Now manometnc efficiency,
H_ 36
,r-=n,v* = 35.34x22.47 = 0.4447 ot M.47'l' Ans,
9-81

l,ower reqrdred to drive ,n o"-0, o=m;*,.r,,,u

= 12.36 kW = 15.57 hp. Ans.
For minimurn startinS speed.
ttt 112

2B
I nD.N, l' I rD,N, lr
t60i l60./ -H*

2x9.81
Nr = 1302 rpm Ans.

Ers.b]s:B s.31
water is lifted by a centrifugal pump to a heighl of 36 m from the centre
of the pump. The pump is situated 2-5 m abole the surface of water.
Head loss due to friction in suction and deliven'PiPes are 1 m and 8 m
respectively. The diameter of all the PiPes is 130 mm. The olrtside

421
 diameter of impeller is 300 mm and it is 19 mn'l width at the exir. The
lanes are curved backward at an angle of 30() nt the outlet. The pump
rlrns at1750 rpm_ The manometric efficiency and the mechanical
efficiency are 787" an d 727" respectivety . Find rhe power required to ddve
the pump.

Civen Data:
Suction head, Hs = 2.5 Dlm
Delivery head, Hd :36 m
Head loss in suction pipe, hfs = 1 m
I-]ead la-<s in deli" ;rI pipe, hid .: g .m
Outside diameter of impefler, D) = 300 mm
Widdr cf impeller at outlet, b2 - 19 llml
Vane angle at outtet, p2 = 3@
Spccd of the pump, N = 1750 rpm
Manometric efficiency. \^ = 78"/"
Mechanical efficiency, ri = 727,

To Find:
Power required to dfl! c Ihe pump. f.
Solution
\etlectrnB ! elocilv he.rd, manometric head is Siv(fl by,
H- H. +Hl + hfs +hfd =2.5 +36+1+B=47.5m
=
Let, Vwz = velocity of whirl at outlet
Vr. . vclor rty ol oo'1 at outlet
Peripheral vPlocity at outlet,
rx0.3v1750
rr _,rD,N .__=27.19m/s
-6060

424
 Manometrlc efticjency, H-
u,v,,.
I
0.78._ _= !].5==
",. 27.4q x V ,
9J1
o\ Ywz = 27.73 m/s
Again V., = U, Vr, cotp.
-
or, 21,.73 = 27.49 _V L cot1,
vh = 3.32 tn/ s
Nov, fiow rate, Q = rDrV6b,
=flx0-3x3.32x0.019
= O.OS9 ip /s
Mechanical efficiencv, n= Q)41-
P
U./Z = ' x 47.s
C.A59t9.81
P
p = 38.t8 l.W Ans.

Proble.n 5.32
The outside diameter of an impeller
of a centrifugal pump is 500 mm and
it runs at 550 rpm. The pump delive$ 130
l/s of,/ater against a head of
12 m. fhe inner drameter of rmpeller is 250 mm and
water enters the
impelier radially. Vanes are set back at
an angle of 45o at the outlet_ The
area of flow is 0.065 m2 and this value
is constant at
the inlet and outiet.
Find the manometric efficiency and the
vane angle at inlet. Find also the
minimum startint speed of the pump.
Given Data:
Outside diameter of impeller,
D = a500 mrn
Inside diameter of impelter, Di 250 mrn
=

425
Discharge, Q = 130 l/s : 0.13 m3/s
Area of flow, A = 0,065 m2
Total head, H", = 12 m
Speed of the pump, N = 550 rPm
Blade angte at outlet, 92 : 45o
To find:
Manometric ef ficiency, n*
- Vane angle at inlet, Er
- Minimum starting speed of the PumP, Nl

Outret Ve locity
Diagram

1:v+^, -Ialet velocitv

--DIaeI44-- .

Fig. P5.32

426
 Solution
L€t Vf, = flow velocity at outlet
Peripheral velocity at inlet,

L nD,N---rx0.25\550
"'- 60 60 -7 20n/s
Peripheral velocity at outlet,

,, - rD,N
trx0.5 x 550
"'- 60 =-- ei-='q'oo^/"
FIow rate, e = Vf, A
or. v,,=9= 911 =2.r"
,' A 0.065 -.'
t€t Vwi = velocity of whir.l
t ' outlet . -
-
From outlet velocity di airiafri,
v-, =u,-;fu"=ra.r -*fu=n.t^r"
Manometdc efficiency,

-'u' - H- = "t2 = 0.6592 or

t4laiTrr 65-92"/o Ans.
g 9.81
As area of flow is constant Vr, = Vr! (Since V,, = V,, = g
From inlet velocity diagram,

" --]1::
tanB- =
u, 7.2
or, 0r = 15.52.' ans.
For minimum starting speed,
we have,
u;-ui..
- r-
=n-

421
 '
,r'0 .5 ,Nr
60 I(
2x9.81
,rxo. 25 XN,
60 I =12

or, Nr = 676.77 rpm. Ans.

trqble8 5.33
A cent tugat pump delivers 55 l/s of diesel oil ngainst a Pressure of 200
kPa. The external and intemal diameters of lhe imPeller are 500 mm and
250 mm resPectively. The sPeed of the PumP is 1250 rpm and the
speolic Sr.rvil) of oil Is 0.85. The widlhs of tlle rmPeller at the inlet and
outlet are 18 mm and 9 mrn resPectively- TIE rnanometric efficiency is
76'2, and the velocity of whirl at inlei G zero. Frnd &e
i. power required to drive the pump.
ii- inlet and outlet vane angles.
iii. guide v.rne angle.

civen Data:
Flow rate, Q = 55 l,rs = 0.055 m3ls
Outside di.rmeler ol impeller. D2 = 500 mm
Inside diameter of impeller, Dl = 250 mm
Pump speed, N = 1250 rpm
Specific gravity oI oil = 0.85
Width of the impeller at inlet, bt = 18 mm
Width of the impeller at outlet b2 = I frm
Pressure.P=200kP.1
\4anometric efficiency, \^ = 76'^
To Find:
|-ower required to drive thP pumP
- Inlet vane angle, Pl

424
 - Outletvane angle, &2
- Cuide l.ane angle,
O

Outlet Velocity
Diagram

l olet Veloci tv
uragram

Fig. pS.33
Solution
i- Specific weighr of oit, y = 9.81 x 0.85 = 8.34 kN/m3
Manomerric hedd. ,_ = .: = 3": _- 23.e8m he,shr oro
y 8.34 r

rherefore. requiredpower= q!!4 - 055x 8.34x23.e8-_ - - .- . -

n-
-0
- 016 t4.4; kw
ii. Peripheral velocity ar inlet,
r, _ ED,N E,O.25xt25O
" 60 --- 60 =l6.3bm/\
Let Vfi = velocity of flow at inler
FIow rate, Q = rDr Vfr br

or, Vfr = 3.89 m,/s

429
 Frorn inlet velocity diagram

tanlt_
v.
3.89
=r=-
r). 16.16
ot,B, :13.38" .lns.
Peripheral velocity at outlet,
I i- - nD'N t x 0.5 x'1150 JZ./Z
^^ - t\\ / S
6060
Let vf, : velocity of flow at oudet
Flow rate, Q -r.D,Vf)b,
or, 0.055 = n x 0.5 x v{, x 0.0@
or, vt, = 3.8g m/s
effioency, a^ =
tvianoaneu_ic
,ft;
a
or, 076=3ri7l;
23.a9

981
or, Ywt - 9'42 m/s
From outlet velociry diagram,
v.
tan R^ = --------l_:-

tan8-=-a
" 32.72 9.42
ot. F, - 9.47" ens.
iii. tel O= guide vane anSle
Again from outlet velo.iry diagram,
V,
tand = _ r-
v*.
3.49
dr tan ll):
9.42
or, -
O=22.44'sns.

410
- flqbleE s.34
A (enrritutal pump rlrn< dr t250 rpm against a sratic head
I of 47 m with
manomeLr-ic efliciencv 8J%. fhe did meter ol sud ron a
I nd del ive(, pipes is
I 150 rnm. Head loss due to friction in suction and
delivery pipes are 3 m
and 8 m respectively. The outside diameter of inpetier is 410
mm and it
- is 26 rnm widrh at the exit. If rhe vane angle at the
outlef is 30r,, find the
flow rate of water.

Given Data:
Static head, Ils = 47 nxn
Speed of the pump, N = 1250 rpm
Manometric efficienry, n- = 83%
- Diameter of pipes, d = 150 ntar
Head loss due to friction in suction pipe, hfs 3 m
=
Head loss due to friction in delivery pipe, hfd 8 m
=
Outside diameter of impeller, D2 = 410 mm
Exit width of impetler, bZ = 26 rrun
Vane angle at outler, 02 = 3Oo
To Find:
- Flow rale of water, e.
Solution
Let, Vd - veiociry of waler in delivery pipe
Flow rate, Q = ,r/4 x d2 xyd = r/4 x (0.1512 x Vd
(i)
Again, Q = nx Drb, x V1..= fi x.4t x.026 xVr (i,
Frcm equations (i) and (ii),
t /4 x (0.15)2 x Vd =,c x .4t x.026 x Vh
or, Vh=0.53V,1

43t
Peripheral velocitY at outleL
o
,, _ T!,N _rxo.41xl --26.8Jnr/s
60@
Again velocity whirl at outlet, Vw, = U, - Vfz cotB'z

\.4anometric head, H. = H. + h, +hr,+*

8t
v'
'- 47 +3+ )-a
zE
vi
=58+_g
,D

H
Manometric efficiency, n- : qff

ss*E
O-83 =

I ."-

sa+S
or, 0-83 =
:Yjj(2G.83 - 0.53vd cor30')

ot, Vd - 135 tr/s

Now tlow rate. Q = rv4 d/ Vd
=lt/4 x ( 15)2 x 1''35
0 024 m3ls Ans'

Problem 5.35
The outside diameter of the imPellers of a tfuee stage
centrifuSal PumP is

400 mm and the imPellets are 20 mln wide at the exit'

The manomedc
delivers '05
efficienry is 89% and the overall efficiency is 80"1' The PumP

432
 m3/s of water at 1000rpm. The vanes arc crlrv('d backward at an angle
of 45o at the outlet and reduce the circurnJerential area by 10% Find the
head developed by the pump and the shaft horse Power.

Given Data:
Outside diameter of impeller, D2 = 400 nlln
Width of impeller at outlel b2 = 20 [lm
Nurnber of stages, n = 3
Manomefrc efficietrcy, 1. = 89%
Overall efficienry, n" - 80%
Discharge,Q=0.05m3/s
Speed oI the pump, N = 1000 rPm
Vane angle al outlet, E2 = 1150

Reduction of area at oudet = 10%

To Find:
- Head developed by the PumP.
- Shaft horse power.

Outlet Vefoeity
Diagram

Fig, P5-35

433
 Solution
Lel Vfr =
velocity of flow at outlet
V1\', : vq1.ci1, .1r^irl at outlet
H-= manometric head
Now outlet area of flow = (1 - 0.1) nDzbz = 0.9 x t xDzbz

Discharge, Q = nDzbz\'lfz x 0.9

v =_ _!!1- -2.21m/s
" rx0.4,0.02xO.9
Peripheral velocity at outlet,
,,-, =I9,1!= ,. x0.4(fix1000 = 20.94 n / s
eo
From outlet velocrLy diagram,
V"
''
trtt B- = u,-\'..
2_2'l
tan 45" - 20.94-V*,
Y-.=-1873m/s
Manometric efficiency, a- =
#
I
0.89 =

9.81
or, H- = 35.58 m. Ans.
Total head developed by the pumP = n x H- = 3 x 35.58 m = 106.74 m
Output power of the pump = QYH. = 0'05 x 9.81 \ 706 71.= 52.34 kW
output power of pump
Overall efficiency, 4.. =
power supplied to Purnp shaft (SHP)
qH- - us.stuw
".. s.H.p =
rl., -t72n
0.8
=87.73hp. a.ns.

434
 Problem 5.36
A (entrifuSal pump delivers bO l/s of salt war, r tsp. 8r. t.2) or petrol
(sp. gr. 0.71) against a pressure of 410 kpa. The overall efficiency of the
pump is 66%. Prove that the same powet is reqldred to drive the pump
for both the liquids.
Giv€n Drta;
SPecific gravity of salt water = 7.2
Specific gravity of petrol : 0.71
Overall efficiency of p !srq., rto = 66%
, FIow rate, Q 60l/s-0.06n3/s
Pressure,P.{l0kPa
To Find:
.- To prove that safre power is requircd lor both the liquids.
sd!.daI
Let, HB = head due to salt wate.
HG - head due to petrol
Specific weighr of salt watir, 78 = 9.81 x 1.2 = 71.n.Wn/m3
Specific weight of petrol, yc = 9.81 x .71 = 6.97 k]l /np
Now pressure, P=HBxyB
or, 410 = HR x 71.77
or, HB = 34.83 m height of salt water
Again, P=Hcx/c
or, = Hc x 6.97
410
or,
Hc = 58.82 m heiSht of perrol
Let, PB = requircii power for salt water
PG = requued power for petrol

overalt efficiencv, n. = Q'Y"'

Ho
P^

435
 0.06 > 17.77 , 34 83
37.27 kW
0.66

Again,
Qxl6xHc
P"
o.06x6.97 x 58.82 kW
= 37 .27
0.66
Therefore, Proved.

Lrqblsll s.37
The outside diameter and outside width of each itnPeller of a three stage
centrifugal pump are 4l25mnr and 20 mm resPectively' Ihe vanes are
curved back at outlet at 45o and reduce the outlet area by B% The
'

rnanometric efficiency of the PumP is 86% and the overall efficienry is

76%. The pumP dehvers 60 l/s of water at 10O0 rpm' Determine the
rnanometric head and the PcE€nequiied 'to dri'c t}"e PumP'

C'ven Ddtd:
Outside diameter of imPeller, D2 = 425 mm
Outside width of imPeller, b2 = 20 mm
Vane angle at outlet, P2 = 45o
Number of stages, n = 3
Manometric efficiency, I- = 86%
Or erall efficiency, l" 7o""
Discharte, Q = 60 l/s = 0.06 n3/s
Speed of the pump, N = 1000 rPm
To Find:
- Manometric head, H-
- Power required to drive the PumP, P

436
 Solution

Outlet Velocity
. Diagram

Fig. p5.37
Pedpheral velocity at outlet

= IPI"J
u"-60ffi =n*o'M*lW -22. ^,/ "
velo.ity ol flow atourta, V., - Q
rcD,b,(t - 0.07)
0.06
tx0.425 xO.O2xq.gi
=2.42m/s
From oudet velocity diatram, velocitJ. of whirl

V*.
Y. , t)
:::1=t9.83m/s
' --L
= U, =
tan45' 22.25-
tan45.
Manometric efficiency, ,- =
glt;

437
 ot, ,ru=zzshts*
9-81
or' H' = 116 m Ans'
Now overall efficiency, ," =+

or. o 76=
o06t:8lt!q
ot, P= 6984kW Ans'

Problem 5.38
A four stage ce4trifugal PumP delivering 0'76 m3/s of water agai4gt a
curved
manometl:c head of 66 m and runs at 1000 rPm Vanes are
baekward at an angle of 600 at the outlet The ratio oI velodry 01
flow
an 1 the periPheral velocity at outlet is 0-25' II the hydraulic loss is 1/3ef
the eit lanetic enerb-y Per unit weitfht of water' find tht outside
diameter

of each impeller and the manometric effiomcy'

Given Data:
Flo.v. late, Q = 0.76 n3 / s
Manometric head = 66 m
Number of stages = 4
Vane angle at outlet, F2 = 600
Speed of the pump, N = 1000 rPrn

To Find:
- Outside diameter of imPeller, &
- Manometric efficiency

438
f

outre_l_Lqlqity
ufagram

Intq1 Vetocity
r,lagraln

Fi8. P5.38
Solution
L€t - VI2 = velocity of flow at
outlet
U? = periphe.al velocity at
outlet
D2 = diameter of impeller
,_ atoltlet
Manometric head per srage, H.-4- E6 = 16.5_
Peripheral velocity at outlet,

rr -,rD,N
- 60 = fi/D,y1OOO
--0 =5235D'
-
Agarn, ---:=0.25
or, V,. = 0.25x 52.35D, -- 13.09D,

439
 Irom outlet velocity diagram, velocitv of whirl
V. ,
v "- =1t_ ' tanp,
- 52.35D, ''::!'" '- 44.79D,
Absolute velocity at outlet, V, = *vi
+(13.09)'?xD,
= 46.66 D2

= s6.esD;
Hydraulic,oss.
^
=
:X = :"ryffi#
Work done per unit werght of water
_ u 2v *. _ s235D 2 x M.79D2 = 239Di
o 9.81
II.V
Now, 4:H-+h
or, 239D,:16.5+36.99Di
or, D2 = 0.286 m Ans.
Manometric efficienry,
H* 16.5
= 84.40 ot M.4OY" Ans.
u.Y*. - 239x(0.286\'

Problem 5.39
A three stage centrifugal pump delivers 65 t/s .lt 950 IPm. The outside
diameter and outside width of each imPeller are 380 mrn and 26 mm
respecrively. The vanes are curved backward at an angle oI 45o at the
exit. If the manometric efficiency is 86%, find the manometric head
developed by th€ pump.

!40
 From outlet velocity diaSram, velocity of whirl
V.
V... =U.- tanp,
:
- s2.3sD,
'-
t3 t! - 44.7,s,
tan60.
Absotute velocity at outleL Vz = *vi
= 'lu,+.zg)' + (1.3.09)? xD7
- 46.66 D2
Hydrautic toss.
. rVl I -Z*.gt
n-f tao.66IE x..sso)
--,,.,,",
=
r*=:,
Work done per l.lnit weight of water
: U'v*. - 52.35D2\!4.79D2 - %9D1
o 9.41
Ir-v
Now,
8
or, 239Dj
-=H-+h= 16.5+36.99D1
or, Dz = 0.286 m Ans.
Manometric efficiency,
16.5
= M.4O or M. OY" Ans.
239 x (0.286)'1

Problem 5.39
A three stage centrifutal pump delivers 65 l/s at 950 tpm. The outside
diameter and outside width of each impeller are 380 mm and 26 mm
respectively. The vanes are cuwed backward at an angle of 45o at the
exit. If the manometric efficiency is 86%, find the manometric head
developed by the pump.

440
t.
I
 I

I
Given Data:
l
l NumberofstaSe'3
I
Outsi.le diameter of impeller, D2 = 380 mln
'I Outside width of impeller, b2 = 26 6ot
I Fiow rate, Q = 65 l/s = 0.065 m3/s
I
Speed of the purnp, N = 950 rpm
Vane angle at oudet, F2 = 45o
Manomekic efficimcy, rl- = 8670

To Find:
- Manometric head, fi^

a2 Outlet Velocity
Diagram

Inlet Velocity
Diagram

Fig. P539
 Solution
Peripheral velocity at outlet,
r nD,N
ur-
,
:- -
t > 0.38y950 .^
-- 6{l ^^
- 18..,0m/s
tll
Velocity ol flow,rt outlel.
' V'' = Q =
0.065
-2.09/l]./s
rDrb, nxO.38xO.O25
Velocity of wturl at outlet, V... - U, - +
tan p2
2'09
= fi.9 - tan 45o = 16.81/J1 / s
Let H = head developed per stage
lJow manometric effidenry, I- = Ufu ,.-.r: .. .::- ,,iir-.,

I
c
" **lB3;183I
". oR6=---H
981
or, H=27.85mofwater
Head developed by three st.rges.
Hn =3H = 3 x 27.85 = 83.55m of water. Ans.

Problem 5.4O
A cenkifugal pump runs at 950 rpm against a head of 23m and delivers
0.26 m3ls of water. The velocity of /Iow and blade angle at outler are 2.3
m/s and 45o respectively. Find the outside diameter and the outside
width of the impeller. Water enterc the impeller radially at iilet.

Given Data:
Speed of the pump, N = 950 rpm
Total head, H- = 23 m
Flow rate, Q = 0.z6 rrJls

442
 Velocity of flow at outleL Vfz = 2 3 m/s
Blade angle at outlet, 0, = 45o
To.Find:
- Outer diameter of imPeller, d,
- Width of impeller at outleL b,

Outlet Velocity
Di agran

Fig. P5-40
Solution
velocity of whirl at outlet, Vwr=U, -vffotp, = Uz '2.3a,t$?=Uz -2.3
U.V
\eglerting frictional los.es. ' 5=H^
a
u,(u, -2.3) ^^
9.81
ot, U2 = 16.21 mls
,rd,N
Now. U.=-
6n
nxd- \ 950
^r'60 1621=-+
or, d: = 0.33 m Ans.
Flow rate, Q 'ndrbzvt2
or, 0.26 = lt x o.33 xb2 \ 2.3
or, bj = 0.109 m = 109 mm Ans.

443
 Problem 5.41
A centrifugat pump delivers 60 l/s of water at t5O0 rpm against a head
of 25 m. The constant velocit_y of flow is 2.6 m/s. The blades are curved
back at 30o to the tangent at exit. The inner diameter of the impeller is
Iralf of the outer diameter. The manometric efiiciency is 76"k and the
water enters the impeller radially. Determine the blade angle ar inler and
the horse power reqrrired to drive the punp.
Giyen Data:
FIow rate. Q = 60 I/s = 0.06 m3 /s
Speed of the pump, N = 1500 rpm
Total head, H- = 25 m
VAIociry of flow at outlet, VIr = Vh = 2.6 m/s-
Blade angle at outlet 0, = 3)o
Manome;rrc elficiency,rt^ - 76-/"
To F;,rd:
- Blade angle at rnlet, Fr
- Horse power required to drive the pump '

Outlet Velocit

ur-ut rntet veloc ity

Diagram
Fig. p5.41
 Solution
Let Dr = diameter ofimPeller at inlet
D2 = diameter of impeller af outlet
Therefore, Dz = 2Dr
Ul = peripheral velocity at inlet
U2 = peripheral velocity at outlet
Vw2 = velocity of whirl at outlet
H
Manometric efficienry, l. - E,V-*
I
u /b= v,vs,
II.V -(,
or, ' " = 32.89

From outlet velocity diagran,

z'o
- tl. '' -tJ.
V",'tan0,'tan30' =U.-4.5 rii)

From equations (i) and (ii)

II
=!(U,_4.5)=32.89
or, Uz = 20.35 m/s
Now, U1 = ,rD1N and U2 = nD2N
But Dz = ZDt
ot, ,tD2N = 2zDtN
or, Uz = 2Ut
u.'22qr 4!!
= = = 1s.1sm 7
'

445
 From inlet velocity diagram,
V" 26
tu,,B.=
' u, = 10.18
or, 0, = 14.33" ans.
Power required to drive the pump = e 1H- = _05 x 9.81 x 25
= 14.72 kW : 1,9.74 hp Ans.

Prs-b]c.!15.42
A cenrrifugal pump litts warer fiom a sump to a roial height oI 16 m.
fte
distance between the cenhe o[ lhe pump and lhe sump water
surface is
2.5 m- The constant velocity of flow is 3 m/s and the velociq/
oI water in
the delivery pipe is 1.5 m/s. ff a tangent is drawn at Ale exit
of the vane
it makes 1200 with the direction of motion. If i/ater enters radially at the
inleL dete[nine (i) peripheral velocity at outlet, (ii) pressure head at the
exit of impellei, (iii) velocity head at exit, (iv) guide vane angle.

Given Data:
Static head. Hs = Io m
Velociry of water in delivery pjpe, Vd m/s
= 1.5
Velocity of flow, Vfr =Vf2=3r /s
Dislance ol pump centre from the sump water le\ el, Z 2.5
= m

To Find:
- Peripheral velocity at outlet, U,
- Pressure head at the exit of impeller, Hp
. Velocity head at e\ir
- Guide vane angle,
Q
 uz

Out let Velocitv

Diagra&

Iilet velocity
Dii.iram

FiA. p5.42
Solulion
Vane angle at outlet, p2 = 180p ' 1200 = 600

(i) Totar r."ua = *]i=io*(lII=to.ti^

H-)0)d
From outlet vel(rity diagram, vekrity ofwhirl
V-I
=u,- ' -u.- -=u. -1.7i
v'"'tanp:'lnnh0' )

tr-V
A..rn ' '' =H
\/r
+ -:rL
"g'2g
Considering equation (1)
a.(u--1.73t
_ _ _. __
= 16.ll
9.81
ot, U2 = 73.46 n/s Ans.
Vcl(,city of whirl at outlel, Vw) = U2 - 1.73 13.t6-1.73=1l.73mls
(ii) Absoluie vetocjty at outlet ol imPeller
Il /s
vtra ' \4 -
v. -- -- Jttt.zlt" (3): 1: m
-Hp P/y
Let = Pressure head at the exit of imPeller =
and to the exit end
Applying Bernoulli's equation at exit of the imPeller
at datLlm' we have
of delvery piPe, taking sumP water surface
! ., U- n Z - \ , Z,r where Zd = vertical distance of sumP
t2gt8
water level to the exit end of d;livery PiPe'
(r2.1t\1 ^ - ':=
or. ,, *9rn ur*r.t - 0.5)' t16
o& Hp = 6 14 m height o' water- Ans' -- '.: . -
{i;i) Velocity head at exit of imPeller
(12'11)'l
-vl - -2.47m height of watur. Ans.
,o 2 x 9.81

(iv) = Cuide vane angle

l--et O
From outlet velocity diaBram
v.3
ranq =
v*= iJi
0 = 14.35" Ans.

Problem 5.43
to
Explain how the PrinciPle of simitarity may bc aPPIied Predict
the

pu.fo.-.n.. of a large centrifugal pump frorn the results of tests on

mo,lels. Derive the necessary equahons'

Solution
from the results ()f
To predict the Performance of a large centrifugal PumP
tests on models, the Principle of similarity is aPPlied
A series of tests are
The speed' head
conducted on a model PumP under known <on(litions

444
 and discharge are measlrred. Power required t() drive the PumP is also
found o{t- Now for the aclual centrifugal Pum}, (PrototyPe) the sPeed,
head, discharge and power are calculated by sing the similarity
equations.Ihese equations are deduced below:

Let D = diameter of impeller.of pump

N = sPeed of the imPeller
H = total head
U = tangential velocity
Q = discharge of the pump
b = width of theimpeller
Vf = velocity of flow
- Vh, = welocity ofwhirl
P = power required to drive the PumP
L.et srbscript m isj.or model and subsc PtP is f('r PrototyPe.

Now tangentialvclocity, , = 'rDl\J

60
ll!rcl,',., U. DN
A8ain. U- JH
Thereforq Ju - ow
vE
dr'DN-] = congtant

/.,trt-t;'
r',E)
I
lill_ '''
Now, discharge, Q = area of flor.' r velocity of fl,,w
Q=nDbvl
Therefore, Q-DbVi
Bur b-D and Vr*U*DN
so, Q * DxDx DN
 or, Q * DrN
or, Q/D3N = consrant
ra):r
' (DN]" -(o a)
N/" (ii)

Polver requirecl to dri".,n" Orr*,

p=eyH
or. P-eH
or, P * DrNxH Since,e * D\
or, p-DrNxNrD, Since,JH * DN
or P * DsNt

or r/P\/P\
l-l _
(D<Nr/n -(D5t\r/
-l |
(iii)
Moreover, the 6pecific speed of the mpdel should
be equal to that of
prototype.
,.".,!@.,:,,I@,
'Hv] 'r rH1
'/m

Problem 5.44
A centrifugal pump deliverii 10 l/s at 900 rpm against a head
of 20 m.
What head will be developed and quantity of wnter
delivered when the
pump runs at 600 rpml
civen Data:
Discharge of pump, et
=10t/s = .OtO r.r3/s
Speed of lhe pump. N, = qoo rpm
Hcad of the pump. Hr = 20 m
To Find:
- Head developed rt 600 rpm
- Discharge at 600 rpm

45(,
 Solution
Let H: = head developed ar 600 T,m
. Q2 = discharge at 600 rpm
Now ror the same pum"- H, -- t]a
N,. N.,
n 2o
' (e00F=H,
(600f
ot, Hz = 8.89 m Ans.

For geometrically simil.r p,r-pr, -*.^@ =

,r'-43/{Il11'1 T11?,
eool ot 600 ,61
(20)^ (8.1{9) ?5

or, Q2=.082m3/s ot,82lls Lns.

Problem 5.45
The speed of two geometrically similar centrifuBal purnps !,s 1000 rpm
The outside diamet6r of impeller of 6rst pump is 0.36 m. It
delivers 2Z
I/s of water against a head of 17 m. lf the flow rate of seconcl pump is
half of rhe first pump, find the diameter of impeller and head
for the
second pump.

Given Data:
Speed of both pumps, N = 1000 rpm
Outside diamete! of impeller of firct pump, dr r).36 m
=
Dischar8e of first pump, Qt = 27 t/s = .027 m3 /t
Head for first pump, Hr = 17 m
Discharge of second pump, e: = erl2
=,0135 n13ls

45t
To Find:
- Diameter of imPeller of seconcl PumP, d:
- Hcad for the second PumP, Hl
Solution
Spleri of pumps, N = N' ' N.'

[or Scomelricnll] similnr PumPs.

NVQ,= N,\ {Q,
E- H. _
looo"tafr 1oooi.0135
ot,_ /1.r\?a =_ (Hf;
- or, Hz = 10.70 m Ans'
N,d, _ Ndr
Again"
JH, JH,1000 x d,
100Ox.36
.,11 ,'!to.z
dz=0.29m Ans.

Proble-m 5.46
A sinSle stage centrifugal PumP delivers 0 5 m3/s of water '-it 2000 rPm
against a head of 32 m- The outside diameter of imPeller is 250
mm A
geometrically similar mulhstage PumP is required to deliver 0-75 m3/s of
water at 1500 rPm against a head of 220 m' Find out number of imPellers
of the multistage pumP an.l the outside diameter of each of the imPeller
of the same plrmp.

Given Data:
Discharge of single stage pump, Q1 = 0 5 m3/s
SPeed of <intle state pump, N1 2000 rpm
Head of sinSte stage PumP, Hl = 32 m
Outside diameter of imPeller of single stage PumP, dl = 200 mm

452
 Disch.lrge of muitistage pump, Qh = 0.75 n13/<
Speed of multistage pump, N: = 1500 rpnl
Total head derelopetl b) multistage pump = 220 m
To Find:
- Number ofimpellers of multisrage pump, n
- Outside diameter ofeach impeller of multistage pump, d2
Solution
Let Hz = head developed by each srage ofmrltistage pump
N, Jar _ Nr /or
speciric soeed N.
H, " ' H,"'
/n,)"'w-
t-t ki-
l-:!
lH, / =-xN, 1O,
Ir :l r"'- lsoo
or, H \_,-l.zs
\32) -
2000 ll.s
ot Hz = 28.55 m
220
- n=
Number ol sla,!es,
28--771
55
=8 A\s.
*4 t4
For seome[ical .
srmil.lr'r, =
VHI VH'
2000x.20 1500x d-
.132 'lzzo
or, d2=070m Ans,

Problem 5.47
A centrifuSal pump delivers 130 l/s of water ar tO50 rpm_ The olrtsiclc
diameter of impeller is 300 mm and it is 65 mm wide at exit. The btade
anSle at outlet is 30o. If the m.rnom€tric efficienc\ is 86,1,, tind rhe spe.ific
speed of the pump.

453
 Given Data:
Discharge, Q = 130 l/s
= u-13 m3/s
SPeed of the PumP, N = 1050 rPm
- Outsicle .liarneter of imPeller, D2 = 300 rnm
Width of irnPelter at exit, b2= 65 mm
Blrde .1nAle at outlcl P2 30''
M,,nr,mclric ellicienc!, n.. = 8ar';,

To Find:
.pccifi< speed of the PumP. Ns
sslclis!
. t et, H- - manomelri'
he,rd '
Peripherdl speed at the outlet,
,rD"N ,rx.3 x 1050-
U,="-i'-= .- =16.49m/s
'(fr6U
verocity of flow ar outlet, = 4'90 m/s
=
;bL = #""
Vcl.rity of whirl at outlel,
".
\.. .f_90
V.,. -U.--= l6 4'' - -l{m/s
tanp, tan30"
-
Now manornekic efficiency, n.:!&

I
or, 0.86 = 16h;
or, ,", = rr.r;r11
N.'.) ro50'rn
specific speed, N. =;+: =ffi=eo.:o.Prn Ans
,

454
 froblem s.48
The scale ratioof the model and prototype of .1 centriftrgal pump is 0.5.
The outside dlrmeier of the impelllrr of model is 150 mm. The modL,
supplies 0.0-t5 a13/s o[ water at 7000 rpm againrt a head of 42 m. If rhc
efliciency of the model and probt),,pe is s.nle, rind the discharge, head
I and spe€d of the modet. Find also the specilic sp('ed of the pump.
I civen Data:
The scale ratio of model and prototype, D-lDp = 0.5
Outside diameter of impeller of model, Dz - 150 rnm
DischarSe of model, Q- = 0.045 m3/s
Speed ol model, N- = TUJO rprn
Head for the model, H- = rl2 m
_To Find:
- Discharge of the prototype, Qp
- Hend for the proiotyp€, Hp
- Speed of the protot'F; Np
- Specific speed of the pump, Ns
Solution
Lel Ns = sPecific sPeed
Now for the model and prototype, we have,
11.) r1t
tNill^-tNrr/"
' rv -l D. ] .p_- - 4l rTQQg-1750mm Ans.
'' lD, )
Apam.
/o \I-l / .)-.1\
I--
" \ND'/- tND'/n
. or. o = !t1'), "o_
' (ND l_ - =t75o,l?\'
7000 | 1|
,o.o+s= 0.0e m, / s ans.
 Aeain /Hl
t-l =t-,
/H)
" I N'?D'/- I N'D' /F

(N,D.) /rzlo\. *l/)\)

or. H -L- 119 "'-1".i" \7000/) ll .az-to.s-,c."".
rl/
' (N.D,)-
Sperrfrc speed. N. -
NJo- lTso/o.oq= 88.74
^^-- rpm Ans.
H+
-tnli.
Irc-blc-ll s.4e
A centrifuSil pump delivers 0.035 m3/s of wat.r against a total hedd of
22 m at 1500 rpm. The outside diameter of the impeller is 0.42 m- Find
rhe head, t rschaige and ratio of powers of a geon'eiri( Ally si mi lai gu nrp
of outside impeller diameler 0.26 m when it is running at 2950 rpm.
Given Data: l

Discharge of lirst pump, Qr = 0.035 m3ls

Head for the first pump,Ht = 22 m
speed for the first pump, Nr = 1500 rpm
Outsille diameter of impeller of firsi pump,Dt = 0.42 m
Outside diameter ofimpeller of second pump, D.= 0.26 m
Speed of the second pump, N, = 2950 rpm
To Find:
jHead for
the second pump, H.
-Dircharte lor the second pump. Q:
- R.rtro of powers, Pr /P,
s-slclisE
Let subscript 1 is for the first pump and subscript 2 js for the second
pumP
For geornerrically similar pumps,
f a\f O)
\ D'N /, t D'N J.
 0.03s o,

or; Q: = 0.0163 m3ls Ans.

Again for the similar pumps
I TJH.\
"/H)
loN.l,-loNJ.
.'122

.12x15OO .26x2950
or, H, = 32.61 m Ans-
Again for geometric similarity

(#''-),=(u+i
,P, D:N]
P, D:N:
p, I o, )' ./r.r,)'
P. j
=l.rr. ^1.[]
1.+z f ..1 tsoo I
r,,=iE;
r ' I zs5ol

Problem 5.50
The linear scale ratio of the model and PrototyPe of a centrifuSal PumP is
I/4. The prototyPe delivers 1550 l/s of water at 550 rPm aSainst a head
of 31 m and abiiorbs 750 kw. If the model works against a head of 11 m
find the spced, dischargeand Power required by the model
Given Data:
Ratio of scale for model and ProbtyPe, D-lOp = 1/4
Fhw r.rte lor prolotype, Qp 1550 l/s
Spced of prototype, Np = 550 rPm
Head for prototype, Hp = 31 m

45',]
 Required power for the protolvpe, lp = 750lW
Head for the model, H., = 11 m
To Find:
- Speed of the model. N.,
- Flow rAte for the model, Q-
- Required power for the model, P-
Solution
Now for the model and prototype, we have,
H t
,\N']D'z'm H
-r\NzD'? l/r
oL li f D-l' 3l
N;,
-=lJlx-lDn)
(s50\'

or'' 11 131
\r:
-
=
-x-
16 (s50r
or. N- - 131U.5 rpm Ans.
oo
Asain. (N;i)- -(N;i)f
o. = rli - o" =,*,' "'.J..rt' r 1550 - r,r.;5 r/s
[ ^
Ans.
Again for the mod€l and prototype
,\ P /m' -,
- !
P ,,r
N1D5 NID<

n' w-
lD,./ lN, l ",'r =ri)
o.. =lD.-) .f 1
( ,[+#.)'x7s0_e.qrkw
Ans.

454
 Problem 5.51
A ccnlrifUlinl l.r,mp lifr- w,rr(r,rA,rrnct a.l.rrrch,.r.l ,,t 17m.rt Il5{'rl,m
TIrc diameter of the sucti(u .rnd delivcr! piprs is t5() nrnr. Thr he.r(l
losses in srrcti(,n and cielivt,rv piPes are 2 nl .rn.l I m fesf.ecti!,.(,1\. lhf
outside dianleter ot the inrpell(]r is -r0t) mm and rt is 25 mm r\ idrh .rr the
. ()uth t. Thr,r'ancs arc curvecl h.r.k dt.tn.lngl,,I, :1r(',rt thc r)L,th,t. lt tlx.
m.lnonetiic efliciency js tl2'11,, find the discharj.,and th!, sudion .nrl
delivery pressure hea(ls. The suction lift is.l m.

. Given Data:
Srrction lifl, Hs 4 m
Delivery lifL Hd = (37 - 1) m = 33 m
- T()tal static lEad, H = 37 m
Speed of the ptimp, N = 1250 rpm
llpe dinmeter d = I50 mm
Hcacl loss in suction pipe, hs = 2 m
Hc.1cl loss in dcljtery pipc, h.l = S n1

Vane angle at outlet, 02 = 30o

Manometric efficicncy, t],,, = 82.L
Outside diamctcr of inrpcllcr, D, = -100 mm
Width of impeltcr.rr outlct, b2 = 25 mm

To Find:
- Disch.rge of rhe p mp,e
- D.rivery pressure head
- Suction pressure head
 L-N, - -4
F-.--__-l
Outfet Ve locity
Diagram

Fig- P5 51

Solution
Let Vlvr = \'elocity of whirl at outlet
Vf. v('l(ritv of fl"w 'rl outlel
h'l = 37 + 2 + a = 47 nr
Total he.1d sul,plicd by pump, H* = H + hs +
rD'N T x -10x1250
= 26.111 n / s
t'eripher.ll velocity at outler, U: = - 60.
-;

460
 Now manometric efficiency, rl," = =jI9-
U.V",
c
' or, 0.82 =--3-
26-18 x V.,
9.81
or, V,,. = 21.48 m
. From oullet velocity diagram
V.
tan8. '' - --------l_:-
u,-v,.
v.
tan3oo _ ___________r- .

26.18-2L48
or, vb = 2.71 m/s
-Flow
rate, Q = r.Drb, x Vf,
= ,. \ .4 x .025 x 2.77

= 0.085 m3ls Ans.

Velocity of water in suction or delivery iipe,
v.=v,-9=--!L=4.51
" A I ( t.ts)r -7.
4
Now delivery pressure head

- H,'' + h," + '-.r - 33 .3 a Jlar / -42.t8 m of warer. Ans.

2p, 2x9.81
Delivery pressure head

- H.,
' h.-I:
29,-
a rz, !!l
2 x 9.8I
-7.tEm otr^.ater(vacuum). Ans.
 EXERCISES

1. Explain ihe constructioll and w'orkint PrinciPle of a single st'3c

ccntrifrltal PLrmP rLith the aid of .1 neat sletch'
? DcLlrce .n .rPressi(D for the minimum diilmeterof the imPellerof
a centriaLrg.l i!hi.h \till initi'rte PtrmPinS, when running ar
PLrr11p,

DeriYc an exPression for the minimlm starting sPced of a

-1_

c, ntrillltal PrrmP.
4. What is sPecific sPeed? Find an equation for the sPecific sPeed of
.r (entrifuSJl PumP.

5. Show that the ideal efficiency of a centrituSal PumP is given by

"l -V:
tji cosec:B"
l--:l-:::-I whcre the nolations have usual me.nin8.
2U,(U, - Vr. cotPr)
Show that the pressure ris€ through the imPeller oi a !€ntrifugal
pump is srve,: by (vf, tu] -vlcos,.'p,)'
=i
7 A centrifLrgal PLtmP delivers 118I/s of!\nter at 1450 rPm againsi
.r head of 25 m. The olrtside diameter of irnPellcr is 250 mm and it
is of 50 mm width at the exit. lI the manometric efficienc)' is 7591',
fincl th.' \,ane an81e at the olltlet of imPeller' Water enters radially
,t the inlet.
. (Ans. 600)
 8. The outside cliameter of each impelier of n three stagc centrifugal
puinp is 375nm and the impeilers are 2{) mm ividth.lt the exit.
Ihe pllmp delirers 3.5 mJof water per rnrnutp.]r qrU rpm. Thc
vanes are curved back at an angle of 45('at the outlet and 8,1, of
the outlet areaof each impeller is blocled by the vanes. If thc
manometric efficiency of the pump is g5,)1i, find the manometric
head developed by the pump.

(Ans.68.72m)

9. A single stage centrifugal pump delivers .06 m3ls of water at

1800 rpm?gainst a head of 3t) m with an efficiency of 75%,.
The
outside diameter of furpeller is
1 m. Find lhe number of stages and
the diameter of each impeller of a similar multis{age pump to lift
0.1l4 m3/s oI water at l50O.pm against .r hpad of 220 m.
(Ans.8:0.113m)

461
 CHAPTER 6
RECIPROCATING PUMP

6.1 Introduction:
A reciProcating Pump is a Positive disPlacement PumP which is
clriven by power from an external source and coNists of a cylinder in which
n piston or Plunger is moved backrvards and forwards
The movement of the

plunger or Piston creates altemately a vacuum Pressure and Posihve Pressure

on
inside the cylinder by means of which thewater is raised lf the water acts
one side of the Piston only, the PumP is single acting lf the water acts on
both, sides oi il,c piston, it will suck and deiiYer during one stroke; such
a

The re'iProcaling PumP is generally r'5"1

Tump is known as double acting.
for producing very high Pressure.
6-2 Details of the Pump:

f
:_-_1=-a:---

FiA. 6.1
 A diaSrammatic viov ot a reciprocatin8 pump is thol^'n in Figure 6.1.
A :inrl'lpsi form of ro.rprnc.,tint pump , onsists.'f lhe follot4 rnB parlc.
- A piston and n cylincler
- A su.tion p'pe and n deli!ery pipe
A suction valve and a delivery valve
- A conneclinE rod,lnd a crank
As the crank rotates, lhe piston P moves backwards and forwards in the
cylinder C. The piston moves to the right during the suction stroke, which
causes a vacuum in the rylinder. The atmosPheric Pressure on rhe sumP
water surlace forces the water up the suction Pipe. The suction valve 'a' is
-
opened ard the water enters into the cylinder. Drrring the return stroke of the
piston the water pressure closes the suction valve and opens the delivery
valve 'b'. The water is then forced up the deliYery pipe and raised to the
required hei8ht oi pressure. For a singld acting PumP the theoretical volume of'
ivater raised per revolution is equal io the stroke volume oI the cylindcr and
to twice this volume ifdouble achng.
6.3 Discharge and work Done: (a) Single Acting PumP:
Let r = Crank radius
L - LenSrh of strole = 2r
A = Cross-sectional area of piston
N = Number of revolutions Per minute of the crank
Hs = Height of.enter ofcylinderabove wrter surface
Hd = Heighi to lvhich water in raised abo(e center of cylinder
'r = SPecifi. wcight of water
Theoretical discharge of water in one strok€ = AL
DischarSe of the pump per second, Q = LAN/50
Let W = weight of water lifted per second = 'yl
Total height lifted, H = Hs + Hd
Tlleoretical power required to clrive the PumP = -/Q (Hs + H.t) = WH-
The a.tual power required will be greater than the theoretical Power
on account oI frictional resistance, leakage etc.
ahl Double Actins PumD:
These p mps have two suction PiPes arld two delivery PiPes, one
each on e.rch sidc a' shown in Figure 6.2.

'DeIivery p 1pe
L
1--

Suct ion
'--f-
pipe

Ftg. 6.2

466 ...
 tnt a = Cross-section.li area of pjston rod

Q = Total discharge of the pump

Norv, Q = Flow from left side of pisron + Flow fr, )n] r;ght si.le of piston
LAN, (A-a)LN (2A a)LN
60 60 60
If the cross-sectional area of piston roci is very small compared to that
oI
piston(A), discharge can be written as
^ 2LAN
. t=
where L is rhe lenSth of srroke.rnd N is rpm of crank.
,
Power required by the pump qy(HsrHd=()yH=WH
5.4 Coeffic;enI of Discharge:
It is thc ratio of the actuai volume of water discharge to thc volume
swept by the piston. Ir is denoted by Cd.

Now. C. = tllLSrsErgl?ajllgke
" Volume swept per stroke
Generally, the value of Cd is less than unaty but it may be more th.1n
one- when delivery valve opens before the end oI the suction
stroke. In this
(ase, n greater volume of waler wrll be delivered
than that swepl by thp
piston.
6.5 Slip of the Pump:
Slip may be defined as the difference l)etween the votume swept
lhrou6h bv the picton and rhe actuat discharte.
Sometimes, the theoreticat dis.harge of a reciprocarinS pump may be
less than thc actual discharte. In such cases, the coefficient
of discharge will
be more than unity and the corresponding slip js known slip of
as negative
the pump. This happens when the sucrion pipe is long and the delivery pipe
is short and the pump is running at high spee({s. The pressure due
k) the
inertia of the colunm of ra,ater in fie suction pipe rvill bc large compared with
thc pressure on the ortside of the delivery vah e. This causes thc delivcry
valv., to open before the end of the snction stroke and a greater vohme of
water wiil be crlelivered than that swept through t y the piston.
Slip = Volume swept/stroke - Actual volume discharge/st oke.
Slip is Aencrallv po<itive but in casc when coefiicient of dischnrgc is more
lhrn unity ns menlroned e.rrlrer,.l;p will be negal;ve.
Itraenlageslrp=
'
Volume sweot. I A.tual di.charpe " xl00
Volume:wcpt
6.6 Indicator Diasram of r Re.iDrocatine PumD:
fndicator diagram may be defined as the graphical representation of
pressure head in the cyiinC€r,nnd theeolume s1^'. ptbv pistor for one

t)
H. Atmospheric pressure
L
I
H

=10.3m Suct ion

Absol ute zero

length
Fig. 6.3 Theoretical lndicator I)iagram-

-Stroke
I

complcte reyolution. Figrrre 5.3 shows the theor(,tical indicatol. dia8ram of.
rcciprocatinB pump under ideal coirditions. Thr stroke length .1nd pressrrre
head inside the cylinder are reprcsenied by X rnd Y axes on rhe diagram
resPectively.
In the indicator diagram,
H,t .delivery he.rd
H. - suction head
I ine ef - rcpresenls .ltmospheric pressure
.Line dc - pressure inside cylinder during sucti()fl strokc
Line ab - pressure inside cylinder during delil,cry stroke
'l.ine 00' - absolute zero
area dcef - work done by the piston duringsuction stroke
are.1 abef - work done by the piston during deiivery stroke

area abcd - total work done per rcvolution

If the prmp is clouble acting, the work donc is twice of this amount.

6.7 Air R€.iprocaling Pump

Vessel in a
An air vcssel is a large chamber rvhich has an openint at the
b,,tlom thr,'ulh which w.tter t nn Ilow. Air ves:el< arc iittcd to th(. :u.ti,,n
,rnd (lcli!erv pipes of a recrproc.rtinS pump verl ciose t. rhc cytrn(jcr. E.r.h
vcssel is .onnccted through a small lenSrh of pipe. The upper portion of air
vcssel contains air, which can compress or (,xpand to absorb prcssure
fluctuations. The vohlme of suction side air vessel should be 3 ro 5 rimcs of
the discharge per srroke and the volume of deliv,rry side air vessel should be
6 r,, lr) rrme\ tho dr:.h.rrtc p(.r \trokc.
The functions oI air vcssel are as follbws :
- To nr.lintain almost u form flow rate through strctioll ancl deliverv PiPcs-
- To save a considerable amount oF work in overc()ming Frictional resistancc
in the sLrction ind deliverv prpes.
- To redtrce the acceleration head and thereby all(,ws the PumP to run at
higher speed wjthout separation-

=il Delivery side

air vessel

ction side
air vessel

Fig. 6.1 : Rcciprocatint pump wilh air vessel

47o
I

{
I
t
I
In r.rse {ri.r \insle.rcting r.rit)rocniing pump during thc ii,\r h.rli
or su.rion
strokc, th('pisrur nrovcs r\-ith acccle.ation. Tire lclo.itv oi r!..rtcr
in ille
suction pipc i:; nrorc thnn thc a|o.age velocity and thercforc,
the dischargc ol
watcr cntedng rhe cyljnLter rl.ilt be morc rhan thc earr djs.h.rg.,.
the cxtr.r
quantitv of lvatcr wil be suppiied from the air vc.jsel to tho c\tin(icr
in such n
wav that the velocity of i!,ntcr in the suction
fipc Llelolv th.,.1ir vcsscl js
equai to a\.erage vcbcity of florv_ ID the seconcl llalf of thc
s'rrction strokt tln,
Pistolr mor.es with retardarion. TIle vetociry of flr,w in the suction pipc is lcss
. [h an the average .r'elocir] of fldw, The dischargc enrei,lr< in ro tllc ctli
n.tcr rvi I I
bc less lh,tn tlre men d'.(h.rrjtc. B t the velociiy
of $.,rter in th(. suctr(,n nipe
' dlre b air vessel is e(.luat k) arerage vek)city oI fk)rv ..rn<1 thc
tliseharge
required in thc cylindcr is less than the mcan ilischargc.
Thc cxccss r,r,.1ter
fl{)rvii8 in sudion pipe wiil bc, slorei{ in rhc air.r.esscl .rnd this cxccss
w.ntrr
rvill be supplied irro rhe cvtindcr d(ring rhe t,rst h.rtf r)i rilc nc\t
rucri()n

During the airst hatf of cJcli\ orv str()kc rhe pisti,n nro\,os r\ jrh
nc.cter.ii(,r
The vcb.ity of !v.rtcr in the .lelivery pipe js m(,r thon
rhf .rver.sr !et().irr.
fli( i:\.c.:qrr,rnliry,,t rv.,rur lh.)n tr,c mr.rn Lli,, h.rrq,, r\ ilt tt,,\ in t,, rIr, .,I
vessel. As a rosutt thr,.rir insidc the air vesscl
$iI tre comPrcsr.\I. ln thc
scconcl half of thc ricliven. stroke, thc pisknr
nl()\,cs rclir(t.rri(,r .rn(l ih.
\!locil\,,fw.it.r'nrlx,,l,jr\ervt,it,,.iriIt,,,t(...t\.,,r,h,..r\\r,,., r..r,,..,\
['r,,rn tlj,. ,,ir \,.ss.t. rttr. \r.,k.r .rtrL.,,LI! .t,,r1t tr.ilt .r.,rt
rt,,\\ r.j; Lr., .t..
rlclir cr.".pipe. The vet().itr ()i flos, of r1rtc. in t|c
dctiver,"_ pjpe t (.\lrn(t rhc
point to n hich air vessot is tittcd i1,ill becomo
c(luat k) thr .rvornlir, lclo.ih..
s, i rate ot fl,x^,,r r.11..,n 11 , ,,.livcn prl! s r hc ,rnrt..rm.
'h.

!7 t
 Problem b.1

Discuss the effect of variation of Pressnre rlue t() accclerati(n oF Pisk'n

in a reciprocating pump.
Solution
Due lo the reciprocating molion, lhP Plsh'n of a reciProc.rtint prrmP
will have an acceleration at the beginning and a rerardation at the end of
each stroke. This la/ill kansmit a corresPonding .rcceleration and retardation
to the water in the cylinder ancl consequently rn the water of suction and
del'vcry pipes. [-Fr us consider the diagramm,rtic view ol lhe cr.rnk d'rd
connecting ro.l as shown in Figure P 6.1.

- nr3 l.lgth of cormecting rod is very larg€

- Th. rotation of the crani. is u.iform.
- The piston makes simple harmonic motion.

7180'

Tt
Fig' I'6 1

Nomenclature:
Lci A = Cross-sectional aren of cylindcr
a = Cross-sectional area of pipc
 o = Angular \€locity of the rotatint crank
r = Crnnk radius
I = Length ofpipe tlrrouSh which water is fl{'wir8
Y = SPecific weiSht of waier
\ Velocity of wrier rn lhe prpe
Derivation of Equalions:
Lct lhe crank bc at an anSular dist.rnce 0 Irom ih zero position at n time t.
Thcrefore, 0 = (t)t
' Displacement of piston in time L x = r - r coso = r - r cosot
Velocity of the piston, V = dxldf = o)r sinot
Acccler,rhon of piston, , dV/dt o r cosot
The flow of water in ihe pipc is equal to the flow of waier in the cylinder.
Thcreforc, from continuity cquation
axv=AxV
\'- "AAA
\V=:r(rsrn{.t- rusin0
A..el.ral ion ol Mter in oiDc -
dv A, A,
- -o'rcosaot - - 0)'r cosO
-
Weight of $,ater in pipe = )al
Mass of water in pipe = yallg
Let P. = Intensity of pressure due to acceleration of watei in pipe
From Newton's second law,
Acceleration force = Mass x Acccleration
'irl
r.c. l', Y.r=-x-t)A ,
rco\U

or.
vl A,
1,., =ax_(l).rcosu
ga

413
 Let, H.r = Acceleration pressure head = lntensit\' oi pressure P.
Specific n eitht of liquid v
llrcr.fore, H,. I . Au, ...,0
ga
Thc plessure head .iue to acceleration acting on the piston r,ill, therefore,
vary with the angle e.
- At the beginning of the stroke, when 0 = 0, coso :1
l^
H. =-^ j l(Drr
.ga
- At the middle of the srroke, when 0 = 90o, coso =0
H. -0
- At the end oI the stroke, when 0 =1800, coso I
=
..
tl- =--x I A
(D.r
8a
These exprcssions are applic.ible to both suction and delivery strokes_
lf the
Icngth of the connecting rod is notverylong compared to
crank, the motion of
thc pisloll will not be simple h.rrmonrc. The accelerated pressure hcad
in this
case is given by the follor,r.ing expression for both suction and
delivery
rlr okes
l^
H., = -', \ lloJlr(coso r -cos20,
g,rl.
Where Ic is the tengrh of rhe connecting rod.
- At the betinning of the stroke, e = 0
.. I r-c)-rl
fl, A ,l 1+-lrl
=- I
A d l)
 At the end of the stroke, 0 = 1U0o

H-=
I / A ,/ I rl
a l. - l. l
g -(d_rl
trsblcE 6.2
Find the cordition for the maximum vacuum prcssure during su.tion stroke in
the cylinder of a reciprocating p mp. Also locate the position of beginning of
cavitation.
Solution
Assumptions:
-'flre piston simple harmonic moLion. -
hns
- The crnnl ha5 uniform motion.

H.
ld
!,

Suct ion

Stroke leDgth

F;t. P6.2

415
 Nomenclature:
Let Hs = Suction hearl
H., . Acceleration head
hfc = He.d loss due to friction in suction pipe
H = Totalvacuum pressure
Is = Len8th of suction pipe

A = L ros<-sectional area o[ pislnn

r Cross.secHonal aiea of suction pipe
' o = Anglrlar velocity of rotatinS crank
i

r = Crank radius
f = Friction factot
D€rivation of Equalion:
The vacuum piessure on the piston during suction stroke when
0=00 H=H.+Ha+0
0=90o H=Hs+0+hfs
e = 1800 H=Hs:Ha+0
The maximun vacuum pressure durinS the suction stroke is obtained by
diflerentiating the total vacuum pressure with Iespect to O and equating to

Lct vs Vclocrlv ('F water in suchon prpe

= A/a r{l) sino

Now H=H +H +l:+h-

Replacing the values of Ha, vs and hfs in terms o[0, we have,

H=u , qI'An,'r..,re r 4-I(

a 29, 2Ed
 H-H., LAr,.co.e- IIr*fl ]
ta 28\ d)
H= H.+ l'4c0 ...,,,e*( A )""0''i,'e1, * I
ga \a/ 2g \ d
1
j

For m,lximum v,Jculrm

'de 1H - 6
,.**r.",
rh"r"for", 4 ) r'to'sinze/r , rl I- n
-!lEar,.r'rsrn e +i\a./ zs l' a./-"
l'4r'r.;n6=/4 1:r ro'sin0cos01 ,., 1.)
"" ga ia/ E l d)
or. cost = la
'
. /l+fl_' \
Afl
I.d/
When 6 = 0o, c0:0 I
'l lrcrcfore, I-.r -- Arf
l+ tl
)
'd)
Therefo.e, the maximum l,acuum pressure occurs at the beginning
of the
strokc. So if catitnlron o( curs it will clo .rt the begrnning
ol sucrion stroke.

Problem 6.3
Find an expression for the maximum speed of a reciprocating pump subiecr
h the condition ofno fklw separation.
Solution
The maximum speed of a reciprocating pump is determined
from the Iimiting
value of separation pressure. The separation can take place
during suction or
.telive.y stroke. The limiting value of separation pressure head
is Z8m below
.ltmospheric pressure head or, (10.3 _ 7.8) m = 2.5 m absolute_

477
 _ The piston nlakes simple harmonic rlotion.
- The rotation of tho.rank is Lrniform.

St roke lenoth
Frg. P6.3 Indicator iiragr.rm,
Nomenclat!re:
Let
Hs = Suction hc.1d
Ha = Dclivery hcad
H.1tm = Atmospheric'pressure
Hn = Acceleration pressure head
HseP = Separation pressure
ls = Length ofsuction pipe
A = Cr,rs.-<cctr,,n,rl arca of cyhndcr
.1 = Cross-sectional .1rca of pipe

o = Angularvelocity
r = Cr.nk radius

{ 71{
 Derivation of Equation:
The maximum speed of the reciprocating PumP dudng suclion and deljvery
strokes is calculated as follows.
- Maximum speed during suction stroke:
Considering the indicator diagram it is evident that the minimum Pressure
head occurs at the beginninS of the suction shoke.
Let N1 = Maximum speed of the pump witholrt seParation
Now H5qp = H6tm - H5 - Ha
' Acceleration head at the beginninS of suction shoke is Siven by
IA
H- =-:x
ga
x(o'r

Thcrefore, H*'Bat-t,- - u. - ! , A , ar'r

I A /2,rN. l
'g.rLb0'\ Jlr
H.--H.,,- H.-=,
From this equation the value of maximum sPeed N1 can be found out-
- Maximum speed during delivery slroke:
Again from the indicator diagram, it is evidcnt that the Probability of
separation is only at rhe end oI the delivery stroke.
Let Nz = maximum speed of the pump withou t seParation during delivery
stroke
ld = Length of delivery pipe
I-rom thp limiting condrhon of sePar.rlinn Pres<Lrr,'
H,"p- Hirm + Hd -H,r
Butacceleration head dfl.ing delivery stroke is 8i\ en by
IAji
= lr! x
H,,8a ^(,l:r
 -.LA
I herelore. H_" - H",-+H. -.J x-, (D.r
'Ed
or. H* - , {"f zrN'
s a \ 60,/I .
H",- + s"- -1,'

From this equation the maximum speed N, can bc determined.

Now the minimum of the two speeds Ni and N, is the maximum speed of the
reciproacting pump without sepamtion durint suctiom and delivery strokes.

Problem 6.4
Find a relation for the mean velocity and [laximuEr velocity of flow in the
pipes of a single acting reciprocatint pump. Find also the same type of
expression for a double acting r.\ciprocating pump.
Solutior
Assumpl;ons:
'The piston has simple harmonic motion
- The crank has uniform motion.
Nomenclature:
Let r = crank radius
o angular velocity of crank
=
e = nngular displacement of crank
A = cross-sectional area of cytinder
a. cross sectional area of pipe
V- = mean welocity of water in the
pipe
Vtu, = rnaximum velocity of water in the pipe
L lenSth of skol\e = 2r
N = speed of rhe pump

480
 Derivation o{ Equation:
2nN
Now angular velocity, o = _;;
. (i) Sin8le acting reciprocatinS pumP -
For a single acting reciProcating PumP mean velocity of water in the Pipe is
grven by
,, - Disch arge

" ;r. - *.t1.""1 **

Volumgg!y!g!1_ rpm
cross - sectional area of pipe @
or v " =-I-AN 2Ar 60(0 A ro
=-
acc ax60 2n a t tr/

Local velocity of water tn rhe PiPe is given by

v= lrorsin 0

This veiocity will be maximum when 0 = 90o and sin 0 = 1

j-l rro
Therefore, V*, = (ii)
a
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we have
V1
---:-4 = Ans.

(ii) Double acting re.iprocatin8 PumP -

For a double acting reciprocating pump the mean velocity of flow of water is
given by
Disch arge
cross - sec honal area of PiPe

or' ,,"^= 2LAN='2<2txA..6000

u@ ^E
"('o

4a I
 or v,,. - ?4 x (ii,
a,l '0)
Now clividing equation (iii) by equation (ii), we h.we,
v_2
.t :; o"
*_
Problem 6.s
Discuss the effect of friction in pipes on iDdicntor diagram.
Also find an
expression of total work done including the work done against
friction.
splclpl
Durint the flow of water through the suction and delivery pipes of a
rc'ciprocating pump, there will be some loss of hend due to friction
in both the
pipes.
4ssumptions:
- The length of rhe connec[tlg rM is very larte.
- I l.e rol.rhon ot lhF crank r) unrtorm.

- The piston has simple harmonic motion.

-I/ 180 o

Fit. P6.5(a)

442
 Nomenclatuie:
Ltst A = Cross-sectional area of piston
a = Cross-sectional area of pipe
d = Diameter of pipe
I = Length of the pipe
o = Angular velocity of rotating cranl
r = Radius of the crank
f Coefficient ot triction Ior lhe pipe
v : Velocity of water in the pipe
hr = Head loss due to friction

Deduction of Equation:
Let the crank be at a:1 ingular distance 0 from its zero position at a time t
' Therefore, O=ot
Displacement of piston in time t, x = r - r cose = r - r cosot
dx
Velociw of the Diston. V=-=orsincot
dr
The flow of water in the pipe is equal to the flow of water in the cylinder.
Now from continuity equation
axv=AxV
or, AAA
r'=-.<V.. ro sinort = -r(o sin 0
aa
Loss of head due to friction is given by
flvr tl tA
h' =::: ---::r --:nltin6 | (i)
2gd 2gd\ a )
Considering the equation (i, we have
At the begirmint of stroke, 0 = 0o, sine = 0, hf = {)

483
 At the end of stroke, 0 : 1800, sin6 = 0, hf = 0

Ar the middte of srrote, e = eoo, sino = L h, = -I-f4.,

2gd( a
)'
)
Which is the equation of a parabola.
The effect of fi-iction during suction and delivery strokes are discussed here.

DulscSuctio!5Eoke
i. A t the
beginning of suction stroke, hr = 0
Pressure head = It h - GI" + Hu)
ii. At the middle of suction skoke, H, =0
Pressure head = H"r - (fls + hf)
iii. At the end of suition stroke, hr = 0
Pressure head = H.r- - @" - H;)

Dudng Deliverv Stroke

i. At the beginning of delivery stroke, hr = O

Pressure head = H"a + (Hd + }{a)

ii. At middle of delivery stroke, Ha = 0
the
Pressure head = H"r- + (Hd + hd
iii. At the end of detivery srroke, hr = 0
Pressure head = H,* + (Hd - Ha)

444
 b

T
---
l. Is
---
n
- Atmospherie
pressutae
Hdtm

I
I

Stroke length

Fig. P6.5(b) tndicator diaSram.

if the frictional head is added to the indicator diagram,,the combined

indicator diagram is shown in Figure 6.5(b). The parabola min being the wo(k
done agiinst friction in the suction pipe, and thc parabola qsp being that of
the deiivery pipe. As the area of the diagram will now increase, the total
work done will also increase.
rotal work done during suction stroke: area
l'rlll u."" ^*
rorat work done dudns delivery stroke =?rea
u1:1i".
","" o,o
Let hfs = head loss in suction pipe
h'd head lo5i in deli!ery pipe
ls = length ofsuction pipe
ld = lenSth ofdelivery pipe
ds = diameter o{ suction pipe
 tt
T---I1. Atmospheric
-_- - plessure
-
1
Hdtm

Stroke length

Fig, P6.5(b) Indicator diagrim.

if the frictional head is added to the indicator diagram,.the combined

indicator diagramis shown in Figure 6.5(b). The },arabola mrn being the work
done d8arnsi lriclron in the suclion pipe, and th( parabola qsp being thdt of
the delivery pipe. As the area of the diagram will now increase, the total
work done will also increase.
Toral work done during suction stroke = area
:n i ..""
",,,,
Totar work done during derivery stroke: area efqsl

"."" o.o
Let hfs = head loss in suction piPe
h,d . head los. in delivery ptpe
Is = length ofsuction pipe
ld = lenSth of delivery pipe
ds = diameter of suction pipe

4lt 5
 dd = diameter oI delivery pipe
W = weight oI water pumped per second
2
Now me.rn ordinate ol d parabold = x marrmr,m ordinate

Mean ordinateof sucrion pipe pardbora .,'. = : h,,'' - i.^ n.. lo.. l'
3 3 2gd.l a. )
Work done at.rinsl fri( tion during suction stroke = area ofpdrdbola mrn
Work done against friction pgr 994ond during sq€tian.ihal€ .. . , ,
?' n" l,o't)'*
3 2gd. t a )
Similarly, work done against ftiction per second d uring delivery stroke

='h..*w- ? fl" (\r.)'w

3 32sd.\a" )
Total work done per second per revolution of cr.rnk of a single a.ting pump
= (H. + Hn , Z6* ,in,,) o"'

Problem 6.6
The actuat discharge of ,r single acting recrpri)catinB ir 0.02 m(/c whcn
running at 55 rpm. The length of the stroke is 500 rnm and the diameter of the
piston is 250 mm. For a total static head of 16 m calculate the percentage
slip, coefficient ofdischarge and the power requiIed to drive the pump.
C iven Data:
Actual discharij,., ed 0.02 mr/s
Speed ul the pLrmp. \ = 55 rpm
Sl,o(e lengrh, L = 500 mm

446
 Diameter of piston, d = 250 mm
Total static head, Hst = 16 m
To Find:
- Percentage slip
- Coefficient of discharge, Cd
. Power reqrired to drive the pump, f
Solution
Cross-sectional area of pislon, A = fi/4 (0.25)2 nr2 = 0.049 m2
LAN .5x.049 x 55
Thmrelical drscharge, Q,- (fi-^ - 60
. r)
-1r-o:4 - ------ x 100 = 9.09%
.022.02
P.r@nracesrir) = Ans.
o, 022

c,
o
:r! -=.U22m'/s
.02
"
coefficjenr of dr\charsp =
o, - _ = 0.91 Ans.
c2:-

Powcr required to.lriletheprmp.P-QrYH' ..022 \ o.8l \ l6

= 3.45 kW Ans.
Erebls4 6.7
The bore and stroke of a double acting acting re.iprocating are 350 mm and
300 mm respectivelv- The pump discharges .038 m3ls of water at 50 rPm
through a total head oI 12 m- Find the slip and the power reqnired to drivc
the pump.
Given Data:
Diameter o{ bore. d = 350 mm
Slrole lenglh. LlO0 rnm
Speed of the pump, N = 50 rpm
Total static head, H = 12 m
Actual discharge, Qa = 0.038 m]/s

447
 To Find:
Slip of the pump
- fower required lo dri( e lhe pump, P
Solution
C.oss-sectional area o f cyllr.der, A = t / 4 xd? = r / 4 x ( 35)z nz = -096 n2
2l.AN
I heoretical dis(harge, Q, - _=
2x.3Y.096 x 50
m/s
tfr = 60
=.04E
Stip of the pump = Qr -Qa = (0.O18-0.038) m'/s = O.Ol mr /s Ans.
Power required to dr*. ,* O"-r, ,=;.:;IH =-048: 9.81 x 12

-
Problem 6.8
A single acting reciprocating pump has a bore of 500 mrrt and a stroke of 500
respectively. The pump detivers O.11 m3ls of water against ; head of 100 m.
The head loss due to friction in slrction and delivery pipes are 2 m and 14 m
resPectively. The velocity of water in the pipe is 1,5 m/s. If the pump
efficiency is 92% and the slip is 57", calculate the speed of the pump and the
Power required to drive the PumP.

Given Dala:
Dlameler of cylinder, D = 500 mm
Strole lenSth. L , 500 mm
Actual discharge, Qa = 0.1.L rn3/s
Head.H=100fn
Frrcliondl loss in suction pipe, ha = 2 m
Frictional loss in delivery pipe,hH - L4 r'

488
j'
l

Velo€ity of water in the pipe, v = 1.5 m,/s

fumP efficien(v, I=92%
SliP. S - 5"/"
To Find:
- Speed of the pump, N
- Power required to drive the pump, P
Solution
NowsliD- S =
o-o
_:r______:n
a,
- -_= l-- 0.11
or- tl-{,5
a,
or, Qt = 0.116 m3/s
Again, theoretica I disch*U., O, =#
. LID.N
ot, u,-^l
oo
r x(.5)'x N
.5y
or, -l 16 = 4
@
or, N = 70.89 rpm Ans.
JllL
Totat head, H, - H + h( + h,., *
" f28- too *, *,n * 2x9.81 -,,a.,,^
Power required to drive the pump,

p = Q,1H, _.116x9.81x116.11 = 143.62 kw Ans.

11 0.92
 Problem 6.9
The bore and stroke of a single-achng reciProcaiing pumP are 140 mm and
280 mm respectively. The PumP lifts water agaiist a total head of 25 m at 60
rpm. It the actual discharge is-1.0 I/s, find the theoretical .lischarge,
theoretical power required to drive the PumP and the Percentage sliP
Determine also the acceleration head at the beginning and middie of the
delivery stroke. The delivery PiPe is 110 mm in diameter and 25 m lonS
Given Data:
' Cylinder bore diametet D = 0.14 rn
Stroke lenglh, L = 0.28 m
Total hea.l, H = 26 m
SPeedofPLrmP.N'60rPm
.tctual discharge, Qa = 4.0 l/s = .004 m3,/s
Diameter ofdelivery PiPe, d = 110 mrn
Lenglh of delrverv PiPe l4 25 m
To Find:
- Theoretical discharge, Qt
- Theoretical power required, P
- Percentage slip
- Acceleration head at the be&inning of delivery sl roke
- Acceleration head at the middle of delivery stroke
Sol-ution

AN 28'[1.t+r-.00 =.oo-rl I m' / s

r
Theorehcaldisch.rrte, a - ?f - --_l--- Ans'
 Theoretical power required,
P=QrxyxH=.00.131 r9.81 x2r,= l.i kW Ans.

' - 9:Q
00431
Percentage\tip ' -004 ,r00=7.rs'h Ans-
4. ^r00- .004J i

Angular.peed, , - 2nN - 2rt "h0 - tr.2g ,,1d / ,

60 60
L
.2 Cr.rnk radius, r- - 0. tam
A.t the beSinning of delivery stroke, O - 09 and coso = 1

Acceleration head = Jl4r...o16

. 8a
r , ,4,,
2*'4.'
e.8l tr(. ,16.28)! xo-14 =227em Ans.
t l),
4'
At the middle oI deln-ery stroke, O = 90o ancl coso = 0
Accereration head =
I.r1o,r..or6-Lrlo rx0-0
Ans.
ga ga
I4.blc.!!l 6 lo
A single acting reciprocatihg pump has a cylindcr of 100 fimr diameter and a
stroke length of250 rnm and is used to lift wate. fuom a height of5_Sm above
the sump waterl€vel. The length and diameter orsuction pipe are 7 mand6l
mm respectiveiy. Find the maximum allowable speed of the pump to avoid
separation if it occurs when the absolute pressure head falls below 2.5m of
water. Take atmospheric pressure as 10.3m of water. Assume simple
harmonic motion of piston.

49t
 Given Data:
Cylincler diameter, D = 100 mm
Stroke len8th, L = 250 mm
Sflction lift, H,, 5.5 m
Length of suction pipe, I = 7 m
Diameter of suetron PiPe, d = 65 mm
Separation pressure, H*p = 2.5 rn
Atrnospheric pressure, Hatm = 10.3 m
To Find:
- M"rimum arlow.ble sPeed of the PUnP, N.

Atmospheric prea6ure
T-T
,ll
+f
T-H
tsep
Stroke tength

Fig. P6.10

Solution
LeL Ha: acceleration head
Considering the rnaximum limiL
Hatm=Hs+Ha+H*p

492
I

or, 10.3 = 5.5 + Ha + 2.5

of,l{a-2.3II1
- Crank radius. . = != lrs--
2

Separation can occur at thebegi ring ofsuction stroke.

I A2
Now acceleration head, Ho= x-or
I u".
.
7 ;D'
. or,'23=-\1-xo)'x0.125
,!d29.81
4
. oL @z = 10-89
or, ou = 3.3 radls
AISul.rrvelocrty (o--2nN
fi-
- ^ 2ft xN
60
or, N = 31.51rpDL Ans.
Problem 5.11
A single acting reciprocating pump has a piston of diameter 75 mm and a
stroke of 150 mnl' It draws water from a sump 3.5m below the pump through
a pipe of 5 m long. If separation occt)\s at 78.46 kpa below atmospheric
pressure when the pump runs at 45 rpr[ find the diameter of suction pipe
for no separation. Assume simple harmonic moti(rn of the piston.
Given Drta:
Piston diameter, D = 75 mm
Strole length, L = 150 mm
Suction head, H< = 3.5 m

493
 Suction pipe length, ls = 5 m
Pump speed, N = 45 rPm
Separ.ltion pressure, H,.r = 78.46 kfa
To Find:
- Diameter of suction PiPe, d.
sqlstion
Separation pressure, Hs* -78.46 kPa =rym = 8m oi wafer'
I
Crahk radius. r -- "- = 0.075m
2
For separ.ltion nol to occur
H..Ha-3
or3.5 r H,: -5
ur, Ha = 4.5 m
l^-
A,iin,,.plpr:tionhead. Hu - " 'to'r
" g"
ti
5 ^2 /2nN \'
or,4.5- "u
oaf i;"t
.d' - J '
4

5 \_ro ozsr2xt/ 2n
n.45_ c.81 _ x q5 \2 - ---
| xu.ut,
d2 \ 60 /

or, d =0.0326m=32'6mm Ans.

Problem 6.12
The bore dnd stroke of a single acting reciProcating PumP are 150 mm and
3OO mm respectively, The suction PiPe is 100 mm diameter and 13 m long

and suction lift is 5 m. The connecting rod is 1.5 m long Calculate the

494
 theoretical speed in rpm at which there will bc separation assuming it to
occur when the absolute pressure falls below 21.53 kpa. Take.atmospheric
Pressure.s 7rr0 rnm of mercury.

Given Data:
Cylhder diameter, D = 150 mm
Stroke length, L = 300 mm
Suction IifL Hs = 5 m
lcngth of suction pipe, I = 13 rn
Diamete. of suction pipe, d - l0O mm
Length of connecting rd, l. = L5 m
SePamtion pressure, H"ep = 24-53 kpa

4knospheric pressare, Hatm = 760 rl|m of Hg

To Find:
- Allowable speed of the pump, N.

tj9qphe

sep
Stroke length
Fig.P6.12 ,

495
 Solution
Separation pressure, Hsep = 2'1.53 kPa
l
= 24.53x-,r! = 2.5ftl
9.81
Atmospheric pressure, H"t- = 750 mrn of Hg
7@ < 13.6
1000
I-et, Ha = acceleration head
Condition lor separahon not to occur
Hd;m.Hs+Ha'25 ,]
I
or, 10.34 5FHa+25 i

I
or, Ha : 2.84 m i
L
Now crank radius, r=-=l50mm
2
/\
Aea in, .tcceleration 1.,."6, s -1"4.2.1 trl1*a I

13 lt st2 ,
14R=-y-yx'_x
t .rs\
15xl lr-I
^r 9-81 Ir ro)2 \ I.5,
4'
or,a=2.4rad,/s
2rN
Antutar velocity, o=- 60
ot.2.4=-27rN
60
or, N = 22.92 rprlr.- Ans.
r

nroblem 6.t3
The bore and stroki of a double ading reciprocaring pump are
300 mm and
400 mm respectively. The suction pipe is 12 m lo,rg while
_ ihe delivery prpe rs
200 m long. The pump draws water from a sump 3 m below and cleiivers
to a
. height of 70 m_ The pump run-s ar 60 srrokes
F!,r minute. The diameter ol
delivery pipe is 120 mm and a Iarge air vessel is fitd in the delivery prpe
close to the cylinder. Find the diameter of the srction pipe for
, the condition
that separation is iust avoided at the coihmenccmentof the suction
stroke.
Assume separation o.curs at an absolute pressure head of 2.5
m of water.
Find also the power required to drive the pump. Iake f 0-01 for
_ = the prpe.
G;ven Data;
Diameter of bore, D = 300 ,nm
Stroke length, L = 400 mm
t ength of suction pipe, ts = t2 m
L'cngth ofdelivery pipe,ld = 200 m
Suction head, Hs = 3 m
Suction head, Hd = 70 m

Spced ol lhe pump, N - 9rpm =:Orp-

2'
Diameter of delvery pipe, dd = 120 mm
,,pdr.rhon pressrrre, H*p = 2.5 m dbsoJute
Friction factor, f = 0.01
ToFind:
- Diameter of suction pipc,
- Power required to drive the pump, p.

497
 Solution
Atmospheric pressure, Haim = 1O.3 In of water
Con(l,tion of separnlion dt the beSinnint oF !uction stroke
H161 - H5 - H6 =.Hsp
or, 10.3-3-Ha=2.5
or, Ha = 4.8 m
Let ds = diameter ofsuction pipe
l^^jiorzr
Forsuction Dioe H =
_:
^

l: ,(3)- /2rx3o\l o.io

or 4_81-x-xt-t
c.8t lrd )2 \ 60 ,/ x- 2
4', s'
or, d5 = 212.78-inm Ans.
n,l.s)2
2LAN -4, *zo
Aver.rSe d,scharge. O - -;; = --= -.028J m' ,r r
30
- uniforn!
Velocity of water in the delivery pipe will be since an air vessel is
fitted in the deliverypipe.
Iherefore, velucity of w.rter in the delivery pipe,
o .0283
_2,5tJm/s
(d
,)- - x(0.12)-
4u4
Loss of head in the delivery pipe,
^2 .otx2oor(2 5)- -.llm
h.. = "d"d
Io 26dd -
2 \ 9.81 .12

49ti
 Ittaximum velocity of r\,ater in s.rction pipe
. r ?1"
vs--Ar(,= ,! L..7.2n]-\o 1.2s*1,
' ft'zr;lz 60

Los< oF head in lhe suction prpe.

, U.,?=.01,12 ^t1.2.,2 o'olsm

"t'' 2*6- z,131^2., =
Now total which the pump will work,
head againsr
' H=Hs+Hd + 2/3h6+h1,1
_ (3+70r2/3x0.045,5-31)Irl,78.J4m Ans.
Therefore required power, p = eyH 0.0283 x 9.A1 x78.34
= = 21.75 kW

Problem 6.14
In a three throw reciprocatint pump, the bore and stroke
in each cylinder is
350 mm and 500 rnm respectively. The pump.telivers
6000 litres o, warer
per rninute against a static head of 120m_ The frictional
head loss in suction
and delivery pipes are 2.5m and 16m respectively. The velocity
of water in
the pipe is l.lmls. If the overall efficiency is 92,r'"
and slip is 2.0,2,, calculate
the speed and power required to drive the pump.
c iven Dala:
Diameter of cylinder, D = 350 rn
Srroke tenSrh, L = 500 mm
. Discharge, Qa = 5000litres per minute 0.1 m3/\
=
St.rtic he.d, Ftr. 120 m
Frictional loss in suction pipe, hfi 2.5 m
=
Frictional Ioss in delivery pipe, hrd = 16 m
Overall efticiency, n = 92'2,
Slip, S = 2-07.
Velocitv of water in the PiPe, v = 1.1 m/s
To Find:
- Speed of the pumP, N
- Power required to drive the PrmP, P-
Solution
No-"tle, S=gf
or, S:1-q
or, 9. : v.o, ..

".- a, =
9
o.ss
r'l
"re,=o*
C) 3LAN
Therefore. --:L
o.98= fi
I{.15}'r
u.l _-3 x0.5 x 4 N
U,% OU

or N = .12.42 rPm Ans

e2
Tolnl he.rd, H = Hr, +h* t hta '-
t11\2
ot, H _120+L5+16+]:_=_ 138.56,rn

500
 Powerrcquired to drive the pturp,

^ QrlH e,yH 0.t . q.8t! I tS 50

150-:{, ll\'Ans
I 0.98x I 0,98 x 0.!2

Problem 6.1s
The bore and skoke of a single acting reciprocaring pump are 100 rnm and
200 mm respectively. Water is to be drawn from a sump 4 m below the
. axis
of pump cylinder through a pip€ of 7 m lont and 70 mm in diamere._ The
lentth of connecting rcd is 400 Inm. lf separation occurs at 2.5 m of water
absolufe pressute, find the maximum permiisible speed of the pump. Take
tr J m oi water as at nospheric pressure.
Given Data:
Cvli.dcr drameter, D= trJo rlm
Stroke-lentth. L = 200 nxr
Suction lifl, Hs. I m
I-ensth of suction pipe, ls = 7 m
Diameter of suction pipe, ds = 70 mm
l,enSlh of connecting rod, L = 400 mm
Separation pressure, Hsep = 2.5 m absolute
Atmdsphenc pressure, Hahn t03 m
To Find:
. Mayimum d os able .peed, N.
- Sslution
200
L-cnBth ot
-2 crank, r - ----mnr. loonxTl

Lct H: = acceleration head

50I
 At the beginning of suction stroke r 'hen sePalation occurs
H.rm-H5-H,.H,.P
or, 10.1-4-H., -25
or, Ha = 3.8 m

H^ g t.i"r'.f ,
Again, .ccelcration head,
d ( ,.,iI
o,.' ta.
7 x ('lo)l x",2.o r,[, , !4.]
9'81 ('o7tz \ u'4tr )
or,a= 4.57 ad/s
2nN
Angular velocity, (l)=;0

or, N = 43.b4 rpm. Ane.

Problem 6.16
In a reciprocatint pump plunger moves in simPle harmonic motion. Prove

th.it the me,rn tn.tional head during <ucLion 15 lIrL where I d, f and
"6o1" 3gd
\'- are the length, diametet friction factor and maximum velocrty of water for
the sucrion pipe respeclively.
Solution
Due to the reciprocatiflg motion, the plunger of a rcciProcating PumP will
have an acceleration at the beginning and a retardation at the end of suction
stroke. Let us consider the diagrarnmatic view of the cranl< and connecting
rod as (hnwn rn Figure P6.16.

502
 length of connecring rod is !,erv L1rge.
- TIle

- The roration of the crank ii uniform.

- The plUnger nul(es sinrple h.rrmoni. motion.

-l--- t.
:l
. _-l-
1180 0

FiB. p6.16

Nomenclature:
Let A = Cross-sectional area of cyiinder
a , Cross-section.rlarea of pipe
o) = Angular velocity of rotating crank
r = Crank radius
d = Diamter of suction pipe
f = Friction factor
v- = Maximum velocity ofwater in suction pipc
I = Lengrh olsrction pipe

' 50-3
 Derivation of Equation:
Lct the crnnk be at an angular distance 0 from its zero Position at a timc t.

IL"n r('r(, 6 0rl

Dr'fl.c(rnc ti'I Plun*cr rn rrnre t. r = I _ rcose = i'rcosot
,-l r

" V-:
Vrl,,.,tv ol rhc L'lunjlcr,
dt
or\jnot
Velocity of watcr in the cvliflc]er, V = or sin ort = ior sin 0
Now, flow of h,ater in the PiPe = flow ofwater in the rylinder
Ir,,nr conlinUily equntion,.r v. A\V x
AA
or, v=-V=-rOsine
aa
Velocity of waterin the iuction PiPe will be maxirnum when 0 = 90('.
A
M1\inl,'m r,.l,ritvol rr'.rtcr. v = r(,
.1

No\a,, v = v,,, sin e

!- r,,r l1 .co\jel
AF.rin.\-ril cGo)
cose=(r-x)/r
-
I .l lr-xl
21
r'- *;11
I
Ilrcrtt,'r..
I '-, I

l
,,r,
,
\-=';.1, [z'.---i
.'l j
I r r-l I

Fl..r.i l,^. (lu( 1,, friction rs Sircn bt

I

- ) -X T^ )l
lr| -" \'--=-:-"\zl: 'tZr -.-l
I
(i)
2gtl 2S.l t . ,')

504
 For h; to tc maximLrm, r{c ha|e
dh
]=(l
d"
t'l.l f, ,.I
: ---l "
Lln-l lt (
llx.l.(l,,r1', \ t .rn,l ttom,\l(r,rti"n (i)
2
tlt
. m.r\rnlrm lrc,rri k,rs - rL, s hrch is lhc cqrrali"n i ,r par'rh"l't'
2gcl
' Now m.'an ordinate of a Parabola is equal to the 2/3 of ttre mat(imlim \''rlu'

llx.rcr(,rc, rx'.,n \,rlue di rrrcrionrlhcn(t

" fl.2 fl.2 t"'"'
I
.i';,fr d
ProFlellr 5-17
Thc Lrorc nnd sh{)kc ()f a sinille actin,j r.riProcaiinil PumP ^rr 1{l{) nrnr 'nd
l{)(t mm rcsPcctivel}- The suttio'1 PiPc is l' nrm diamcter 'lrrd ir m lorrs
. Wntcr is k) be dl"wn from .r sumP 4 m ttclow the PumP c) Iirdcr axis Thc
-l(l nrni
PumP clclivcrs thc 'ater to a heiSh' of lJ m through a l8 m long an'l
dLrmotcr piPe. If soParati()n occLrrs at helo\v ihc aimosPheric Pressrr( '
78m

iirrd thc maxinrum Pcrmissiblc slrecd lri the pump' Takc bart)rretric Prcsstl11]
as 760 mm of meruur\'.
C iven DalI:
CUinrlcr dinmcter, D = 1{)ll mm
. qtrokc lunAtlr I -'l)ll n)m
Suction liat, HF = l nr
Dclitcry hcight, H.l = 1{ m
L!'ngth of sucti(nl PiPc, l. = 6 m

505
 Length of delivcry pipc, Ici = 18 rrr
Slrction pip.'rtiamete., cls =-15 mnl
Dclivr'rv piI,c diametcr, dd =-lt) mm

Atmospheric pressurc, Hatm = 760 mm of mercun-

Scparation pressure, H..p = 7.8 below atmosPherL'

To Find:
- M.rrirnum permissiblc spcL.rl of lhe pump,N.

Egflrlier!
Ahrospheric pressure, H.t.. = 760 mm of Hg-
= 0.76 x 13 6 m of \vater
= 10.34 m of water'
Separation pressure, Hsep = (10.34'7.3) m absolute
= 2.54 m absolute.
Lcl H.r =.ccclerdtion he.(i
At the begirning of suction stroke condition of separation.
Hatm-Hs-Ha=H<ep
or, 10.31 -4-Ha =2.54
' or. H3 .1.8 m
IA
AE.rin. H I
gas
rli- 6 / r)r \2
l
) u:0
_^
981 \o.01s/^, -2
w = 3.55;radls
 or :n\
= 3.55
.60
-
At the encl of deli\,ery stroke condition of separation is
Hah+ru-H.i=Hsep
or 10.34 I1{-Hr-2.5{
or, Ha = 21.8 m
LA r
Now, H,- '.-.'l)'r
. g a.r
18 t _o.r \2 o.m .,
27_A=_\l | \cD-x_
9-81 \004/ 2

or, w = 4-36rad/s
_2rN _ /.-6
, t,0
\ .l 1.61 rpm

Mdxrn m .ltlowable sper',1 rrf thc pump will be lhc lower vnhrl,.
So, maximum allolr'able specd = 33.9 rpm- Ans.

Problem 6.18
In a reciprocating pump the pislon has simple ha r:rnonic motion- Thc r-elocity
oa water in the suction pipe during th€'suction stroke \.aries betw(]en zero
ancl V. Prove that the mean fraction head to be orercome during the stroke is
fLV2 / 3gd where, L, d and f are the length, dhrneter and friction factor for
the sucl i,,n pipe respecti!elv

507
 Solution

Fig- ?6.18
Given Data:
L = Lcrrgth ofsuction pipe
V = \'laximrur !cl()citv of lvater in suctioi PiPe
(l - Dirmelur ',1 'rr(ti, FtPc
f = Friction tack)r f(rr:;!cti()n PiPc
Ltl \ \i'l,rrlv.'f w,rhr rn -ucti('n PiPc
a = Cross-sectil)nal .re.l of piPc
A = Cross=sectiorral .1rca of piston
r = Crank radius
Derivation of Equation:
_
l']isk)n disPllcement, x =r-rcosq = r- r coswt where q=wt
\',\\ c,,\,1 I \r
Vclocily of pist()n = dx,/dt = ra)\inc)t = r(r)\ine

5 (,,{
 I ronl cor)liniril! c,lu,,lx rr.
cr.,ss-sLrliirr,ll,rr(,r .,, l)r110 \ r cl,'.rl \, ,' uirl( r
= cross-scctional aroa of piston y \-.'locit], of Pist,n
.r \'= A rw sinq
Therefore, \'= A/a Il{,sinq (1)
M.-tximum (ek)cit.v of water, V = A/a rw (2)

From equations (1) and (2). rvc ha!e.

r. =V.i !
r.., v: (l c(,\rqt
' r ''l
", ,, = v,l r_lr_l)
L Ltl
I

v'J1\ \
lr i)
I

lt,lr(lto:sd.er(,r.cl,.,n ttr': tLV:/lx-^ lwhich rs thc coLr.rr,rn t,r.r

2gd 2sdIr r )
l'.,r.rlt,,1.,
I l)c m.\imum ordrn.iu:.,t oarabola =
[V' *t"n" ,
' 2gd
Mcan ordinate of parnbola = 2)3 x maximum ordinate
2 ft v'1 tLv:
=-x-=- Proved.
3 2Ed 3gd
PlqLk!! 6.19
A single acting reciproc.lting pump has a piston of 100 mm diameter and .1
stroke of 200 mm. Ihc motion and rlelivery heads are 3 m and 7 m
respecti\'€lv. The lenSths of the suction and deli\ery pipes are 6 m .rnd 21 m
 respectively- The diameter oi both the PiPes is 8l) Dlm. Speed oI the PUmP is
35 rPm an.t the friction f.rctor ior both the pip('s is 0.03. Find thc pressure
hcad in the cylinder at the begmnirrg, middle .rnd encl of thc suction and
(lcli!pr) slrnl(,s. Find also lhe 1r,u'er required tI drive lhe pump. lake 10.3
m of water as atmosptreric pressure.
Given Data:
Prcton D,nmcler, D. (l.l(l m
Stroke lcngth, L = 0.2 *
. . ,, -
Slrction he.1(1, Hs = 3 m
Deli\i,ry hcrd, H,t = 7 m
S(ctk'n prt)('lentlh, I, = b m
Dclivery Fipe length,ld = 21 m
D,.rm"r.r (,i L,orh pipcs, (l = 0.09 m
I'r'mF.t'eed, N 35 rpm
Friction fack)r, f = 0.03
Atmrhph.ri. pressure, H.rt = 10.3 m of w.rter

---[-
t,

Stroke length
Fig P619
5lo
 To Find:
- Cylinder pressure head at the beginning, middlc arld end of
the suction and deli\€ry strokes.
- Pon-er required to drive the pumP, P
Solulion
2ftN 2n x 35 .\_b7
Ansutar velffirv. t,)=:- tad/s
60 60
Crank radius, r ' L/2 = 0.1 n
Considerint suction stroke:
Maximum accelerdtion head.
' n2
( rol
ll,-!.A12.-j ',L-,,13.67;21 16 = rzem

Maximum head loss due to friction,

r r t0r',
Lt -llt,1-,2= '01"6 t4
zga a 2<9.a1/oat ^.to<l.b7l2-0.018m
;(.oc)-
At the beginnin8 ofsuction stroke pressure head
= Hat - Hs - Ha = (10.3 3-1.29)m=6.01 m abs('lute Ars.
At the middle of suction stroke Pressure head
= Hat - Hs - hf = (10-3 -3-0.038)n=7.26 absolute Aft
^
At the end of suction stroke pressure head
= H.rr - Hs - H.r = (10.3 - 3 + 1.29)m = 8.59 m absolute. Ans.
ConsiderinS delivery slroke:

5r I
 Maximum acceleration he.rd,
ot'to'2
r.Ar
Hi - :-o'.--
,, irr.67)_r.10=4stm
'- tr1
t !r ".8t 9612
4
M.r\imum head loss due to lfl(lion
!,,^,2
Il . A , -0'1 .2I ,-x
h. :3(-r(o)- = |Jxr
^\'t!' 10x3.67'- .o_I]m
' zFd d 2 Yq 8l^ 08 oat2
4
At the beginnint of delivery-stroke pressure head
= H.r + Hd + IA^ = (10.3 + 7 + 4.51)m = 21.81 m absolute Ans.
At lh: middle of delivery stroke pressure head
= Hat + Hd + hf= (10.3 + 7+ 0.13)m = 17-43 m absolute Ans-
At the end of Cellvery stroke pressrrr. head
= Hat + Hd - Ha = (10.3 + 7 - 4.51)n = 12.79 mabsoltte Ans.
Weight of water dischargecl per second,
W- VIAN -981 .0.?,::/(0
? r '15
10f .-_ScoxtO-'[N/s
h04oO
Now, power required to drive the pump
2
= wlH. + Ha + -(total fliciional loss)l

-8.ao\ tO-. 1.1_7 /:i0.0.rr -0.t3)t -0.0et kW Ans.

Illqb.lclll 6.20
lh. bore and strole or .1 sin8le actin8 recrprocaring pump are 200 mm and
:100 mm respectively. It raises water to a height of 18 m above rhe pump
tllrolrSh a delivery pipe of 130 mm diameter and 36 m long_ Calculate rhe
specd at which the pump c.in run without separation on the delivery side if

5l:
 (i) the delivery pipe runs frorn the punlp first verrically ancl thcn
horizontallydii) the.lelivery pipc runs first horironraliy and then \.ertrc.illl,.
Take separation pressure as 2.5m of water absohtte.
Civen Data:
Cvlirrler bore (lrametpr, D = 200 mm
Stroke length, L = 400 mm
Delivery heighL Hd = 18 m
Delivery pipe diameter, d = 130 mrn
I-ength of delivery pipe, ld = 36 m '
Separdtion pressure, H+p = 2.5 m
To Find:
- Maximum permis-sible specd. af the pump without separati4h.
SolrrEs!
Let.tmospheric pressure,' H.,r = 10.3 m of warer

+H.
(H +H.-H )

(a) (b)
Fit.P6.20

5t-1
Crank radius, r = L/2 = 0.2 m
(a) When the deliver)'PiPe first rises vertically, the Possibility
of separarion will be al lhe elbow and al the errd oldeli\ erv
slrol'e.
condition, H.1 + H.1 - H1 = Fl
For iile limihng o
o'r, 103+0-H"=25
or, Ha=7.8m
t. A
\ow ncceleration head, Ha . r'-.j.{r2r
8as

ot
Jb,
78:_x-xtJ.J-xtJ.2
g.gl ,r
(- r-.t 12
4'
or w =2.12rad/s
or, -:.12
N = 20.24 rpm
(b) When the delil ery pipe first runs horizontally and then vertically, the
value ofabsolute pressure at the elbow = Hn1+ Fl6 - H1
Consiclering the possibility of seParation at the end of delivery stroke,
Hlr + Hd - H. . H,co
r0.l , r8 - H. 2.5
or, H, . 25.8 m
l, 2
Asain,.rcceleralron head, H., --. ^- d-r
ti is

-
:.s:-ia,
r,,,2
1 ''
^. 9.81 lt . ,..2 ^.2
.o.z

Jl'r!'

514
 or, r!. = 3.S6 rad/s
2,rN
= 3-86

or. \ lh.6h rpm

Maximum permissible speed of the pump without separation wodd be the
one wilh ,ower \alue.
Therefore, maximum permissible speed = 20.24 rpm- Ans;

IIqLlsE b.2l
Find .rn e\pression for the pressure head in lhc cylinder of d reciProc,rlint
irtrmp during <leiivery stroke with air vessel.

Soiution
By fitting an air vebsel on the delivery side fluctu.ttion of pressure takes place
bcth,cen the c\lincler and thc air vessel and the fl1,!\- becomes uniform Lreyond
thc rrr \ c-.scl.

- lhr t,'1,'n h,,s \imtlc Ir.rrm,,nic molron.

- ThU cr.rnk l).r- Lrnrl(,rnr m.,lrn
- Air vessel is very L1rge.
- Thcch.rnte of w.rler Ierel in lhc.rir\'essel is netlected.

5t5
 Fig. I'6.21 Prrmp with ai 'essels.
Nomenclature:
Let ld = length of dclivery pipe after air vesscl
l' = lcngth of dclivery pipc bch^/een air ve-sel anrl cyLnder
d.t = diameter ofdeliveiy pipe
vr = uniform vclcilv of water in delivery pipc after air vessel
H.t = static delivery head
H.r = .r( cclerdlroll Ir.ad
Hf = hc.r\-i loss due Io lrictro

Hk, krnehcenertyduc ti) llnrform velo<rly per unitweighl f

5r6
 Derivation of Equation:
Frictional loss due ro the unifolm tlow in delivcry pipe for the tength 1.1 1s
eqLral lo
fl.vl
' 2sdn
This frictional loss will be considered when calculating the pressure head at
the beginning, middle and end oI stroke and it will remain same.

' Acceleration head in delivery pipe between cytinrler

and air vessel is given by
l^
H. = l:1ar'?..arg
' 8aa
. Vel{rity ol flow before atr vesset - Ararsin0
At the beginning and at the end of the stroke this velocity is Zero. So the
frictional loss for the length lv wjll not be (onsidered at the two end
positions.

- At the beginning of delivery shoke, O = Oo, coso = 1 and sino = 0

Pressure headin the cytinder ar the beginning of delivery

stroke, H = static head + head loss due to friction + accelerating head +
kinetic energy.

or, n=g-' * fluui * I' A.,.* ui

2qdd I a,r 2g
- At the middle of delivery stroke, 0 = 90o, sine = 1 and coso = 0

517
 Accelcrating head Ha is equal to zero BuithetelocityoIflorvatthisPointis
A
mn\inrum .ind i< eqral to r(o . fhe fri( lion I,,.- f',r lhr lenbih I' will h.rve
n.r

lo be i onsi.lere(l
Press re head at the middle of detl ery shoke js Fivei bJ'

n.vl fi'.1-(orl{--
lA )- "i
-H -H," Fs'
2gd. 29d,, [a, ) 28
- At the end of delivery stroke, o = 18{P, coso = -1 and sino = 0
Accelerating head is ne8ative in lhis case.
Pressure head at the end of delivery str:oke,
rr-u,*fld l'rA.'.,"1-
" 2gd, g aa 2g
The pressure head H is.the gauge pressure. The absolute Pressure head is
gi'renby
H.* H.,..: -u
Erqhlsa 6.22
Find an er<pression for the pressure head in the cylinder of a reciProcating
pnmp durinS suction shoke with air vess€I.
Solution
Bv fitting an air vessel on the suction side, flucrundon of Pressure takes piace
behveen the cylinder and air ressel and the flou' becomes uniform before thc
air vcssel- ahe vc'locity oiwater r1'i1l aiso be uniform bcfr:re air |essel.
Assumptions:
- The piston h.rs simple harmonic motion.
I he crank h.rs Lrnilorm moti,,n.

518
 - Air vessel is very large.
- The change olwater level in the air vessel is neglected.

Fig. P6.22 Pump with air vr,ssels.

Nomen(lature:
Let 1. = length oI suction pipe before air vessel
l, = length of suction pipe between cylindcrand.-lir vesscl
ds = diimeter of suction pipe
vs = uniform velocitv of water in suction pipe before air v6sel
Hs = static suction lift
Ha = acceleration head
hf = head loss due to friction

H&f, = kinetic energy due to uniform velo€ity per v!

unit weight=
2E

519
 Derivation of Equation:
Frictional loss due to the uniform flow in suction PiPe fol the length ls is
eqLrai to
, ft.v:
' ,g{-
Acceleration head in suction PiPe between.ylindcr and aa vessel is Siven by
IA
H-' = r-o'rcoso
.A I a.
-:rtosin0
Velocily of flow after air vessel =

At the beginning and at the end of the stroke rhis velocity is zero so the
frictional loss fo, the length lv will not be considered at the two end
positions.
'- At the beginning of suction stroke, q = 0o, cosq = 1 ancl sinq = 0
Norv pressure head in the cylinder at thebeginning of the suction
stroke,. Ht = static head + accelerating head + head loss due to friction +
kinetic energy.
I A - fl vl vi
or, H =H.+r-(,J'r+:++-
28d- zt
I .-
- At the micldle o( suction stroke, q = 90o, sinq = 1 and cosq = 0
Ac.elerating head is eqlral to zero. But the velocity of flow at this Point is
A
m..\imLrm nnd i5 equal Io lr(lj the friclron.ll loss lor the lenSth Iv wrll
a.
h.rve to br con\idered.
I hcrelorF, pressure head at the mrddle of suction 'troke.

H.=H ' l,:f

v? n /e \r r-vl
rt
2sd- 2sd.la.
-urrl ./ 2t
-l

520
I

- At the en.l of srction stroke, (l = 18Uo, cosq = I and sinq = {)

Acceleraiing head is negatiYe ir this case.

llcssurc hon,l nt lhcend ofsrrchon slroke,
H -H - I r!:--L\.A.,':r,I=
2gd g ,'. 29
The pressure head Hr is the gauge pressure. The absolute pressure head is
given by
H-0. = H..,- -H,

Problem 5.23
Find the percentoge of work saved by fitting ai. \'essels to a single acting and
a doubie acting reciprocating pump.
Solution
For a iecipr.rcating pump equippecl with air vcssels, th€ accelerating and
lflcli,,n.rl lrcnd- on bolh lh( sucli(,n ,rnd deli!cry ,idcs nrc rc(luccri. r\ hich
rt'sults in the savint of some energy. The following deduction applies to either
slrction or delii'erv strokes- l,et Lrs consider a re(iprocating pump fitted with
air vcssels on suction and delivcrv pipes.
Nomenclature:
Let L = Length of the stroke
A = Cross-sectionai area of piston
N = Spced of rhe pump in rFrn
h = Antul,ir velo(rry of the crank
1= l-ength of suction or detivery pipe
a = Cross-sectional area of pipe
r = Radius of the crank

521
 \. = Velocity of lvater in PiPe
W = Weitht ofwater PumPed Pcr second
Q = Volume flow rate
f Friction factor fnr PrPes
d = Diameter of pip.
First the percentage of work saved for single actirlg PumP will be considered.
Then the percentaSe ofwork save for double actinS PumP will be Presented.
Derivation of Equations:
- Sin8le acting pump:
The work done pe. se.ond in overcoming Piie friction without air vessel is

\/ 2 tltA \'
w\_x-t
'= 3 2gd\ -rir,
a i
J

The average velo.ityofwater beyond air vessel is uniform anC is gil'en by the
discharge divided by the cross-sechonal area of the PiPe.
I hcrelorr-'
.) t.AN 2tA 60at
\'=':=-
2nN
, 6rl^n a^6Ll 21t 50

or, I -- A.-
rrrr
A'T
Now, rvork done per second against friction with air vessel
flv) fl , A rto i']
W-=W\::-W< - -a n
'
I
2gd 28d. l
'i hereforc. Bork done b) httind nrr \e<<el
tv,' . w,_ --Wll.1'A- rt'rt112
I.l\
2gdl.r
:-
3 ft-l

5l:
 Nora,, percentage of uork sated per second
21
w.-w-
_--. ;-_:
t00=., _a .t00,84.8,,. Ans.
w2
'3
- Double acting pump:
Tlrc work dAne per second in overcoming pipe friction wirhout air \€ssel is

w.=w A I9 l
' ^at 'r-l
3 2gd\a n/
Vclocily of wdter in the pipe with.ir r'essel
Q 2LAN 2x2rA 60(l) 24 fl,,
. 60\a 60x.r 21t a ,r
Work savc<i per seconrl in orercoming triction wiih dir ve,ssel

w.-w"J
' 2gd'.1'-2A
fS'l'
( a n,/
Percehtage ofwork saved persecond
24
w.-w_> t00= ;--r
J-rLxl00- 39.2,/,, Ans.
-- w2
3
Ptoblem 6.24
Find expressions for the rate of fiow into and our of.air \.essels. Find also the
crank angles correspondint to no flow ink) or oul ofair i.essels.
Solution
Lct us considcr a .eciprocating pump fitted $.ith air vessels in both thc
suction and delivery pipes. For finding the rate of flow into ancj out ofan air
vesset both thesintle actint and the doubleactin)j pump wilt be considcred.
 Nomenclature:
I-et A = cross-sectional .1rea of cylinder
.r = c.^{\ \ectional are.r of pipe
r = crank rndius
w = angular velffity ofcrank
q = angul?r disPlacement olcrank
Discharge in and out of air vess€l
a. Delivery Pipe Air Vessel:
. considerint the delivery pipe fitted with air vcssel, the velocity of wate..
bevond the air l,essel is constant. The velocity oi water from the cylinder to
the air vessel is subjected to acceleration and retarclation.
- SinSle acting pump:
Vclocitv of r*1ter in the delivery pipe froir, the cylinder p to the air vessel
-_A^
-r(l) stnu
a
Discharge from the cylinder = Area of pipe x velocity of water
= I x l- rcrrsin 0 -.\tosin6
a

Vr'locrl) of h rtcr in rhu prp,,hcvnnd ,rrr ves.el I r(D

an
Discharge in the deliver,,pipe beyond air vessel = Area of pipe x Velocity of
wil.r=i^--=
A rr,r Arot
.r ta ,I
Iiat!'of fk)w from air vessel = Disch.lrge beyond air vessel - Disclu{ie from
thccylin({er !' -A,,osrno=A,t,iI-.i,eI
fi \fi )

_s l.t
 If this equation is positive, it means that the dischaBe is taking place from
the air vessel- But if this equation is ne8arive, it means that rhe discharge
is
t.rlint pl.tce inlo the arr r essel.
Crank anSles for no flowl
lt \
For no low, Arol - ,in I l- o
l,r )
or, sine =
l
or, 0 t8oj4, lol026'
Thus for crank angle 18034 arld 161026. there will be no flow into or
ftom the
air vessel.
- Double acting pump:

Velocity of water beyond air vesset = 34 rr 19

,ar
Discharge in the delivery prpe be) ond air v$sel
2A t0)
=2;__=241Q
arfi
Dscharge from the cylinder Arwsinq
Rate of flora/ from air vessel = dis.harge beyond the air vessel _ discharge
From the cylinder

= 2AI9 - Aro) sino

(2
._5ineJ\
- ArurJ
rE )
If this equation is positive the discharge is from the air vessel. lt this
equation is negative, it means that the dischargc is tatint place into the
air
vessel from the cylinder.

525
 Crank angles for no flow:
/2
Ar@l .;,,e)-o
I
"r no fl,'w of liqui<i, r )
2
or sino - -
r
ot, e =39032, 110028'

For crank angle 39032 and 14Oo28 there will be no flow into or {aom the air
vessel For a double acting PumP.

b- Suclion Pipe Air Vessel:

In the case of a sLrcLion PiPe fitted water with uniform
r".'ith air i'essel,
veiocity enters the air vessel. The velocity of water from the air vessel to the
cylinder is subiecteci to ac.elet?tion and retardation.
- Single aEting pump:
Discharge from the air vessel = Discharte into tlte cylinder - discharge ftom
/rine II
sucHon pipe upto lhp alr vessel = Aro( - (i)
fi )
- Double acting pump:
Discharse from the air,**, = a..[r,.e - ?) (ii)

If the values of equations (i) and (ii) are Positive, the discharge will be from
the air vessel to the cylinder. If the values of theso equations are negative, the
discharge witl be from the suction PiPe into theair vessel.
. The values of crank angles will be same as before for no flow conditions.
nroblem 6.25
are 200 n1rl1 :ll1d
The bore and stroke of a sin8le acting reciProcaling PumP
4OO mm resPectively. The lenBth of delivery
piPt! is 42 m and its diameter is
vessel in the delivery PiPe
70 rnm. Find the Power saved by fitting a large air
the PiPe and the
at a distance 2.5 m from the cylinder' Take f = 0 04 for
PumP ruis at 50 rPm.
Given Data:
Cylinder dimeter, D = 200 mm
Stroke l,ength, L = 400 rnm
L€ngth ot delivery PiPe,ld = 42 m
Diameter of delivery PiPe, d -- 70 mm
Pump speed, N = 50 rPm
Friction factor, f = 0.(A

To Find:
- Power saved by fittingair vessel in the delivery PiPe'
Solul ion
By fitting air vessel, frictional work done will be reduced for the length'
(42 ' 2.5) tt
= 39 .5 m.
weight of water discharged per secofld,

_ YLAN
- -_,.rrrg.4r!rc.2f
-4
x50
/s
tv -0.103kl\i
60 0u
Let l=39.5m
Crank radius, r = L/2 =0.4/2 rn = 0'2 r^

527
 Maxinurn velcrity of l't,ater in the PiPe rvithoLrt air vessel,

A r tr / 4lr0.:,2
xU.l _2,150 -
I 60
=U.))m/s
'r lftl4r\o1t'
Work done against friction in the delivery PiPe without air vessel
, , tl\? 2
,:.'" 61 t\.)5xt15s?
'' kNm
'"'':L-t.77"'"'
I I -W'h f =oro'r^:. '--0101 1
3 J 2Ed zvc8tx0.O7
Unilorm velocity of water in the PiPe without air vessel,
11- A rar 8-55 /./2m
- _^ / s
_ ---
aE
-= friction in the delivery pipe with air vessel,
Work done against
tk1 rut3s5xr.7a'2 LNm
I'^ =Wh -o.ro-!1. '-O.,Oa' =nrr-
z t ?gd 2t9.41\a-o7
Now power saveo by ;;ii;',; arr vessel,
LNd
I, l) - 15.77 . i.a77t 4 80 \l4 Ans.

Problem 6.26
The bore and stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 200 m ancl
il00 mm respectively. The length of suction pip( is 13 m.and its diameter is
120 mm. The purnp raises w.lter from a sump which is 3.5 m below the PumP
cylincler. The length of connecting rod is 1-2 m and the crank rotares at 25
!Pm. Find the pres.Lrre in lhe cvlrnder al the beqinning ol sucrron (.r)
"trolc
$hen there is no ve..el: rbl hhcn,ln air ves.cl is fitted 1.5 m lrom lhc
cylinder in the suction pipe. Take f = 0-04 for the pipe.

52tt
 Given Data:
Cylinder diameter, D = 200 mm
Stroke length, L = 400 mm
Suction head, H. = 3.5 m
SLrction pipe lenSth. ls l3 m
Diameter of suction pipe, ds = 120 mm
l,ength of cortnecting rod, lc = 1.2 rn
Speed of the crank, N = 25 rpm

" l'richon factor, f = 0.04

To Find:
' - Pressure head in the cylinder at the begirming of suction stroke.
SolutioE
Atmosphenc pressure, Har = 10-3 m of water.
Crank radius. r=!
2
(a) Without ai. vessel:
Angular velocily, d!
2,rN ?r x -z5
--
-=2-62Hd/r
(i) Considedng simple harmonic motion of the piston.
At the beginning of suction stroke acceleration prcssure head,
nto.zt?
I . - ,, lt. o'"'' , (2.62), . E
Ha=-!.4,2,=
a o.8l = s.os^
I n
rO]rZr2 2
4
Pressure head in the cylinder = Hat - FL - Ha
= (10.3 - 3.5 - 5.05) m = 1.75 m
absol te.

529
 (ii) If sirnple harmonic motion is not assumed'
Acceleration head at the beginning of suction stroke,

,. -l.: 1,,.i,, ,..]=#,"#, otzt *e!"(,, en)-sen-

\ c,/ ito-t
zt-

Pressure head in the cylinder at the begiming of suclion stroke

= lat - H" - Ha = (10.3 - 3.5 - 59) m = 09 mabsolute'
(b) With air vessel: "' '

Uniform velocity of water in the suction DiPC,

o.ix!rc.2f x2s
..,L4I= i =0.+0.7"
w.. 0.ax_(0.12)-y60
4
tt,2 o.o4 x 115 <r0.46)2
He.rd los".llrc to
"'"_ -' h.i =
Iriclron, ---
28d< 2/9A1 <A-12
here, I = (13 - l 5) m = 1I.5m
(i) Considering simPle harmoruc motionolPiston'
Acceleration head,
n
,o z'2
,, r'--
''n g'a
- 4,,,,:,-.-ll , +\"'' ,12.62f ,91=s.5a^
n 2'
".U, r1_rr,,, 4',
here, l" = 1.5 m
in the cylinder at the begilning of suction stroke
Presslr re head

= Hat - Hs - Ha - hf = (10.3 - 3-5 - 0.58 .. 0.041) m = 6.18 m absolute-

510
 (ii) Iisimple harmonic motion is not assumed.

Acceterarion head. H...!,1",r.fr .) / ^)\

o e o -'('-r -,J'0.68m
J'-o,is1t,t
Pressure head in lhe cylinder at
the beginnir€ of suction strcke
= Har - Hs - Ha - hr= (10.3 _ 3.5 _ 0.68 - 0.041) m
= 6.08 m absolute. AnE.

Prnblem 6-2?
In a single acting reciprocating pump piston
nroves in simple harmonic
motion. Prove that the ratio of the work done
atainst friction when the air
vessels arc fined to that in the
absence of ail vessels is 4. Consiae,
2na
deiiveryshoke only.
Solution
Let us consider a singie acting reciprocating
plpe whose piston moves in
simple hnrmonic motion.
Nomenclature:
Let L = Length of the stroke
A = Cross-sectional area ofpiston
N = Speed o, the pump in rpm
w - Angular velocity of the crank
I = t-engrh of delivery pipe
a = Cross_s€ctional area of pipe
r = Radius oI the cranl
v = Velocity of water in pipe
W = Weight of water pumped per second

J3t
 Q = Volume flow rate
f = Friction factor for-PiPe
d = Diameter of delivery PiPe

- Work done without air vessel:

v2
Head toss due to friction in PiPe =
Ad
4trosino
Now vetocity of water in the delivery PiPe, v =

Velocity is rnaximum whm 0 q(P

hf =
ft (A \2
Therefore, maxifluli, head loss,
)ra l;ttJ
air vessel is
The work done f,er second in overcotuing PiPe ftiction without

w1 = w','2sd
2 rt (A, \2
l;r'/
-work done with airvessel:
The average velocity of water is uniform and is given by
the discharge

divided bv the cross_secliondl area of the PiPe'

o LAN 2tA o0(,) 2TN
There(ore,v=i-a;-r.uo"; srnceo,
;d-
A
v=-x- r0)
or' all
Now, work done Per second against friction with afu vessel

. .. ftu2 ,,, fl I A {l)2

w2=w x_. *"rgdl;;J

532
7.
I
I

Hence, the ratio of the work done

against frictj()n when the air vessels ate
fillc(l lo thnt in the absen.e of air vessels

w1f 1'(D 12
2g<l ( arl 3
Proved.
2n'
'"3'#(*-)'
Problem 5.28
Th€ bore and stroke oF a single acting
reciprocaiing pump are 120 mm and
220 mm respectively. fhe lengths
of suction and delivery pipes are 4 m and
14 m resp€ctivel),. The diameter
of both the pipes is Z0 mm- The suction head
is 3 m and the delivery head is 9m. .
raised a riquid or speciric
sraviry
delivery pipe very close to the cylinder.
#"ffi::y'"#:T*Lr$:
If separation takes place at a
pressure of 7-5 m of water below
atmosphere, calculate &e power
rluired to
drive the pump- Take f-= 0.04 for the pipes.
C.rlculate also rhe maxjmum
speed with which the pump can run
without sepnration.

Given Data:
Bore Diameter, D - I20 rnln
Stroke lengrh, I 220 mm
Sr<tion pipe lcngrh,ls 4 m=
Delr! ory prp. tcn6lh, t.i . t1m
Dameter of piper d = 70 mm
Suction head, H. = 3 m

531
Deliveryhead,Hd=9m
F.i.tion (actor, f = 0-04
Specific gravitY of liquid = 1 25
To Find:
- Powerrequired to &ive the PumP' P'
- Maximum allowable sPeed of the PumP'
N
Solution
Crank radius, r = L/2 = 110 mm
A(celeration head in suction PiPe'
l.A
H,< = :-(,)
2r
ea
4 rztz.
lt
H*=;";"i:;'l?-,1
1znr.r 12.0.,1= 0.0([15N2
"
- -- )
7\!/
For sepalation not to occui
H5r H25=H5sP
or, 3+0.00145N2=75
or, N = 55.71 rpm Ans.
22*!1.1212,<55.71
- LAN
Now discharge, O = -;" =
4 _ =(x)23tmr/s
-- *
.) fl)t3 t u'o m / s
pipe, vd =
velociry of water in delvery ; = ;-=- =
4'
Heacl loss due to friction indelivery PiPe'
-.2 B'14"tn)1
,,
"fd -illd= =u.,+r,n
zEd 2y9.8tx.07

514
. lvith air lessel acceleration head in cleliverv piN beyond air vessel is zero
i.e- Had = 0-
At the begirming ofsuction srroke, hfs = 0.
- Acceleration head in suction pipe, Has = 0.00145 N2 = 4.5 m
Now toral head, H = Hs + Has + hfs + Hd + Had + hfd
=(3+4.5+0+9+0+ 0.747) m = 16.65 rn.
Power required to drive the pump,
' P=QyH=.00231x9.81 x 1.25x 16.65 =0.47kW. Ans.

Problem 6.29
- The bore and stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 120 mm and
240 rrun respectively. The axis of the pump cylinder is horizontal and 3.8 m
above the level of the water in the sump. The suction pipe is 70 rnm diameter
and 10.5 m long. An air vessel is firted in thc suction pipe close to the
cylinder. Calculate the work done durint the suction siroke h.hen (a) the
pump runs at normai speed of60 rpm with the airvessel fuctioning normallyj
O) the air vessel is blocked and the pump runs at half normal speed to avoid
knoclint. fale f 0.01for the pipe.
Given Data:
Cylinder bore diameter D = 120 mm
Stroke length, L = 240 rnjn
Su.tionhe.id.H5=38m
S.rction pipe diameter, d = 70 mm
Su( tion pipe lentth, I . t0.5 m
\ormal speed of pump. N - 60 rpm
Friclion l.)ctdr, f 0.01

535
To Findi
Work done Per stroke with air vessel fuctioning'
- Work done Per stroke with air vessel not functioninS'

. Fig.P6-29

sdqliq!
(a) with air vessel functionihg normally, considerirg Fig 6'29(a)
LAN
Discharge Q ;

516
 Average vetocity of water in suction PiPe,

^ .24"-(.12f \60 o.7l m/s

v4
" (.07)'x6o
4 -=
flv:
":' .ot > ro.5 y (.7 t)2
I '"
Head loss due to -"" '
friction, -r
h. -
28d
-0'l2m
2Y98lx-07
t Net pressure on PistorL P=8(lL+hr)
I
1 - 9.81 (3.8 + 0'12)
38.46 kN/mz
. Work done per stroke - PAL' 3s. 46 24 - 104 39 Nm Ans'
x
;(.12)2x
(b) When the air vessel is blocked, the water in the PiPe will accelerate and
the inertia head will have maximum acceleration head Ha'

Velocitv of wdter in suction pipe = :A rw sinq

Maximum velocity of water in suction PiPe,

?i -^.2
A 24 2tt \ 30
V- -r.o- ^t-ttt <-x-
60
" 4
t.o.t )-

= l-llm/s

flv .0r.t05!tt.trl2
Head loss due lo
- friction, h!t - :28d; - --2'98lto7 '- u'zar m

5t7
MeanlLead loss due to friction = :hf

Mean pressure during srction stroke, P = 8(Hs + 2/3 x hd

=9.81 13.8 + 2/3 x 0.283)
= 39.13 *N/m2

n
Work done Per stroke =P}.L=39.13x-li.r2)2x.24 =106 21Nm Ans'

Elqble4 6.30
The bore and stroke of a double acting reciP,ocating PornP are 170 mm and
and delivery
350 mm resPectively. The PumP runs at 35 rPnL The suction
pipes are 5 rn and 95 m iong. The diameter of both the PiPes is 100 mm-
Larte.iir vessels are fitted on both the PiPes thnt on the suction PiPe being
1.5m away from the cylinder, and that on the dclivery PiPe 7 m away The
suction and ctelivery heads are 3.5 m and 52 m r(sPectively Find the load on
the piston rod at the beginning of a stroke. Take i = 0'04 for both the PiPe'

Given Data:
Cylinder diameter, D = 170 mm
Stroke length, L = 350 rnrn
Speect of lhe pumP, N 15 rPm
Su"tion pipe lentth, l. = 5 m
Delivery pipe length,l,r = 95 m
fipe dr mclcr. d = 100 rnJn
Suction head; Hs - 3.5 m

5:18
Delii'ery head, Fl1 = 52 m
Fri(tion factor, f '004

To Find:
- Load on the piston at the beginning
of a stroke '

Solution
Let subscript 1 refer to 7 m of deliv€ry PiPe
2 refer to 1'5 m of suction PiF
3 refer to (95 - 7) m = 88 ti of delivery PiPe
4 refci to (5 - 15) m ='35 rn of $rction PiP€'

Ira
HaL

ti-
f
1-
'r,braL
iB Zero pressure liDe

Fig. P6.30

539
 At the beginning of a stroke Pressu-re on suction side = AB
At the begirming of delivery skoke Pressure = CD
Now, pressure head on suction side, Hl = Hat - I! - H"z - hr,l
Pressure head on delivery side, H2 = Har + Hd + Ha1 + hfr
Pressure head on piston = H2 - Hr
=Hat + Hd + Hal + hB _ Hat + Hs + Ha2+ hIa
=Hd +IL1 +hI3+Hs+ fL2 + hra (1)

I-
Crankradius,r=-=175ttm
2
2rN 2trx35
--::'::':: 3.67nd/s
Angular velocily, o, - '
-60- =

ceneral eqiration of acceleration head = 1.4ro2.

aa
- -.(
7..4 l7)'
Now' Hal - g8l tr , x{l.o/)'x.t?5=486m
4
_x(.tjf
aqain H _ j,| \ !-1_^rJo7lx.t75=1.0'l m
vl l/]t'
A

Volume flow rate from the cylinder, q = 4@

Velocity of water for pipes 3 and 4,

2r-AN .2..Jtx:\(.17)2x15
!' = :=_:_: - { -l.l8m/s
ax60 trrr to,2x6o
4
 ..
Frr.honil loss lor Droe I' htl Ix 88' v .Lr4,t8i(1.18,'
=
2ad 2 Y9.81\.10

t 1lr v2 ()4^ t 5xrl I8r?

Frictional lo"s lor DiDe 4-' h-14- ^ 2ad - 7x 9.8lx.lo
-r).10m
-
Pressure head on piston from equation (1)

. h= (52 + 4.a6 + 2-5 +35 + 1-04 + 0.10)lrii = 64 nf

Therefore, force on pistun ='Er x A = 9.s I x 64 x ! x (. t1l2 = 4.25}N

t

Problem 6.31
A double actint reciprocatinS pump has a bore ( )f 300 rnm and stroke of 350
m[n. An air vessel is 6tted in the 100 mm diamcter suction pipe. The sp€ed
of the pump is 120 rpm and the plunter moves in simple harmonic motion-
Dele.mine &e rate ol t'low ol water inlo or from the air vessel when the c nk
makes antle of 3r', 9(}' and 12(}) with inner deacl c€nter.

Given Data:
Cylinder diameter, d = 3O0 rnm
Stroke length, L = 350 mm
Speed of the pump, N= 120 rpm
 To Find:
- Flow rate from or irito air vessel at crank angles 30o, 90' and 12s'.

Solution
Cross-sectional aJea of cvlinder, A - ! az - ! ,, t)2 - o.oz^2
'44
I,
Cranl<. radius,'2r = =0.l7sm

Angularvelocityof crant",. =
ff =
2"
{ : e.sz*a t
"
hquation of discharSe for air vessel - Arw (sinq 2/n)
For 0 = 3Oo
The rate of flow : .(7 x .1v5 x '12.57 (siii3,Jo - 2/n)
: -0.m1 m3ls Ans.
Since this is negative, the dis.harge will be from t,re suction PiP€ into the air

For 0 = 9Oo

Flow rate = .07 x .775 x 12.57 (singoo - 2/r.)

= 0.056 m3ls Ans.
Since this is posirive, the discharge will be from the air vessel to the cylinder.

For 0 = t20'
Flow rate .07 \ .175 t '12.57 (srnl2o" - 2 /n1 = tt.o3ii ml/s

Since this is positiwe, the discharge will be from the air vessel to the c-vlinder-

54?
 EXERCISES

1. What is a positiv€ displacement PunlP? Explain the working

principle ofa reciprocating pump-
2. Explain negative slip and coefficient of discharSe for a reciProcating
pump- Find an expression for the Powcr inPut to a reciProcating
PUMP
3. What is accelerating head? Discuss the effect of variation of Pressure
due Io a.celeration ofpi.ton in a reciPro.ntins PumP.
4. What do you mean by separation in a reciprccating pumP? Find an
expression for the marjmuIn sFed of a r..ciProcating PumP subiect to
the condition of no flow separadon.
5. What is an indicator diaSram? Find the .ondition for the maximum
vacuum pressure durinS suction stroke in the cylinder of a
rerip,o.atinB pump.
6. Find the amount of work saved by fitting air vessels in a single acting
reciprocating pump and a double acting reciprocating pump.
7. Find expressions for the rate of flow into and out of air vessels. Find
also the crank angles corresponding to no flow into or out of air

8. The bore and stroke of a reciprc.ating pump are 150 rnm and 300 ntm
respectivety. The pump lifts water through a total heiSht of 20 m at
40 rpm. If the actual flow rate is 33 l/s find the power required to
drive the pump, the percentage slip and c,,efficient of discharge.
( Ani 0.69 kW, 5.59'il,; 0.94)

541
9. Thc bore and stroke ofa single acting rttiprocating pumP are 100 mm
at1d 200 mm respe.tively. Thc suction PiPe is 80 mm in cliamcteranct
5 m lon8. It draws water from a sump, which is -l m below theccntre
ol rhe pump ., lindcr. Frn,l rhe spced of llre pump .rr r! hrch lhme wilJ
be separation assuming it to o€cur when thc absolute pressure falls
below 2.8 In of water.
(Ans,56 rpm)

10. The bore and stroke of a single acting rcciprocating Pump arc 250 mm
ancl 450 rr|rn respectively. The suction pipe i5I25 mm diameter and
12 m lo^g with a suction lift of 3 m. ll there is ar air vessel at a
disrance o! 1,5 nl fronr the cylinder in suction pif,e and 105m trom
sump water leve;, aalcrlate the speed at lvhich the PumP can op€mte
without separation- Atmospheri. pressure is 10 r'! of water and the
i\'paralron prcrsure r\ 2.5m va.uunr. lake i = 0.01 lor lhe p'pe
cssumc simplc harmonrc molion ofpisto'r.
(Ans. s2 rpm)
 APPENDIX_ 1

TIII GRIEK ALPHABTI

xi

Delta 6 Pi TI

Rho

Zcla Sigma

Eta

K Chi x

\y

M at
 APPENDX 2
-
THE STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

At sea level, the standard atmosphere conditions are :

Pressure, P = 29.92 ii- Hg = 2116-2lb / tt2 = 34 ft. of water

= 750 mm Hg = 10-3 h of waier = 1l )1-3 k?a

'lempeEhre. I 5lqoR =,5o C -2Aa K

= 59o F -
Spe.ific weiF]I.t, t = 0-07651 D/ft3 N/m3
= 11.96s
DeEity, p - o.OO2l78 slu B/!p = L.2Zz kg/n3
Absolure visrcsit), ll - 3.71e \ lO 7 lb. sec lft2
=LmxL@R*/n?
Kr Emdtic visosily, \ = l.sbJl \ l0 5 hlls
- t.a527r l0{ r;/s
.
Fo..ir,k=cplcv=1.4
Universal Bas constant for an, R = 53.3 ft,lbltbmoR
= 287Nm/kg IC
For ai!,cp = 1.004 KJlkBK = 0.2399 Btu/lt moR
For air, c\' = 0-717 Kl / kg K = 0.1713 Btu/lt'moR
Moleruldr mais ofa,r, Mm .28.q8

4laae4d:60srone.

spe.,h. height nt * dt?r. 8 = q 8 | |]\/mJ - 62.4 lb / ii3

Density of water, p = 1.93aslug/fp = 1000 kglm3

546
 APPENDIX 3
-
UNITS OF PHYSICAL OUANTITIES

Qunntity FI'S Unit

t't/ s,.c2
Angtrlar A..eleration rad/s2
Ansular Displ:cement
Angular momenhim kg n2ls

m2 te
Cnculati(,l fr2/ *c
Density kg/m3 slug,rff
Discharge n?k
lt
Enerry l=Nm ft. ll'
N lb
Hz Hz
Iargth It
Mass kg slug
Moduli of el;,sticity lb/ ir?
Nm ft. ll'

kg.n2 tb. ft2

hp
tb/te
N/m lb/ fr

Nm fr. tt,
viscosity (dynamic) Ns/ m2 = kglm = Pa s lb. scc/ ft2
Yiscosit),(Kinematic) tt2/'
n3
N tb
fr. lb .

547
 APPENDIX 4
-
SI Units
and
SI Unit Prefix€s

LenSth
kg

Kelvin
SI

F..ergy
J -,..
N kgm/sz
ys
N/m2

1 m 000 000 000 = 1012 'T

1000 000 000 = 109 ai8 G
1 000 0llo = 106 M
1 000 = 103 kii,)
10Q = toz
10 =10

0.1 =101
O01 = 10-2
0.001 = 10-3 milli
0. qlo 001 = 10{ p
o. (xlo {lll0 001 = 10 9
0. 000 000 00000i = 10-12 One tritiionrh
P
 APPENDIX - 5

Physical Properties of Water in English Units.

Bulk

ox ld P!.

F rlo-3
tb/ft
1.9.{0 1.9f1 0.518 009 293
I 9,10 1 66,1 0.514 291
1,l]0 0 509 0 t8 305
61.37 r.938 \.217 o.544 311
1.936 r.059 0.500 320
r 93:r 0.930 o_492 0.51 T2
!a 1.931 0.826 0.445 o70 323
t.927 1.124 0.739 0.440 3?7
1.923 1.27 33i
120 o 165 169
0.558 0.160 222
ll0 1.906 0.981 0.154 2.A9
0.117 3.72
0.838 o!12 0.1.11 471
174 r.890 0.{tf 0.433 599
r80 1.8a3 4.72a1 a 426
4.674
200 a 637 o .114 11.52
212 59 83 0 593 14.70

(Exanrplc, Hcre, if p x 105 = 3.746, ahen I = 3.215 x 10_5tb..ec7fr2y

 APPENDIX-6

Physical Properties of Water in SI Units.

o 9.805 999.8 7-787 7_745 0-0756 2.02

5 9.A06 1ff)0.0 1.518 1_519 o 0749 o.a7 Lt6
10 999.7 1 30? 1 1n6 o-0742 2.14
r5 9_794 999.1 1-139 1.139 o-0735 't 70 2-75
20 9.789 994.2 l.m2 1 003 0.0724 2.14
z5 9 779 997_0 0.890 o-o720 3.17 2.22
9_767 995.7 o.794 0.800 0.0712 2_25

40 0.653 0.654 0.0696 2.2A

50 9.697 o 553 o-0679 12.33 249

98t 2 0.166 o t? l) t)662 19_92 2.2a
70 9.600 977.4 0.404 o il3 4.0644 31.16 2.25
ao 9_557 975.4 o-354 o.4 0.0626 2.20
90 965.3 0.315 0.726 0 0604 70_to 2_14

10(l 9.438 958.4 0.242 o 294 0 0589 101.33 2.07

(Exanple: Here, if Ex 10{ = 2.02, then E = 2.02 x 106 kN/m2).

550
 APPENDIX.T

Properties of air at standard atmosPheric Pressure in English

Units.

Densitv 5pe(ific
px103 $eight 1x 107
.rr rd v\101
slug/lFl lblitl
-,10 l.l2 1.06
2.80 3.25 1.16

{l l-38 t.26
10 2.53 3.45 i.3i
20 2.57 3_50 t.36
30 2-52 8.ir 1.5& t_42
40 2.17 3.62 t.46
2.12 t_52
7_63 3.74
2.33 7.50 t64
2.ZA 7,35 r69
221 t.7t
100 2.20 t.80
120 2.15 407
i.10 246 .1 tl r 0l
199 (r.11 122 1.12
IS0 6_21 I25
i,IJ7 602 t.t0
t71 560 t80

(Erinrpk : Ilere. ii p x 107 = r.12, Uu u = :l 12 x 10_7 lb...c/ft2)

55r
 APPENDIX - 8

Properties of air at standard atmosPheric Pressure in SI units

T"-p.
s.1d
1 vx rd
oc u/m3
1.515 14.1J5 7-19 0.98

-20 1.61 tl5

0 7.293 72.64 7.77 t-32

l0 1 244 12 24 1.76 1.41

20 1-205 11.1i2 tal 150

30 7.

40 1 t28 11.06 1.68

l-060 10_.10 2N 1.47

80 l-ooo 2.Q9

100 o.916 9.24 2.14 2.31

200 7.31 2_54

(rxamplc: Here, ifp x los = 1.49, then g = 1.49 x 1tr5 Ns/mz)

552
 Standard Atmospher€ in English Units

Densitv
Weighi tr r r07
f
Ir. tb/113 slus/fP
0 71.70 0 07648 o.aa8n 3.737
5000 412 0.06587 0.0020.18
i(rno 23.4 I 10.11 0.05643 0.001756
15000 5-6 a.04aa7 0.001496
20000 - 12i 6_76 0.44070 o-007257 3.325
25000 I 30.1 5.46 0.03422 o_001066 3.217
30(m - 47.4 4.37 0.02858 0.000891 3.107
35(m - 65.6 0.0276i c.ann8 2-9
69.7 273 0.01682 o.ufisa7 2.969
15000 597 214 0.014Er 0 000152 2.969
5o{Ylo - 69.7 t_69 u 01165 0.000364
60000 69.7 0.0a722 o.{1Co226 2.969
70000 69.7 0.65 0.00447 0.000140 2.969
80000 040 0.00277 0.000087 2.969
900m - 57.2 0.25 0 00168 o.0rxxl53
100000 o.16 0.00102 0 000032 3.150

(Ex.mple: H€re, if u r \0 7lb.

107 = 3.737, then ! = 3.73i x
"e./
Ir2)

551
 APPENDIX - 10

Standard Atmosphere in Sl Units

!\ eight Ix105

\/rn3 r,_s/m2

o 15.0 i01 33 r2.0:r 1 725

2 9.86 1 007 7.73

4 4.5 afr.tz n.o2 0.909

47.22 6.46 L6A

a .16.9 35.65 5.14' 0,526 1.53

10 -49.9 4_04 0.414 1.46

12 19.40 o.312 1_42

1-t 56.5 1.l.20 - 2.22 0.224

16 10.35 7.42

r19 112
20 -56 5 5_51 0 089 l_42
25 0.41 0.042

l0 -10 2 1.24 0 018 1.51

(E\anrtl. : Here, if ,r x 105 = r.79, then U = I 79 \ 10 5 Ns/d2)

5 5.1
 APPENDIX -11

Properties of liquids at standard atmospherie Pressuie in English

units-

Density
Sravity gx105

S
E

siuB/ft3 rblfr.
6a 1.74 0.90 1.4 0.002 1+8 150ff)i)

CCI,I 68 3.O8 1.59 2.0 0.0018 1.76 150000

6A t.66 l5 0.002

1_32 0.58 o.62

58 2.44 126 3lm 0-m4 -vJ\xvz 63m00

430 o14 o 072 0.otl 0_0002 3.i

't.57 0.81 'o mrz o.46

68 13.47 3.3 0 012 .000025

-320 2.31 t_zl 0.58 0@1 3.1

SAElO 68 |7A 092 170 0_0025

oit
SAE]O 174 0.92 9?O 0.0024
oil
68 1.936 100 2.1 0.005 0.iil 30i1000

(Exampl.: Here, irg x 1d= 1.4, then 11 =1.4 r 10 5lb.sec/ft2)

455
Properties oI liquids at standard atmosPhe c Pressure in SI units.

Pv

Exl06

20 895 r030

CC14 20 0.026 12.1

2A 856 0_46 003

oil
20 678 0_58 55
20 t25A ri900
-257 72 o.o72 0_003 27.4

20 804 '0.41 0 025 3_20

20

r95 r:06 1.21 0.05r 21 .1

SAElO 20 9la o.92

SAE3O 1.100

20 996 100 r0l 207rl

(Exnmple: Here, if E x 105 = I tr:0, ttrcn r = tO:O rO6 N/n2)

'
 APPENDIX -13

Thermodynamic properties of common gases at STp in SI units

(15oC and 101.3 kPa absotute)

28.98 246.9 r00,1 7171

44_07 188.9 440.4 651.4 1.29

24.01, 296.4 1039 7421 1.40

Heiium 4.003 2077 5225 3t47 t.66

2.076 4124 141m 10060 1.41

5i8.3 2790 1672 1.31

'28.01 29(i.6 r039 712

32.d) 259.8 949.4 110

74.O2

557
 APPENDIX - 14

Thermodynamic properties of common gases at STP in English

unifs
(59oF and 14 7 Psi)

Specific k=

R
ft.lbfllbmoR Btu/lbm.oR Bttr/]bm.oR
28.98 53.33 o.L399 o 1713 14
44.01 35.11 0.2047 1_29

28.01 0.2441 o.177? t.40

Helnrm 4.003 346-1 1.244 o_7517

2.016 766.5 3.388 2.402 7.41

96 32 0 5231 0.3993 1.31

28 01 55.16 02,181 4.1772 140

32.00 44.29 0.2172 o_1551 7.40

la 02 85.74
 APPENDIX - 15

Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids

Area of a.nde = da {di.ueter)z

Ared or strtnrntcircre: radru\ xlenEth.fJrc

I
CirconJeren.eof a Cir.le = n x diamereL

tssth or rrc or .r .,,,lc - Rrdic of.irct. x.ngle subrended ar the Lentre in

rirli,n<

Area of sqnare, paraltetogram. Ktan8te, rh@bus base x heighr

=
' AEa of rmpezium - t/2 r sum ol rwo paraletsides xheight.

AEaoftri gle = 1,/2 ,( base x atrirude

. AFa ofpr,abold - 2/3 x ba* x lnritude

A,ea ofellpse = n/4 \ maror dxi! x niror axis

Suifaedrea otsfhere -r\ (diameh)2

volme of sphere - a/6 i (diamerer)3

Vdme of paraboloid = 1/2 x votune of circunMribing .ylindei

Vdme of cytinder - r/4 r (diamre!)2 r heighr

Volme of pyramid = t/3 x area of base x heisht

Volune of cone = I /3 x n/4 (diarure. of base)2 x heisht

One radian = 5zso

559
 APPEN DIX - 16

CONVERS]ON TABLE

LinearMeasure

r inch (in) = 2,54 centimeter (cm) centimeter = 0.3737 inch

1
1 (ft)
foot = 0.3048 meter (m) meter = 3.2a I fet
1
I yard (yd) = 0.9144 meter
(m) l meter = 1.@36 yarcls
1 mile (mi) = r.609 kilometer (km) 1 kilometer = 0.621s mile

Squae Measue

1 sq. inch (in2)

= 6.452 s(t. centimete6 (o2)
I sq. centimeter -_ 0 I55O \q. in.h
1 (fiz,
sq. r+r - 0.0029 nq. melc.{m2)
me[er
1 sq- = 10.76 s\. teet
1sq. ytd (ydzl = os361 sq. mete! (m2)
ls+ Erctd = r.i96sq. yards

l&luBe-l4easuE

1 cu. inch (in3) c!. .mtimete! (@5)

= 6-3s7
1cu. centimeter =0.0510.u. in h
1culoot(fP) = 0.0283 ( u. meter (m3)
I tu. meter = J>.Jl cLr tet
1 .u. yard (yd3) = 0.7645.u. meter (m3)
1€u. meter - 1.308 cu. yards
1 gallon (gal) = 0.m4546 .u. met€! (m3)
1.u- meter '= 219-97 ,Jallo s

1 gallon (IJS) = 0.0037ss cu- meter (m3)

I cu. merer - 2b4.20 qailons (US)
1 litre (l) = 0.mr .( m€ter (m3)
1.u. mete. = 1000 lil.es

Mn6t

l poud (lb) = 0,454 kilogram (kC) _l_kilo8lam = 2.2041b

l slus = 14.594 kilogra.rs (kg) l kilo8,?m = 0.0685 slug

560
 Fofte and WeiqLr

1 Pound (lb4
= 4.{48 Newron (N)
= 0.22a8 Pomd
1 kiio8ram force (k80
= 9.807 N.wron (M
= 0.1019 kilogram fo(c
= 0.1383Nrwton
= 7'233porEdals

= 105 dynes
1 kip (uI0lb) rl4lS Nerv ron
=
= 2.24a x n4 kip
1 ton (20o0lb)
= 8895 Ne\vron
=1.112 x 1i){ ron
1 ton (22qb)
= 4 Nervrbn
= L035 r ld ton

V"i6t v

= ffoa8 nehr/s<ond (m/s)

= 3-2a 1 ferlsdd
1 mile/hou (rnph) = 1.509 hlomele./ hou (km/h)
= 0 6213 mile/hoJ,
= 0.447 neto/second (m/s)
=2.237 r ile/hont
- c.s144 rnerer/sec,,nd (mA)
= 1.944 knot

D€nsiry

1 g.amlcu. .entimerer (gmlcm3)

= lmo kitog€m/cu. mete(rslm3)
1lglm3 ro3gm/m3
=
1 pound/cu. rt. (tblfo = 1s209 Ncwton/cu. netedlv/n3)
= 6. x to-3 tb/rp
1 glrm fore/cu cmrimerer {gml€n3)
= 9.81 r tdr N/m3
= L.Ol9 , ts4 Fr6/ *3
1 kilograh for.e/ .u.merer (k8lm3)
= 9.81 NeB,lonlcu.meter (N/m3)
= 0.to197 kgf / tu3
l kiplcu.fr.
= 1.5/08 x r05 Newrm/.a. [lere!
=6. x 106 kip/tQ.

56 t
 I .u. foot/second (fFlsec) = 0.02s32 .u. mctcr/s(rond (m3/s)
I m3ls = 3s.33 ft3lse.
1 cx. fooilminute (ft3lmin) = l5ZOgNewton/cu. mcter (N/h3)
1N/m3 = 6.366 x 70'3 )b/ fO
1 grd force/cu. cotimeter (BEJI.n3) = 9.s1' ld Newbn/ cunttcr{N/m3)
r ltz.r3 = 1.019x 104 8nflcn3
1kilo8ram forcel.u.meier (kgfhr) = sl Newton/a mcter (N/m3)
g

rN/m3 =o-lolEl kEUn?

= 1 57G x 105 N/h3
1N/m3 - 6.366 x :10'6 kiPl tp
1 cu. foot/second (ft3ls() = o 02s32 cu. mL./s&. (m3/s)
1m3/s =3*3IP/e.
r €E f@t/minute (fplmin) = 4.n9 x r(r4cu. heber/sec. (m3/s)
7 n3/s =2119x103ft3/min
r galon/miiule (gal/mjn.) =757xrt5 cu.neter / sec- l,\13 / s)
= 1,319rrd gallmin
1 gallon(Us)/minute = 6,309x1{r4 cu. meter/s.
(m3ls)
= 1.ss5r1d sal (Us)/nin

Pre$ure

= 1m kilopeal (rPa)
1 kilopas.al (kPa) = O.O1 milliba!
= 1oo pas.al (Pa)
1 Pascal (Pa) = o,O1 ftillibar
1 atmospheri. Pressr.e (atm) = 1O1. 325 kilopascal (kpa)
= 9.6a5 x 10'3 atm
1dt ie/sq. centimete. (dyneld2) = 0.1 Pascal (Pa)
- 1o dyne/ot?
1 kitogram fo(e/sq.me!e. (kglml) = 9.a1 Pascal (Pa)

= o.t1ts kdilt?
1 kilosram force,/sq. cenumeler
(ksfl.m2) = 9a.07 kilopascal (kPa)
= o.olD kgt / 6t?

562
 1 pound/sq.inch { 1bln2)
= 6.89s kilopascat (kpa)
1 k?a tb/ !n2
= 0.145
pound/sq. f@t(1bllt2)
= 4288 pascal (pa)
1

lPa = 0.0209 lb / (i2

1 nlch'ivater column
= 0.249 kilopascat (kpa)
=4.0i6 in.h water.olum
1f@t{,atercolt]]fu
= 2.989 kitopascal (kpa)
1 kPn
= 03345 I@t w.rer column
1 indl mercury .olum = 3.389 kitopascal (kpa)
= 0.2952 hdr mercu.v cotrnn
I nillimeter mer.u.y .otuxt
= 0.1333 &itopascil (kpa)
I kPa
- 7-502 milimete, nercury colmn
,

Vis.ositv

= 0.001 Pascal second (pas)

1 Pa.s
= 100.P
I €entistokes (cst) ld sq. @6er/s-ond (rn?/s)
=
1"?h = 1d.st
. I sq. f@r/sond (fPls€c.) (m2 /s)
= 0.0929 sq. rneter,/"econd

= 1O_Zb ftz/*.
= 0_1 pascat e.on,l (pa s)
1P.s = l0P
1 poui.l s<ond/sq. i@r (lb. s(/fr2)
= 47.88 Pasal. sec,'nd (p..s)
= 0.02089 lb. s€c/fl:
1 Pould 6ond/sq. indr 0b. s(./in2) = 689s Pasal second (pa.s)
= 1-4503 r 10-3 1b. s(/hz
1 slug/fooL srond (stua/ft. sec) = az88 Pasc.l secord (paj)
= 002089 sluglfi s.c
1 sbke {St) lo4 sq. merer/s(rond (m2ls)
=

= ro{ si

Enerav and Woik

l British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 1.05s kilojout6 (kl) 1 l.l = 0.9478 BII
= 4.16ZJout6 1l = 0.2388 olorie
= 1.3s6 ]out6 (JD 1l = 0.7376[Llb

561
 'Lo!!er

t horsepower (hp) = 0 7+57 kitowatt (kw)

1 kW = 1.3l1hP
I f@t. Do$d/second ({Llb/se..) " 1.3-16 ('dll (W)
rw " - a-7 \7b lr lb/w
l IoLJe/Rond O/s) = 1w
1w -llt'
I horsepow€r (riret.ic) = 0 7r]55 kilowatt (kw)
1 kw = 1.3i' hP (metric)

TemP.aturc

oC = s/g(oP -#)
oK = .\C+273)e
oR = oF +459-69

ItiPodao' Dara

Accele.arion due ao arav;ty, E= 32:2 h/*2 = gAl a/s2

neistty of water (39.2 oF oraqc) = 1.94 shrglft3 = lmk tp
Specific weight of water (392oF ot 4oC) = 62-4 tb /tF = 9'a1 lN/m3

k tJir) = 1.4
$3 fr lb/lbm- oR = 247 Nm/kgK
Un iversal gas coctant, R=

564
 APPENDIX-17
Moment of Inertia aDd C.c. Distances for Surfaces

'Irxt x
rE;="
I bbs./ a2
x, =bh3/3 ats1sa;t.,",=au31tz
",
I yy ,a3 1 ,,-,

/-F\
I

,v I'
x_lt- \Ix
x,r I,F-d
tx'
----l
rx*- nd4 14s74,t1r4, t=dl2
t*r= ra41a+ tr, *.=. rd4l:.zl = nr41s
y - 4T/31 = O.424r

l-- " --1

T-t r.D\
I L--oJ
h

fc.c=
t"
(i -- !9) Ar2=-o6ssAr2

= -*-11ab-r!: h3
,=3T
36(a+b) nr

v (2a+b) / (a+b) x !-
3

565
 APPENDIX-18

l N.sec/m2 = 2
lrx :O-'lbtF/lr'
oa9

r1t@ma

Fi8. la- of codrmon fruids 'c '

?"XAH'"1',:,i$*ilviscositv
FiB- 2it Kinemrtic siscosity of common fluids as a function of
l€mperrture.

567
 1.000

0.990
^

! ; 0.980

oE
EE 0.e70

--EE
o.960

Temperature, C
la) Wale.

'---1--.---.7
13.60

6Q 13.50
a>
eP
13.40 1000. kg/m3
Fot vralet at 4 C, P =
--E
13.30
-20 40 60 80
TemPerature, G
(,) Mercury

Specific f.vity of water and mercrry

ti a fulction of
Fig. 3.:
temPeretule.

568