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NSE 27. Nuclei

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23 views7 pages

NSE 27. Nuclei

Uploaded by

arvindjayyam11
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nuclei

Important formulas and concepts directly from the NCERT-

➢ The positive charge and mass are densely concentrated at the


centre of the atom forming its nucleus.

➢ The nucleus contains most of the mass of an atom.

❖ Atomic masses and composition of nucleus-

➢ Atomic mass unit (u), defined as 1/12th of mass of carbon(C12)


atom.
1u = 1.67 × 10-27 kg

➢ The positive charge in the nucleus is that of protons. The photon


is stable.

➢ Isotopes of an element have same atomic no. but different mass no.

➢ Unlike proton, neutron is unstable and it decays into a proton, an


electron and a antineutrino and has a mean life of about 1000s.
it is however stable inside nucleus.

➢ Z - atomic no. = no. of protons


N – neutron no. = no. of neutrons
A – mass no. = Z+N = total no. of protons and neutrons = no. of
nucleons

➢ Nuclear species are shown by ZXA.


➢ As atoms of isotopes have identical electronic structure they
have identical chemical behaviour and placed in same location
in periodic table.

➢ Isobars have same mass no. but have different atomic no.

➢ Isotones have same no. of neutrons but different atomic no.

❖ Size of the nucleus-

➢ Nucleus of mass no. A has radius,


R = RoA1/3
Where, Ro = 1.2×10-15m.

➢ volume of nucleus which is proportional to R 3 is proportional to A.

➢ density of nucleus is independent of A , for all nuclei.


Its value is approximately 2.3×1017kg/m3

❖ mass-energy relation-

➢ Einstein showed that mass is another form of energy and one


can convert mass-energy into other forms of energy.

➢ Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence relation,


E = mc2

❖ Nuclear binding energy-

➢ It is expected that mass of nucleus is equal to total mass of its


individual protons and neutrons. However, the nuclear mass M is
found to be always less than this.
➢ The difference in mass of a nucleus and its constituents , ΔM is
ΔM = [Zmp +(A-Z)mn] – M

➢ If one wants to break nucleus into neutrons and protons, some extra
energy has to supplied. Or if neutrons and protons are brought
together to form a nucleus, some energy is released, this energy is
known as ‘binding energy of nucleus ’ and given by,
Eb = ΔMc2

➢ Binding energy per nucleon,


Ebn = Eb/A

➢ The main features of plot-

1) Ebn is independent of atomic no. for nuclie of middle mass no.


(30<A<170). The curve has a maximum of about 8.75 MeV for
A = 56 and has a value of 7.6 MeV for A = 238.
2) Ebn is lower for both light nuclei (A<30) and heavy nuclei.
(A>170)

➢ For average mass nuclei, binding energy per nucleon is approx.


8MeV.

❖ Nuclear Force-

➢ There must be a strong attractive force which can overcome


repulsion b/w protons and can bind protons and neutrons into tiny
nuclear volume, this force is known as ‘Nuclear Force’.

➢ Properties of nuclear force-

1) It is much stronger than coulomb force b/w protons and


gravitational force.

2) This force is applicable only to a short range, that’s why


known as ‘short range force’.
• The potential energy is minimum at distance r o of about 0.8 fm.
Force is attractive for distance greater than 0.8 fm
Force is repulsive for distance smaller than 0.8 fm

3) Nuclear force doesn’t depend on charge.


It is same b/w neutron-neutron, proton-neutron and proton-
proton.

❖ Nuclear energy-

➢ a heavy nucleus (A>170) with lower E bn, if breaks into two smaller
nuclei of higher Ebn, nucleons get more tightly bound. This implies
that energy is released in this process (fission).

➢ If two lighter nuclei (A<30) with lower E bn , joins to form a heavy


nucleus with higher E bn , energy is again released in this
process(fusion).

➢ Greater the binding energy, less is the total mass of a nucleus.


That’s why if a nucleus transforms into a nucleus of greater
binding energy , there is a mass defect which is converted into
energy and thus released.

❖ Fission –

➢ An example of fission is ,

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