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NSE 22. Electromagnetic Waves

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NSE 22. Electromagnetic Waves

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arvindjayyam11
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ElEctromagnEtic wavEs

Important formulas and concepts directly from NCERT-

➢ A time varying electric field generates magnetic field.

➢ The most important prediction from Maxwell’s equation is existence of


electromagnetic(EM) waves, which are time varying electric and magnetic fields
that propagate in space.

➢ Speed of EM waves is nearly equal to speed of light, this makes a conclusion that
‘Light is an EM wave’.

❖ Displacement current-

➢ Maxwell found an inconsistency in the ampere’s law and suggested the existence of an
additional current, the displacement current to remove this inconsistency.

➢ This displacement current is due to time varying electric field and given by,
iD = εo dϕE / dt
➢ This current acts as a source of magnetic field in exactly the same way as conduction
current.
Conduction current – current due to flow of charges.
➢ Ampere maxwell law,
∫B.dl = µoiC + µoiD
= µoiC + µoεodϕE/dt
❖ Electromagnetic waves-

➢ Accelerated charges produce electromagnetic waves.

➢ Electric and magnetic fields in an EM wave are perpendicular to each other and
to direction of propagation.

➢ EM wave propagating in z direction, electric field is along the x axis and magnetic
field is along the y axis.
Ex = Eosin(kz-ωt)
By = Bosin(kz-ωt)
Here, k = 2π/λ
Where, ω = angular frequency and
λ = wavelength
k is the magnitude of wave vector and its direction describes the direction of
propagation of wave.

➢ Speed of propagation of wave,


c = ω/k
c = 1/ √µoεo

In terms of frequency, νλ = c
(ω/2π) (2π/k) = c

➢ Relation b/w magnetic and electric field in an EM wave,


Bo = Eo/c

➢ In a material medium of permeability µ and permittivity ε , the velocity of light


becomes,
ʋ = 1/√µε
thus, velocity of light depends on electric and magnetic properties of medium.

➢ The velocity of EM wave in independent of wavelength.


❖ Electromagnetic spectrum-

➢ The classification of EM waves according to frequency is the electromagnetic


spectrum.

➢ There is no sharp division b/w one kind of wave and the next. The classification is
based roughly on how the waves are produced or detected.

1) Radio waves-

o Used in radio and television communication systems.

o Cellular phones use radio waves to transmit voice communication in the ultrahigh
frequency band.

2) Micro waves-

o Suitable for radar systems used in aircraft navigation.

o Radar also provides the basis for the speed guns used to time fast balls, tennis
services and automobiles.

o In microwave ovens, ‘the frequency of microwaves is selected to match the


resonant frequency of water molecules so that energy from the waves is
transferred efficiently to the kinetic energy of the molecules. This raises the
temperature of any food containing water.

3) Infrared waves-

o Produced by hot bodies and molecules.

o Sometimes referred to as ‘heat waves’.

o Water molecules present in most materials easily absorb infrared molecules(other


molecules like CO2, NH3 also absorb infrared waves)

o Used in physical therapy.


o It also plays important role in maintaining earth’s warmth temp. through greenhouse
effect.

o Also used in earth satellites, military purposes and to observe growth of crops.

o Used in remote switches of systems such as TV sets, video recorders and hi-fi
systems.

4) Visible rays-

o It is the part of spectrum that is detected by the human eye.

o Different animals sensitive to different wavelengths, for example snakes can detect
infrared waves, and ‘visible’ range of many insects extends well into the
ultraviolet.

5) Ultraviolet rays-

o Produced by special lamps and very hot bodies.

o Exposure to UV radiation induces the production of more melanin, causing tanning


of the skin.

o UV radiation is absorbed by ordinary glass. Hence, one can’t get tanned through
glass windows.

o Can be used in applications such as LASIK(Laserassisted in situ keratomileusis) eye


surgery.

o Used to kill germs in water purifiers.

o Ozone layer in atmosphere plays a protective role by absorbing UV rays, hence its
depletion by CFCs such as freons is a matter of concern.
6) X-rays-

o Used as a diagnostic tool in medicine and as a treatment for certain forms of


cancer.

o Because X-rays damage or destroy living tissues and organisms, care must be taken
to avoid unnecessary or over exposure .

7) Gamma rays-

o Produced in nuclear reactions and also emitted by radioactive nuclei.

o Used in medicine to destroy cancer cells.

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