24-Mar-11

By

Ashraf Saad Zaghloul, Ph.D., P.E.,

Irrigation and Hydraulics Dept., Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University

Classification of Structures
STRUCTURES Hydraulic Water Irrigation and Drainage Harbor and Costal Water Supply and Treatment Other Fluids

Conventional Residential Industrial Commercial

Oil, Gas, and Wastewater

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Nature of Hydraulic Structures

Structure design and detailing should follow a thorough hydraulic analysis. Moving fluids are more complex in behavior than solids. For large complicated hydraulic structures model analysis are common.

Design Objectives
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Functionality Structural Safety Users satisfaction and safety Economy Durability Ease in operation and maintenance Construction Beauty Environment safety

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Design Stages
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Identify project needs and purposes Surveying and geotechnical data collection Hydraulic data collection Conceptual design (Including function and Hydraulic design) Preliminary design EIA study Detailed structure design Tender documents (Drawings - Specifications Bills of Quantities "BOQ")

Design of Short-Span Bridges

Function : It provides a passage over a barrier. When a road crosses a water-way tunnel or bridge can be used depending upon the size of road and water way and economy.

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Alternatives of Road Crossing

1. Ferry or Boat (for low traffic, Large channels, Navigable channels) 2. Culvert (Relatively low flow rates and high traffic) 3. Bridge (Medium or large flow rates) 4. Tunnel (High traffic, Navigable canals, and High discharges)

Site Selection
Straight rather than bent (curved) reaches are selected. In a non-erodible soil. Avoid supply or delivery points. Piers and abutments parallel to flow lines. Hard soil is preferable.

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Bridge Classification
According to Span Length Short-Span Minor 8<S<30 m Major S>30 m Large or long span S> 120 m Function Vehicles Trains Pedestrian Utility (pipe lines and cables) Material Masonary Timber Reinforced concrete Pre-stressed concrete Steel S < 8 meter

Bridge Classification (Contd.)

Superstructure
Slab type Slab on girders Trusses Arch Suspended Simple Continuous Cantilever High level Deck Moveable deck Temporary Permenent

Inter-Span Connection

Navigation Duration of Service

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Components of Bridges
1. 2. 3. 4. Superstructure (Deck) Piers (Intermediate Supports) Abutments (End Supports) Wing Walls (to guide the flow flow from the channel section to the bridge's section and to retain the soil behind it) 5. Foundations Bed protection (Pitching, RipRab, or Lining)

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Piers
.

Df Carrag Way

Bf

Bp

Lp

Piers
Piers are made Reinforced concrete, Plain concrete or sometimes Massonary. Lp = W deck +2(0.5+1.0) + 0.5 Bp+0.87 Bp Bp = S/5 to S/4 = or > 1.0 meter Hp = d + 1.0 meter Df = 0.4 Bp or Hp/5 or >= 0.7 meter Bf = Bp + Df
Hp

Fb d

Bp

Canal Bed Df Bf

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Initial Dimensions of Piers

Fb
Fb d

.
Hp

Bp

Hp

Bp

Canal Bed Df
Df

Canal Bed

Bf

Bf

Plain Concrete Hp = d + 0.5 + Fb Fb = (0.5 1.0m) Bp = S/4 to S/5 1.0m Df 0.4 Bp Hp/5 0.7m Bf = Bp + Df

Reinforced Concrete Hp = Same as Pian concrete = d + 0.5 + Fb Fb = (0.5 1.0m) Bp = Hp /10 = (0.4 to 0.7m) Df = (0.4 to 0.7m) Bf = (0.5 to 2/3) Hp

Abutments (End Supports)

Carry deck loads and retain the soil behind it Made of RC , PC or Masonary
ta S/10 Fb d Soil Slope 4:1

Ha Canal Bed

Ba Df Bf

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Initial Dimensions of Abutments

ta S/10 S/10 Soil Slope 4:1 Ha Canal Bed Ba Df Bf Df 1/3 Bf Bf 2/3 Bf Fb d Slope 2:1 ta

.
Ha Canal Bed

Fb d

Soil

Plain Concrete (Gravity Type) Ha = d + 0.5 + Fa Ta S/10 0.2 Ha Fb = (0.5 1.0m) Ba = Ta + Ha/4 or 5 Df 0.2 Ha 0.7m Bf = Ba + Df

Reinforced Concrete (Cantilever Wall) Ha = Same as Pian concrete = d + 0.5 + Fb Ta = Ba = Ha /10 (0.5m) Bf = Ha / 3

Foundations
Foundations are placed under piers and abutments and Retaining walls
If shallow we normally use footings If Deep we normally use Piles

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.
Canal

Road

Hydraulic Design of ShortSpan Bridges

Velocity

Zone of Increased Velocities

Distance

Heading up
5 to 10 cm in flat terrain Ac area of canal water section av total area of vents C is a coefficient that accounts for the reduction of cross section S 2m C = 0.72 2 < S 4m C = 0.82 S > 4m C = 0.92

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Allowable Velocities in Vents

Vv 2 Vc 1.0 m/s in Earth canals 1.5 to 2.0 m/s in lined canals Example: Given the channel section and discharge Qc To get the number of vents Nv and span of each vent S; Assume Vv and get the required area of vents av av = Qc / Vv = Nv S d (d is known) Set Nv and get the corresponding S Select an acceptable reasonable S Check the heading up the allowable value (5 cm)

Local Scour
ds Scour Siltation

Local scour depends on; 1. Soil type and properties. 2. Velocity of flow. 3. Pier width and geometry; and 4. Alignment of pier w.r.t flow direction. The scour depth ds is directly proportional to the pier width Bp Then; ds = Bp Where ranges between 1.0 and 2.0 for Non cohesive soil (sand); No bed protection; with a circular pier nose; and pier is parallel to flow direction.

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Precautions against Local Scour

1. Use lower foundation levels, earth cover above foundation 0.5 m 2. Use bed and side slope protection at the location of structure and 5 meter upstream and downstream of it. Protection may be wit pitching, Rip-Rap; or lining.

Optimum Design of Short-Span Bridges

Ctotal = Cdeck + Cpiers + Cabutments + Cwing walls
LBridge
Wing Walls

LDeck

Wing Walls

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To find the optimum Ldeck

LBridg

.
Cost

Wing Walls

LDeck

Wing Walls

Ctotal

Cdeck + Cpiers + Cabutmen

Cwing walls Optimum LDeck

LDeck

To find the optimum number of vents for the selected optimum Ldeck
LBridg

Wing Walls

LDeck

Wing Walls

Cost

Ctotal

Cpiers

Cdeck + Cabutmen Optimum Nvents

Nvents

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To find the optimum number of girders for the selected optimum span of the vents
LBridg

Wing Walls

LDeck

Wing Walls

Cost

Ctotal
Cgirders Cslab Optimum Ngirders

Ngirders

Structural Design of Short-Span Bridges

Loads
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Dead loads (Own weight) Live Load and its Impact load Hydrostatic water pressure and dynamic thrust Uplift and bouyancy Earth pressure Wind load Earthquake loads Temperature loads Erection loads

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Unit Weights of materials

Plain concrete Reinforced concrete Compacted earth Asphalt Bricks Water Steel = 2.2 t/m3 = 2.5 t/m3 = 1.8 t/m3 = 2.2 t/m3 = 1.8 to 2.0 t/m3 = 1.0 t/m3 = 7.8 t/m3

Design of Deck
Deck is supported over abutments and piers. It could be either simply supported or continuous Structural System of the Deck Slab Type It is a slab only which has no beams (girders) and has a span length S S ranges from 2 to 6 m (typically 3m). Slab Girder Type It is a slab supported on girders. Girders are supported on Abutments and piers. The span length ranges from 4 to 10m (typically 7m). Girder spacings is normally taken = 2m Slab on Girder and Cross-Girder

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Slab Type
.
4% 2% 1.0 m

Top level of piers and abutments

tws = 11 cm Wearing Surface 5 cm fine concrete 1 cm morter 5 cm Asphalt

Slab Girder Type

.
4% 2% 1.0 m

Top level of piers and abutments

tws = 11 cm Wearing Surface 5 cm fine concrete 1 cm morter 5 cm Asphalt

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Slab on Girder and Cross-Girder

.
4% 2% 1.0 m

Top level of piers and abutments

tws = 11 cm Wearing Surface 5 cm fine concrete 1 cm morter 5 cm Asphalt

Live Loads (Moving Loads)

.
1. On Side Walk
100 kg/m1 1m 500 kg/m2

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2. On Carrage Way Main traffic lane (3m wide) . 60 ton lorry 500 kg/m2 uniform distributed live load.
Adjacent traffic lane (3m wide) 30 ton lorry 300 kg/m2 uniform distributed live load. Other Lanes 300 kg/m2 uniform distributed live load. 300 kg/m2 500 kg/m2 300 kg/m2 300 kg/m2 300 kg/m2 60 ton lorry 30 ton lorry 300 kg/m2 300 kg/m2 500 kg/m2 300 kg/m2 300 kg/m2

60 Ton Lorry
.
6m 1.5m 1.5m 1.5m 1.5m Tire print b1=0.6m and b2=0.2m

0.6 m 0.2m

0.5m 3.0m 2.0m

0.5 m

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tws ts

Load Dispersion

B1= b1+ 2tws + ts B2= b2+ 2tws + ts

B3 B1

For Slab-type deck; B3=B1+ Sl = Asecondary steel /As = 0.3 to 0.4 Sl = 1.05 S P= (1.4 * 10 tons) / (B2 * B3)

B2

Design of Deck First : Sesign of Slab Type 1.)Design of Slab

Slab Design (Slab-Type)

a) Dead Loads

gs t/m Sl = 1.05 S gs = tws (ws) + ts (RC )

RDL = (gs Sl) / 2

t/m

MDL = (gs Sl2) / 8

b) Live Loads

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Example on Slab-Type Deck tws = 10 cm , ts = 30 cm , Span S= 4m , = 0.3 Deck is slab-type.

. Dead loads:
Sl = 1.05 S gs t/m Sl = 1.05 S = 4.2 m gs = 0.1 (2.2) + 0.3(2.5) = 0.97 t/m
RDL = (gs Sl) / 2 = 2.037 t

MDL = (gs Sl2) / 8 = 2.13885 m.t

Live Loads: B1= b1+ 2tws + ts = 0.6+2(0.1)+0.3 = 1.1m B2= b2+ 2tws + ts = 0.2+2(0.1)+0.3 = 0.7m

tws ts

For Slab-type Deck; B3=B1+ Sl = 1.1 + 0.3*4.2 = 2.36 m P= (1.4 * 10 tons) / (B2 * B3) = 14 / (0.7 x 2.36) = 8.475 t/m2
RLL = .... t

MLL = . m.t Rt = RDL + RLL Mt = MDL + MLL 1.5m 1.5m

B3 B1

P t/m

B2

B2 = 0.7m Sl = 1.05 S = 4.2 m

0.8m

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Design of Deck Second : Sesign of Slab-Girder Type 1.)Design of Slab g t/m

s

.
Dead Loads gs = tws (ws) + ts (RC ) RDL = (gs l) / 2 MDL = (gs l2) / 8

l = girder spacing

t/m

Live Loads: B1= b1+ 2tws + ts = 0.6+2(0.1)+0.3 = 1.1m = 0.2+2(0.1)+0.3 = 0.7m B2= b2+ 2tws + ts Due to the presence of girders; B3=B2+ l = 0.7 + 0.3*2.0 = 1.3 m = 14 / (1.1 x 1.3) = 9.79 t/m2 P= (1.4 * 10 tons) / (B1 * B3) RLL = P (B1) / 2 MLL = P B1 l / 4 - P B12 / 8 Rt = RDL + RLL Mt = 0.8 (MDL + MLL )

Design of Deck Second : Sesign of Slab-Girder Type 2.)Design of Girders

Sl = 1.05 S = 4.2 m

.
l bg

tg

a. Dead Loads gg = gs (l) +(tg - ts) (bg) (RC ) RDL = (gg Sl) / 2 MDL = (gg Sl 2) / 8

t/m

b. Live Loads: Find out the location of wheel loads that produces maximum Reactions and Maximum Moments Use concentrated loads without dispersion Use Impact coefficient (1.4)

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Water, Earth and Surcharge pressure Calculations .

h F F Water Pressure Pv = Ph = w h h

Earth Pressure Pv = soil h Ph = soil h Ka

F = 0.5 w h

Surcharge P t/m

F = P Ka h h

Ka = + X X YXX X X X X = X F = 0.5 soil h2 Ka

X X X

P Ka

Check of Stability
1. Check of Stability Against Sliding (for abutments only)
Sliding Force = Horizontal forces Vertical forces Fs =
N H

Resisting frictional force = Factor of safety against sliding

1.5

2. Check of Stability Against Overturning (for abutments only)

Factor of safety against overturning Fs Fs = Mo

Ms

1.5

Ms = Moments of stabilizing forces Mo = Moments of overturning forces

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3. Check of Stability Against Overstressing (for piers and abutments)

Stress on soil should not exceed the allowable bearing capacity of soil Also it should not be tension = W X @ D VX VX +ve ( )

Check of Stability of Piers

Taking 1.0 m length of pier we study the stability of piers under the following cases of loading; 1. Case of Maximum Normal force. 2. Case of Minimum Normal force. 3. Case of maximum Eccentricity. Note: Reactions from the deck must be considered per unit length of pier. = reaction per unit length of pier =R/l l is the girder spacing

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1. Case of Maximum Normal Force

W1 = Hp Bp (1) (pc ) W2 = Df Bf (1) (pc ) N = W1 +W2 + DL+LL + DL+LL M = 0.0
DRY W1 DRY
DL+LL DL+LL

W2

Canal Bed

2. Case of Minimum Normal Force

N = W1 +W2 + DL + DL M = 0.0

DL

DL

HWL

W1

H1

W2

U= w H1

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3. Case of Maximum Eccentricity

N = W1 +W2 + DL + DL+LL M = LL (0.5 Bp 0.025 S)
DRY W1 DRY
DL DL+LL

e=M/N
W2 Canal Bed

e (Bf / 6)

CASES OF LOADING OF ABUTMENTS

1. Case of Maximum ormal force

.
DL+LL Surcharg e

Max WL Dry Soil

Canal Bed

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.2. Case of Maximum Eccentricity to earths side

(Just after construction)
DL

Max WL

Dry Soil

Canal Bed

3. Case of Maximum Eccentricity to water side

.
DL+LL Surcharg e

Max GWL

DRY

Canal Bed

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