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GRADE NINE

School Year 2024-2025

GRADE-9
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 BIOLOGY

MELC:
Explain the different patterns of non-Mendelian
inheritance (S9LT -Id – 29)

GRADE-9
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 VOCABULARY WORDS

qAllele - is a variant form of a

gene that controls a certain
trait
qGene - unit of heredity in cells,
inherited from one’s parents
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 VOCABULARY WORDS

qDominant - A trait that is

stronger, represented by capital
letter
qRecessive – a trait that is hidden or
prevented by the dominant gene,
represented by a small letter.
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 VOCABULARY WORDS

qGenotype – gene combination for

a trait (e.g. RR, rr, Rr)

qPhenotype – outward appearance

of the organism (e.g. red, white,
tall, short)
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 VOCABULARY WORDS
qHeterozygous – genotype of one
dominant and one recessive allele
(e.g. Rr)

qHomozygous- genotype involving two

dominant or two recessive genes
(e.g. RR or rr)
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 VOCABULARY WORDS

qPunnet Square – to
predict
the genotypes and
phenotypes of offspring
from a cross between
two individuals
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a. describes Incomplete Dominance and
Codominance Pattern of Inheritance
b. solve genetic problems related to,
incomplete dominance and codominance.
c. recognize the importance of the Non-
Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance to our
environment.

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Have you ever wondered about the
color of the cow or how they got
that color? 9
 Picture C Picture D
Fur Color Dog Cow Skin Color
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 Question:
1. Is it possible to produce offspring
that have a different color from the
parent?
2. How do you think they got these
colors?

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 Complete Dominance
Complete dominance is a condition
wherein the allele regarded as dominant
completely masks the effect of the allele
that is recessive. This is the opposite of
codominance.

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 Incomplete Dominance
-It is a form of
intermediate
inheritance in which
one allele for a
specific trait is not
completely dominant
over the other allele.
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 Incomplete Dominance
-The results in a third
phenotype in which
the expressed
physical trait is a
combination of the
dominant and
recessive phenotype 14
Example of Incomplete Dominance

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Incomplete Dominance: Sample Problem 1
Among Andalusian fowls, the gene for feather color –
black [BB], gray [BW] and white [WW] exhibits
incomplete dominance. If black-feathered fowls and
white-feathered fowls are mated, show the cross with
the aid of a Punnett square.
Questions:
1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
GENOTYPE: _______ PHENOTYPE: _______
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic percentage?
Genotypic percentage: _____Phenotypic percentage:
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 1. What would be the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE: 4 BW
PHENOTYPE: 4 GREY ANDALOUS CHICKEN

B B
W BW BW
W BW BW
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2.What are the phenotypic and genotypic
ratios?
Genotypic percentage: 100% BW
PHENOTYPIC percentage: 100% GREY Andalous

W W
B BW BW
B BW BW
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 1. What would be the genotypes
and phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE:
B W PHENOTYPE:

B
2.What are the phenotypic and
W genotypic pecentage?
Genotypic %:
PHENOTYPIC %:

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 1. What would be the genotypes
and phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE: 1BB-2BW-1WW
B W PHENOTYPE:1 Black Andalous
2 Gray Andalous
B BB BW 1 white Andalous

W BW WW 2.What are the phenotypic and

genotypic ratios?
Genotypic %: 1BB:2BW:1WW
PHENOTYPIC %:25% Black Andalous
50% Gray Andalous
25% white Andalous 22
Incomplete Dominance: Sample Problem 1
If Chesnutt horse(RR) and white horse (WW) are
mated, show the cross with the aid of a Punnett
square.

Questions:
1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
GENOTYPE: _______ PHENOTYPE: _______
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic percentage?
Genotypic %: _____Phenotypic %: __
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 1. What would be the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE: 4 RW
PHENOTYPE: 4 PALOMINO HORSE

R R
W RW RW
W RW RW
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 2.What are the phenotypic and
genotypic ratios?
Genotypic %: 100% RW
PHENOTYPIC %: 100% PALOMINO HORSE

W W
R RW RW
R RW RW
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 Codominance
It is where both
alleles are
expressed equally in
the phenotype of the
heterozygote.
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 Codominance: Sample Problem 1

In cattle, the allele for red hair (RR) is co-

dominant with the allele for white hair
(WW). Cross a Red hair bull (RR) with a
White hair cow(WW).
Questions:
1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
GENOTYPE: _______ PHENOTYPE: _______
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic percentage?
Genotypic %: _____Phenotypic %: __
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 1. What would be the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE: 4 RW
PHENOTYPE: 4 ROAN COW

W W
R RW RW
R RW RW
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 2.What are the phenotypic and
genotypic ratios?
Genotypic %: 100% RW
PHENOTYPIC %: 100% ROAN

W W
R RW RW
R RW RW
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 Codominance: Sample Problem 1

In some chickens, the gene for feather color is controlled by

codominance. The allele for black is BB and WW for white
chicken. The heterozygous offspring is known as erminette
BW. Show the cross between a BLACK CHICKEN(BB) and a
WHITE CHICKEN (WW)
Questions:
1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
GENOTYPE: _______ PHENOTYPE: _______
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic percentage?
Genotypic %: _____Phenotypic %: __
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1. What would be the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE: 4 BW
PHENOTYPE: 4 ERMINETTE CHICKEN

W W
B BW BW
B BW BW 36
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PROBLEM-SOLVING

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 PROBLEM 1

1. Coat color in mice is incompletely dominant.

Yellow (Y) and white (W) -colored mice are
homozygous, while cream-colored mice are
heterozygous (YW). If two cream-colored mice
mate, what percentage of each phenotype can
we expect of their offspring? Show the Punnett
Square. 41
 PROBLEM 2

2. In radishes, red (R) and white (W) are

pure-breeding colors, while hybrids are
purple (RW). If a red radish is crossed with a
heterozygous purple radish, what will be the
phenotype of the offspring? Show the
Punnett Square and percentage of each
phenotype. 42
 PROBLEM 3

3. In shorthorn cattle, when a red bull (RR) is

crossed with a white cow (WW), all the
offspring are roan—a spotted, red and white
or milky red color. What offspring are
expected from mating a roan bull and a
roan cow? Show the Punnett Square and
genotype and phenotype. 43
1. What would be the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE: 1 YY, 2 YW, 1 WW
PHENOTYPE: 1 YELLOW, 2 CREAM, 1 WHITE

Y W
Y YY YW
W YW WW 44
2.What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Genotypic %: 25% YY, 50% YW, 25% WW

PHENOTYPIC %: 25% YELLOW, 50% CREAM, 25% WHITE

MOUSE

Y W
Y YY YW
W YW WW 45
1. What would be the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE: 2 RR, 2 RW,
PHENOTYPE: 2 RED RADDISH, 2 PURPLE RADDISH

R R
RRR RR
W RW RW 46
2.What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Genotypic %: 50% RR, 50% RW,

PHENOTYPIC %: 50% RED RADISH, 50% PURPLE RADISH

R R
R RR RR
W RW RW 47
1. What would be the genotypes and
phenotypes of the offspring?
GENOTYPE: 1 RR, 2 YW, 1 WW
PHENOTYPE: 1 REDBULL, 2 ROAN, 1 WHITE COW

R W
RRR RW
W RW WW 48
2.What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Genotypic %: 25% YY, 50% YW, 25% WW

PHENOTYPIC %: 25% YELLOW, 50% CREAM, 25% WHITE

MOUSE

Y W
Y YY YW
W YW WW 49
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Non-Mendelian Genetics

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Inheritance and
Blood Typing

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a. describes Multiple Alleles and Sex- Related
Traits Pattern of Inheritance
b. Solve genetic problems related to Multiple
Alleles and Sex- Related Traits Pattern of
Inheritance
c. Recognize the importance of the Non-
Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance to our
environment. 53
 MULTIPLE ALLELES
There are more than two alleles that
control a trait.
This will also lead to more than two
phenotypes expressed
Blood group system in humans, the
ABO system, is an example of a
character governed by multiple
alleles
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 HUMAN BLOOD TYPE

Blood Types – classifications of blood, based on

the presence and absence of antibodies and
inherited antigens on the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs)
The A B O blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of two antigens. (A and B)
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 What is blood type?

A way to characterize what kind of

proteins are present on someone’s red
blood cells. It is determined by the type of
antigen that is present on the surface of
the red blood cells 57
BLOOD TYPE
Remember that A
ANTIBODIES will B
always attack
foreign substances
in our blood
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BLOOD TYPE
If a person has blood type
A, he cannot receive Type
A
B or Type AB blood B
because the Anti-B
antibodies in the
recipient’s blood will bind
to the B antigen in the
donor’s blood and destroy
these cells. 60
BLOOD TYPE
Universal Donor - a person of blood
group O, who can in theory donate blood
to recipients of any ABO blood groups.

Universal Recipient – a person of blood

group AB, who can in theory receive
donated blood of any ABO blood group.
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 GENOTYPE
TYPE
Homozygous Heterozygous

A A
I I A A
I i
B B
I I B B
I i
AB A
I I B

O ii 64
 Example
What are the possible blood
types of the offspring of a
cross between individuals
that are homozygous type
A and type O 65
 Multiple Alleles: Sample Problem 1

What blood type/s can be found in an offspring

if the mother is heterozygous Type A blood and
the father has a homozygous type B blood?

Questions:
1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
GENOTYPE: _______ PHENOTYPE: _______
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic percentage?
Genotypic %: _____Phenotypic %: __
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 Multiple Alleles: Sample Problem 1

What blood type/s can be found in an offspring

if the mother has Type AB blood and the father
has a type O blood?

Questions:
1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
GENOTYPE: _______ PHENOTYPE: _______
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic percentage?
Genotypic %: _____Phenotypic %: __
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 Multiple Alleles: Sample Problem 1

What blood type/s can be found in an offspring

if the mother has Type AB blood, and the father
has type O blood?

Questions:
1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
GENOTYPE: _______ PHENOTYPE: _______
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic percentage?
Genotypic %: _____Phenotypic %: __
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 SEX RELATED TRAITS
-are those that are
expressed exclusively in
one sex.
-are also autosomal,
meaning that their genes
are not carried on the sex
chromosomes. 78
 SEX RELATED TRAITS
-One classic example of
a sex-influenced trait is
pattern baldness in
humans, though the
condition is not
restricted to males.
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Expression of Pattern Baldness in Humans
Male Genotype Male Phenotype
XYBB Male Bald
XYBb Male Bald
XYbb Male Non Bald
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Expression of Pattern Baldness in Humans

Female Genotype Female Phenotype

XXBB Female Bald
XXBb Female Non Bald
XXbb Female Non Bald
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Show a Punnet square of the trait
baldness between the following
parents and give the genotype and
phenotype of the cross.
1. XBXB (female) and XBYb (male)
2. XBXb (female) and XBYb (male)
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 SEX LINKED GENES
-Happened in X
chromosome. Females
have two X chromosomes;
they can inherit or carry
the trait without being
affected if it acts in a
recessive manner 86
 SEX LINKED GENES
-Colorblindness
is the common
diseases
happened in X
chromosomes.
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Genotype and Phenotype of Colorblindness
Genotype Phenotype
XX Normal Female
X Xc Normal Female/
Carrier of the gene
Xc Xc Color Blind Female
XY Normal Male
Xc Y Color blind Male 88
 SEX LINKED GENES
-Hypertrichosis
pinnae auris, a genetic
disorder in humans
that causes hairy ears.
Happened in Y
Chromosomes.
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PREPARE FOR YOUR
LONG TEST 2
Thank you!

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