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INTERNAL LOADINGS With Example Problems

INTERNAL-LOADINGS-with-Example-Problems

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97 views11 pages

INTERNAL LOADINGS With Example Problems

INTERNAL-LOADINGS-with-Example-Problems

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annealcuran1203
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Internal Loadings in Structural Members

When designing or analyzing a structural member, it is important


to consider the internal loadings developed within the member.
These internal loadings include normal force, shear force, and
bending moment. Engineers can ensure that the structural
member can support the applied external forces by calculating
these internal loadings.
What is Stress?
When a deforming force is applied to an object, the material
deforms and loses its original shape.
There will be an opposing force generated inside the object in
order to restore its previous shape and size.
The restoring force will have the same magnitude as the
deforming force and would be in the opposite direction.
Stress is the measurement of this restorative force per unit area
of the material.
It is denoted by the symbol ‘σ’.
It is a scalar quantity measured in Pascal or N/m2

Stress Formula
Stress Formula is used to find stress applied on any given body if
force and area on which force is exerted are provided.
Stress is the external restoring force acting on per unit area. We
can calculate the stress on an object using the Stress Formula
if the area and force applied are given.
Stress Formula is given as:

σ=FA

Where

 σ: Stress
 F: Restoring Force
 A: Area of Cross-Section

Strain
Stress is the force exerted on the unit area of a substance. The
effect of stress on a body is referred to as Strain. Stress causes
deformations in the body to which it is being applied.
A strain is the measure of the degree of deformation.
The strain is given as a fractional change in either the length,
geometry or volume. It is a dimensionless number. The greater
the stress, the greater the strain. The proportionality constant in
this relation is known as the elastic modulus. The relation
between stress and strain is given as follows:
Stress = Elastic Modulus × Strain
The ratio of stress to strain is known as elastic modulus. Elastic
modulus defines the amount of force required per unit
deformation.
Elastic Modulus = Stress /Strain

Types of Stress
Stress is mainly categorized into two types namely Normal Stress
and Tangential or Shearing Stress. The various types of stress are
discussed below in brief.

1. Normal Stress

Stress is referred to as Normal stress when the direction of the


deforming force is perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the
body. The length of the wire or the volume of the body changes
stress will be at the normal.

OR

Normal stress will occur to members that are axially loaded. Axial
force can be tension or compression and applied at the centroid
of cross-section of the member.

σ=PA

Where

P is the applied normal load in Newton

A is the area in mm2.

Normal Stress = Axial Force / Cross-sectional Area

The maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a


section normal to the load.

Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress.


Members subject to pure tension (or tensile force) is under
tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to
compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Normal stress is further classified into two types:

 Longitudinal Stress: Longitudinal Stress either stretches the


object or compresses the object along its length.
Consider a cylinder. When two cross-sectional areas of the
cylinder are subjected to equal and opposite forces the stress
experienced by the cylinder is called longitudinal stress.

Longitudinal Stress = Deforming Force / Area of cross-


section = F/A

As the name suggests, when the body is under longitudinal

stress-The deforming force will be acting along the length of

the body.

Longitudinal stress results in the change in the length of the


body. Hence, thereby it affects slight change in diameter.

The Longitudinal Stress either stretches the object or


compresses the object along its length. Thus, it can be further

classified into two types based on the direction of


deforming force-

1. Tensile Stress

If the deforming force or applied force results in the increase in


the object’s length then the resulting stress is termed as tensile
stress. For example: When a rod or wire is stretched by pulling it
with equal and opposite forces (outwards) at both ends.

OR

Tensile stress is a quantity associated with stretching or tensile


forces. It is responsible for the elongation of the material along
the axis of the applied load. Tensile stress is defined as:
The magnitude F of the force applied along an elastic rod divided
by the cross-sectional area A of the rod in a direction that is
perpendicular to the applied force.

Ductile materials have the tendency to withstand the load while


brittle materials fail before reaching the ultimate material
strength.

Tensile Stress Formula

σ=FA

where,

σ is the tensile stress

F is the force acting

A is the cross-sectional area

Tensile Stress Unit

Following is the table explaining the units and dimensional


formula:

UnitNm-2

SI unit Pascal

2.Compressive Stress

If the deforming force or applied force results in the decrease in


the object’s length then the resulting stress is termed as
compressive stress. For example: When a rod or wire is
compressed/squeezed by pushing it with equal and opposite
forces (inwards) at both ends.

OR
Compressive stress is the force that is responsible for the
deformation of the material such that the volume of the material
reduces. It is the stress experienced by a material which leads to
a smaller volume. High compressive stress leads to failure of
the material due to tension.

When compressive stress is applied to the brittle materials, these


materials fracture as there is a sudden release of the stored
energy. When the compressive stress is applied to the ductile
materials, they compress, and there is no failure.

Compressive Stress Unit

The S.I. Unit of the compressive stress is Newton per meter


square which is denoted by the symbol (N/m2)and another S.I.
Unit is Pascal which is denoted by the symbol Pa.

Compressive Stress Formula

The compressive stress is represented mathematically by the


formula written below:

σ=F/A

where:

F = compressive force.

A = cross-sectional area of the material.

σ = compressive stress.

1. Bulk Stress or Volumetric Stress: When the volume of


the body changes due to the deforming force, it is termed
Volumetric Stress.

Shearing Stress

Shearing Stress refers to the force applied tangentially across


the surface area of a plane. The surface is said to be tangent
when the forces operating on the surface are parallel to it and
the stress acting on the surface traces a tangent. Shearing
stress results in a change in the shape of the body.

Shearing Stress = Force / Surface Area

OR

Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing


stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are
caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act.
Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

τ=V/Av

where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the


centroid of the area Av being sheared.
Bearing Stress

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate


bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal
stress caused by compressive forces.

σb=PbAb

Example Problem:

 Example: Calculate the stress if a force of 40 N is applied on


an object with an area of 4mm2.

 Solution:

 Force (F): 40 N
 Area (A): 4 mm2
 Using the Stress Formula,

 σ=F/A

 σ = 40N / 4mm2
 σ = 10 ×106 N/m2
 Thus, the stress on the surface of the object is 10×106 N/m2.

Questions and Answers For Stress

Q1: What is Stress?

Ans: Stress is the measure of restoring force per unit area.

Q2: What is the unit of Stress?

Ans: The unit of stress is pascal or N/m2.

Q3: What is the effect of deforming force?

Ans: The deforming force can change the shape or volume or size
of the object.

Q4: What is the direction of the deforming force in the case


of shearing stress?

Ans: The deforming force is parallel to the area of cross-section.

Q5: What is the nature of the restoring force?

Ans: The restoring force is equal in magnitude and opposite in


direction to deforming force or external force.

Q6: Name the types of normal stress.

Ans: Longitudinal stress and bulk or volume stress are two types
of normal stress.

Q7: What is the direction of the deforming force in the case


of longitudinal stress?
Ans: The deforming force is perpendicular to the area of cross-
section.

Q8: Name the types of longitudinal stress.

Ans: Tensile stress and compressive stress are the two types of
longitudinal stress.

Q9: Define longitudinal stress.

Ans: Stress experienced by an object along its length due to the


presence of equal and opposite deforming forces perpendicular to
the area of cross-section is called longitudinal stress.

Q10: What does bulk stress do to an object?

Ans: Bulk stress results in a change in the volume of the object.

Q11:What does tangential stress do to an object?

Ans: Tangential stress results in a change in the shape of the


object.

Q12: Define tangential or shear stress.

Ans: When the direction of the deforming force or external force


is parallel to the cross-sectional area, the stress experienced by
the object is called shearing stress or tangential stress.

Q13: Give the expression for stress and explain the terms.

Ans: The expression for stress is given by

σ= F/A Where,F is the restoring force,A is the area of cross-


section , σ is the stress.

Q14:A rod is stretched by pulling at both the ends. Name


the type of stress experienced by the rod.

Ans: Tensile stress.

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