STRESS

SIMPLE STRESS
-Force of load per unit area

 
Force   F
σ  =  = 
Area A

lb f   N
 
N
2
, 2   or   Pa , 2  or   MPa
in m mm
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORCES ACTING ON A BODY

1. Axial Force – also called normal force. This force developed

whenever the external loads push or pull on the two segments of
the body.

2. Shear Force – these components of the total resistance to sliding

the position to one side of the explanatory section past the other.

3. Torque – it is developed when the external loads tend to twist

one segment of the body with respect to the other.
 TWO PRIMARY TYPES OF STRESS

1. Normal / Axial Stress

• Caused by forces acting perpendicular to the body
• The area is normal or perpendicular to the force
carried

2. Shear Stress
• Caused by forces acting parallel to the body.
• The area is parallel to the force carried
• also called tangential stress
 Normal / Axial Stress

a. Tensile Stress is the stress

state leading to expansion;
that is, the length of a
material tends to increase
in the tensile direction.
 
F
St  = 
A
 
= the tensile stress
F = the force
A = the area
D = the diameter
 Normal / Axial Stress

b.Compressive Stress is the

stress, which causes an
elastic body to shorten in
the direction of the
applied force
 
F
St  = 
A
 
= the compressive stress
F = the force
A = the area
D = the diameter
 Normal / Axial Stress
c. Bearing Stress is caused by
forces acting perpendicular to
the area resisting the forces.
Normal stresses, tensile stress,
and compressive stress are
examples of bearing stress
 
F F
SB  =  =
A LD
  = the bearing stress
F = the force
A = the area
D = the diameter
 Shearing Stress
• Single Shear
  F
Ss  = 
A

• Double Shear
  F
Ss  = 
2A

• Punching Shear
  F F
Ss  =   = 
A πdt
 Torsional Stress
• the shearing stress which occurs at any point in a body
when a torque or torsional load is applied

  Tc 16 T
Sst  =  = 
J πD
3

 = the torsional stress

T = the torque
c = distance from the neutral axis to the
outermost fiber
D = the diameter
J = the polar moment of inertia
 Bending or Flexural Stress
• tends to deflect a member when the force is applied
 
Rectangular Section Circular Section

 Where:
= the bending of flexural stress
M = the bending moment
c = distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber
b = the width
h = the depth or thickness
I = the moment of inertia
D = the diameter
 Variable Stress

• refers to the application of different loading such

as fatigue, reversed, random, repeated, impact or
shock loading.
 Design Stress is the stress value which is used in the mathematical
determination of the required size of the machine member.

 OTHER TYPES OF STRESS

For Brittle Materials  
Ultimate Stress, - stress that would
cause failure. The maximum stress that
For Ductile Materials a material could handle.
 
•  Yield Stress, - maximum stress
= the ultimate stress without causing deformation within the
= the yield stress elastic limit.
 
Allowable Stress - also known as safe
stress. It is the ultimate stress over
the factor of safety or design factor.
Combined Stress refers to bending or twisting stresses in a structure
member combined with direct tension or compression.

  F Mc
 Sd  =  ±
A l

Note: Use (+) when axial force is in tension

Use (-) when axial force is in compression
 Combined Axial and Torsional Stresses
  2
St St
Stmax  =  ±

 
2 4 √
2
+ Ss
2

St
√
Ssmax  =  ±
4
+ Ss
2

 
Where:
= the tensile stress induced
= the shearing stress induced
= the maximum tensile or compressive stress caused by the induced stresses
= the maximum shearing stress caused by the induced stresses
 Combined Torsional and Flexural Stresses
16
S  tmax  =  [ ]
2 2
3
M + √ M + T
πD

  16
S smax   =  3
[ √ M2 + T 2 ]
πD

 
Where:
M = the bending moment
T = the twisting moment
= the maximum tensile or compressive stress caused by the induced stresses
= the maximum shearing stress caused by the induced stresses
Combined Axial, Torsional and
 
Flexural Stresses
[( ]
2
Fa D Fa D
Stmax  = 
16
πD
3
M+
8
+ ) √( M+
8 )+T
2

[ √( ]
2
16 Fa D
Ssmax  = 
πD
3
M+
8 )
+T
2
 STRAIN
The total deformation measured in the direction of the line of stress.
The elongation over the original length.

 UNIVERSAL TESING MACHINE

SPECIMEN
Conditions:
1. Area is constant
2. Object is homogeneous
3. Force must be axial or normal
 Stress and Strain

• According to Hooke’s Law by Robert Hooke (1678), which states that, for
relatively small deformation of an object, the displacement or size of the
• deformation
  is directly proportional to the force or load.
 STRESS-STRAIN RELATION
 
Where:
FL
•δ  =  = elongation
AE F = force
L = original length
A = area
E = modulus of elasticity
 Thermal Stress is the mechanical stress induced in a
body when some or all of its parts are not free to expand
or contract in response to changes in temperature.

ST  = αE ∆ T
 

 
= the thermal stress
E = the modulus of elasticity
L = the length
= the coefficient of thermal expansion
= the final temp
= the initial temp
Thermal Elongation – the tendency of a body to change in length in
response to change in temperature

 
δT  =  αL ∆ T
 
Where:
= the thermal elongation
L = the length
= the final temp
= the initial temp
1. A 5 inch journal bearing with a length of 4
inches has a load of 60 kN. Find the stress
developed.
2. Calculate the force needed to punch 2.5 inch
diameter hole from a ½ inch thick plate if the
ultimate shearing stress is 180 Mpa.
3. A steel column has a ultimate compressive
stress of 140 MPa. If it supports a load of 220
kN, determine the diameter of the column
using factor of safety of 4.
4. Compute for the induces stress, in Mpa, of a
steel solid shafting of 6 cm diameter and 5 m
in length that is subjected to a temperature of
35 degree C to 120 degree C.
5. Find the clearance between rails and the
maximum induced stress for a train steel rail
road project, so that at a maximum
temperature rise of 20 degree C, the rails will
just touch each other. The length of each rail is
12m. Assume that there was no initial
clearance
Sample Problem
1. In the figure shown, assume that a 20-mm diameter rivet
joints the plate which are each 100mm wide.(a)If the
allowable stresses are 140MN/m2 for bearing in the plate
material and 80MN/m2 for shearing of the rivet,
determine the minimum thickness of each plate;(b) under
the conditions specified in(a), what is the largest average
tensile stress in the plate.
  
 

GIVEN: SOLUTION:
Dr=20mm W=100mm (a)SS=P/AS (b)St=P/AS
SC≤140Mpa SSMpa =(80 BUT, At=100(8.98)-
  =25.13KN 20(8.98)
•  At=718.4mm2
REQUIRED: SC=P/AC
(a)Minimum thickness(t) t=25.13x103/718.4
P=A
(b)Tensile stress(St) t=34.98Mpa
25.13x10 =20(t)140
3

 
t=8.98mm