Cha2: Telephone and Data

Networks

Beneyam Berhanu (PhD)

November 22, 2022

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Contents
1. PSTN
✓ Telephony network architecture
✓ Switching
2. Multiplexing
✓ PDH
✓ SDH
3. QoS for voice communication
4. ISDN

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High-level Telephone System Architecture

Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE)

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Telephony network elements (1/4)
1. Customer premises equipment (CEP)
– Include telephone, modems, answering machines,
and large private branch exchanges (PBXs)
2. Transmission facilities
– Local loop (or subscribers loop or last mile)
– Trunk lines
3. Switching facilities

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Telephony network: local loop
❖The local loop connects CPEs with
telephone company switching office (central
office or local exchange)
– Also called subscriber loop, last mile
– Local loop installations are with wire-pairs or
fiber-optic cables (about 3 – 5 Kms.)
– Are dedicated to individual customers

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Telephony network: central office &
trunk lines
• The central office houses switching equipment
– It provides a local dial tone on your telephone
– Switching functionality is implemented here!
• Trunk lines (or circuits) connect two switching
stations
– Runs between central offices and other telephone
company switching centers
– Carry traffic generated by many users and covers
several thousand Kilometers
– Usually digital, high speed, and carries multiple
telephone circuits

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Telephony network: switching
❖Switching system: Interconnect circuits and
route traffic through the network and classified
into
– Local switches: also called central office switches,
connect customer loop directly to other customer
loops or to trunks
– Tandem switches: connect trunks to trunks or
simply connect one CO switch to another CO
switch
– Toll switch: a tandem switch that serves the long
distance network

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Manual switching→ Digital Switch.

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Digital Switching Principle
✓ Digital telephone signals use a synchronous
transmission system, which combines Time Division
✓ Multiplexing (TDM) and Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM). Each speech path has to send an 8 bit binary
code at a rate of 8000 codes.
✓ The codes are organized into groups called frames.
✓ Each code is transmitted in a timeslot. The frames
include special synchronizing codes so that each
timeslot can be identified and the code correctly
converted back to analog form.
Digital Switching Principles
Digital Transmission:
✓ In the CEPT system which originated in Europe there are 32
timeslots in each frame. Each frame takes 125 µs, and each 8 bit
timeslot is transmitted in 3.9 µs, at a rate of 2.048 Mbps.
✓ In the T1 system which was designed in North America there are 24
timeslots in each frame. Each frame also takes 125 µs, and so each 8
bit timeslot is transmitted in 5.2 µs. An extra bit is used for
synchronizing so the transmission rate is 1.544 Mbps.
✓ The connection to each telephone uses 2 wires which carry analog
signals in both directions. For Digital Switching, incoming and
outgoing speech are separated by hybrid circuits. Then combined
Codec/Filter circuits provide analog to digital and digital to
analogue conversion.
Contents
1. PSTN
✓ Telephony network architecture
✓ Switching
2. Multiplexing
3. QoS for voice communication
4. ISDN

11
Multiplexing
❖Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
❖Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
➢Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
➢Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

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FDMA

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TDMA: PDH
❖PDH defined for multiplexing digital voice
circuits
➢ Basic rate of 64 kbit/s per voice circuit
➢ 8 kHz Nyquist sampling rate to convert analog
voice signal (30Hz-4kHz) into a digital signal
➢ Each sample quantized at 8 bits per sample 8000
samples/seconds × 8 bits/sample = 64 kbps

❖ Higher-order (faster) streams are multiples of

the basic 64 kbps stream

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USA PDH: T1 carrier frame structure

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USA PDH Level

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European PDH levels

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PDH summary

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SDH
❖More multiplexing required
– Emergence of fiber increases channel capacity
beyond PDH upper limit
SDH provides higher
order multiplexing
over PDH and
benefits in terms of
synchronization,
management,
interoperability and
availability.

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Contents
1. PSTN
✓ Telephony network architecture
✓ Switching
2. Multiplexing
3. QoS for voice communication
4. ISDN

20
Interesting questions

21
Required understanding

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Note

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Example

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Relationships between the three
factors

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Telephone network

26
Telephone traffic model

27
Traffic process

28
Exemplary task

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Exemplary task solution

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Classical model for telephone traffic

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Teletraffic analysis
• Given that

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Erlang table

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Example 1

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Spice: Addis Ababa UMTS voice
traffic profile for May 2016
Average voice traffic
30000

Busy hour

25000 Increased usage during morning hours

20000
Traffic in erlang

Increased usage during morning Decreased usage during

15000
hours afternoon hours

10000 Decreased usage after

evening hours

5000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour in a day

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Example 2
❖ Consider a system with
– 100 cells
– Each cell has C = 20 channels
– Each user generates λ = 2 calls/hour on average
– The average duration of each call (H) = 3 Minutes
❖ How many number of users can be supported if the allowed probability
of blocking is 2%?

Solution:
From Erlang B table, total carried traffic = 13 Erlangs
Traffic intensity per user AU = λH = 0.1 Erlangs
The total number of users that can be supported by a cell = 13/0.1 = 130 Users/cell
Therefore, the total number of users in the system is 13,000

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Contents
1. PSTN
✓ Telephony network architecture
✓ Switching
2. Multiplexing
3. QoS for voice communication
4. ISDN

37
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
• ISDN was intended to provide end-to-end digital service using the
ordinary telephone system
– ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system
– Also provides access to packet switched networks
• ISDN is concerned with what goes on inside the customer
premises (CP), and to some extent, what goes on between CP and
the phone company
• ISDN simultaneously transmits voice, data, and video
– I.e., it integrates voice and data on the same lines, adding features that
were not available in POTS
– Prior to ISDN, the phone system was viewed as a way to transport
voice only
• ISDN is designed:
– To provide a single interface for hooking up phone, fax machine,
computer, videophone, etc.
– Around the notion of separate channels at 64 Kbps

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ISDN – Connection
• Max. of 8 subscriber
devices may be connected
to the network termination
(NT)
• However, only two of them
may communicate at the
same time
• A major market
application for ISDN is
Internet access
– Provides a maximum of
128 kbps connectivity in
both upstream and
downstream directions

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ISDN – Services (User-Network Interface)
1. Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
– Uses 2-wire twisted pair and is intended for home and small
enterprises to replace POTS
– In BRI, stream of bits is organized into
1. Two 64 kbps channels called "bearer" channels (B-channels) that
carry voice, data, facsimile, or image
2. One 16 kbps channel called “Delta“ channel (D-channel) that
carries the signaling information for setting up and clearing calls
– The D-channel is interleaved with the B-channel on the same pair of wires
3. Extra "overhead" bits for synchronization and monitoring of the
line
– A total of 192kbps
– Sometimes called 2B + D
– NT contain one analog interface
and a PCM codec for ordinary
analog telephone

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Typical ISDN PRI Layout

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ISDN – Services …
2. Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
– ISDN primary rate lines provide digital access via a T1
line (i.e., uses much higher data speeds), are much more
expensive, and are intended for large users (corporate
networks)
• European "E1" primary rate lines have 30 B-channels, one D-
channel and one synchronization channel (total 2.048 Mbit/s)
• American "T1" primary rate lines have 23 B-channels and one D-
channel (total 1.544 Mbps) (23B + D)
• Cheaper lines are often available that have some of the B-channels
disabled but are otherwise identical
– PRI connections are presented to the user on four wires -
one pair for each direction
– PRI are mainly used for private branch exchange (PBX)
connections in an office or hotel to the public network
• The PBX then typically provides many POTS telephone lines or
basic rate ISDN lines to the users

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Typical ISDN BRI Layout

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ISDN – Services …
3. Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
– Broadband: Describes any connection faster than
primary rate ISDN or capable of passing video
signals
– An increases in demand for even higher rates
motivated by advances in optical fiber, computing
switching, and other technologies such as DSP
– Higher speed ISDN lines (T2, E2 etc), that carry
even more B-channels than primary rate lines, are
also used within the network to connect to large
companies
• These can be considered to be broadband ISDN
connections

Telecom. Networks - Ch. 3 Modern Telephone & Data Networks

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ISDN Components
• Terminal equipment type 1 (TE1)
– ISDN compatible device (e.g. ISDN telephone, computer)
– TE1 is a digital device and performing the voice digitization itself
• Terminal equipment type 2 (TE2)
– Non ISDN compatible devices (e.g. old analog telephone, old-style
fax machine, modem)

• Terminal adaptor (TA)

– Connects TE2 devices with ISDN network (basically AD converter)
– TA can be either a standalone device or a board inside the TE2

S T u
TE1 NT2 NT1

Tx. line
TE2 TA
R

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ISDN Components …
• Network termination type 1 (NT1)
– End of the line for local phone company and beginning of house's
phone network, i.e., is a customer premises equipment (CPE)
– NT1 converts the four-wire subscriber wiring to the conventional
two-wire local loop
• Network termination type 2 (NT2)
– Intelligent device that performs switching & concentrating
– Provides multiple ISDN interfaces on an ISDN line
– NT2 may be as simple as a bridging device connected to an NT1
unit or it may be as complicated as a PBX
– Since most homes won't have any NT2 equipment, the S and T
reference points are usually one and the same, and are sometimes
called S/T bus
– Usually found in ISDN PRI

Telecom. Networks - Ch. 3 Modern Telephone & Data Networks

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ISDN Reference Points
• ISDN specifies a number of reference points that define logical
interfaces between functional groupings and include
– U interface: Reference point between NT1 devices and line-termination
equipment in the carrier network
• U reference point is relevant only in North America, where the NT1
function is not provided by the carrier network
– T interface: A serial interface between NT1 and NT2
– S interface: Reference point between user terminals and the NT2
• A four-wire bus that ISDN consumer devices plug into
– R interface: Defines the interface b/n a non-ISDN device and a TA
S T U
TE1 NT2 NT1

Tx. line
TE2 TA
R

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ISDN – Advantages over POTS
1. ISDN networks deliver two simultaneous connections
– Any combination of data, voice, video, and fax, over a
single line
– Simultaneous phone calls can be made using the same pair
of wires that the POTS used to connect to
• This is achieved by interleaving the data using TDM
• The phone company doesn't have to dig up the road to change to
ISDN and effectively to give a second line
2. Multiple devices can be attached to a line
– ISDN provides single interface to connect phone, fax
machine, computer, videophone, etc.
– ISDN line can take care of most people's complete
communications needs at a much higher transmission rate,
without forcing the purchase of multiple analog phone lines

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ISDN – Advantages over POTS …
3. Calls can be connected much more quickly
– Typically within one second over ISDN, compared
with 20 seconds or more over POTS
4. Data can be sent faster (64kbps in each direction)
and more reliably, so data calls can be shorter and
therefore cheaper
5. Noise, distortion, echoes and crosstalk become
inaudible as digital signals are sent through the
cable
– These days, the "trunk" network between telephone
exchanges is converted to digital technology
– Hence, ISDN just extends it the "last mile" to home

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ISDN – Disadvantages
1. An external power supply is required
– The telco's don't supply power for ISDN lines
and if the power fails, the phones won't work
2. If the ISDN fails - the phone fails
3. Special digital phones are required or a
Terminal Adapter to talk to the existing
POTS devices
4. It is very expensive to upgrade a central
office switch to ISDN

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Group Assignment 2
1. Compare the European PDH and US PDH in terms of capability,
standard, usability and market share.
2. Make comparison between SDH and SONET
3. Given
– An urban area has a population of X million residents
– Three competing trunked mobile networks (Network A, B, and C) provide
mobile service in the urban area
• Network A has 394 cells with 19 channels each
• Network B has 98 cells with 57 channels each
• Network C has 49 cells each with 100 channels
– Each user generates 2 calls per hour on average at an average call duration of
3 minutes
Required
– The number of users that can be supported at X% blocking?
– Assuming that all three trunked networks are operated at maximum capacity,
compute the percentage market penetration of each cellular provider
– If a regulator maintain strong competition among the network operators, to
which operator it assigns additional bandwidth/channels
– The value of X is your already assigned group number
Submit the solution through email

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Thank You!

beneyamb.haile@aait.edu.et

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