ELECTRIC ENGINEERING

Program: ENERGY Program

Course: Microprocessor-Based Automated Systems (ELE335)

4(2-2-3) Hrs.

Lecture: Lecture # 3

Assoc. Professor: R. A. Mahmoud Date : 28 / 2 / 2024

By the end of this chapter
You will be able to:
• Describe the main components of a Computer System, and their functions.
• Distinguish between a Computer and Microcomputer.
• Know the block diagram of the generator excitation system and the wiring diagram of a digital
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) based on the microprocessor system.

.
Computer and Microcomputer
Components of a Computer System
 Definitions
Computer Definition:
A computer is an electronic device that comprises electrical and mechanical
components, as well as electronic equipment. It receives instructions from the
user and performs mathematical and logical operations to provide outputs
that benefit the user and offer solutions and results to support decision-
making.

System Definition:
A system is defined as a group of units (subsystems or organizations) that
integrate with each other to accomplish specific tasks. Each unit or
subsystem within the system is assigned a portion of the overall tasks.
 Definitions
Program Definition:
A program is a set of instructions to achieve an objective. It is written in a
language suitable for the user who then executes it in order to achieve the
desired results.
Also, it is defined as a set of instructions written in a programming language
that is given to the computer to perform a task, such as calculating the sum of
numerical values.
Computer programming Definition:
A computer programming refers to the coding, testing and debugging of some
instruction code in an understandable computer language to be executed by
the computer. Programming concepts includes study on tools and techniques
that programmers use to create new software.
 Definitions
User Definition:
A User is the people who interact with the hardware and software systems to
execute some tasks; and they include programmers, system
engineers, system analysts, data entry personnel, and others.

Programmer Definition:
A Programmer is a person with knowledge and expertise in one or more
programming languages. They are capable of analyzing programming
problems and designing appropriate solutions using those languages.
 Definitions
Source Program Definition:
A Source Program is a program written in a programming language (such as
high-level languages like C/C++, Pascal, or Basic). It represents programming
instructions to solve a specific problem or issue.

Object Program Definition:

An Object Program is the program that results from translating the source
program using a compiler or interpreter. It is written in machine language and
can be executed to obtain the results.
Computer System
Components of a Computer System
Computer:

• The computer is a machine that processes data

and generates information with speed and
accuracy.

• Electronic, electromechanical devices and

software make this machine. It is a
programmable machine.

• The basic block diagram of a computer is shown

in Fig. 2.1.

• The computer consists of four basic units,

namely, input (I/P), memory, output (O/P), and
central processing unit (CPU).

Fig. 2.1 Basic block diagram of a computer

Computer System
Components of a Computer System
 Computer System
Components of a Computer System

Input Devices:
• An input device accepts data from the environment, converts it into digital form (A/D converter) and sends it to
the memory for storing in the computer.

• Commonly used input devices are punched cards, paper tapes, magnetic tapes, floppy disks and magnetic disks.
Card readers, paper tape readers, magnetic tape readers, disk drives read data transmitted by input devices.

• A keyboard terminal can be used as input to the computer.

• In optical mark readers and optical character readers, the input data are scanned by an array of photocells,
converted into machine code and transmitted into the memory of the computer for processing.

• On identical principles, bar code readers read the information prepared in bar-code for application in computers.

• In a magnetic ink reader, information written or printed in magnetic ink is read and transmitted directly to the
memory for processing.

• Electronic mouse, touch screens and light pens are also used as input devices.
Computer System
Components of a Computer System
 Computer System
Components of a Computer System

Memory:

• A computer system also has storage areas, often referred to as memory. The memory unit stores the
information to be processed by the CPU. This information consists of the program as well as data.

• The memory can receive data, hold them and deliver them when instructed to do so. The storage
available in the memory is also known as main storage or primary storage. The data can be processed
only when it is available in the main memory, which is finite. It may be increased by adding auxiliary
or secondary storage, such as magnetic tapes or magnetic disks.

• The information stored in the auxiliary storage can be transferred to the main memory for processing
at a high speed.
 Computer System
Components of a Computer System

Output Devices:

• When a program is executed in a computer, the result will be computed and readily available to display.

• The computer needs output devices to display the information for the user.

• The most commonly used output devices are monitor screens, printers, graphics plotters, speech and
microfilms.

• Moreover, event recorder, fault recorder, and fault locator are considered as output devices.
 Computer System
Components of a Computer System

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

• The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It executes the programmer’s
software and control memory, input and output devices. The program is stored in the memory.
The CPU fetches instructions of a program from the memory sequentially. It fetches one
Fig. 2.2 Block diagram of
instruction at a time, decodes it and then executes it.
Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
• After decoding an instruction, the CPU comes to know what operations are to be performed. It
also comes to know whether the data to be processed are in the memory; general-purpose
registers of the microprocessor or at input/output ports. If data are in the general-purpose
registers, the CPU executes the program. The CPU controls memory, input and output devices to
receive, store and send data/result of the program under execution. Under its control programs,
data and results are displayed on the CRT, stored in the memory or printed by the printer.

• The major components of a CPU are ALU, timing and control unit and registers as depicted in Fig.
2.2.
 Computer System
Components of a Computer System
Central Processing Unit (CPU):

(1) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

• The ALU performs the actual processing of data (mathematical operations) including addition, subtraction,
multiplication and also division. This unit also performs certain logical operations such as comparing two numbers
to see whether one is larger than the other or if they are equal.

• Arithmetic or logic operation is performed by bringing the required operands into ALU. Suppose two numbers
located in the main memory are to be added. They are brought into the arithmetic unit and temporarily stored in
registers or in accumulators associated with this unit where the actual addition is carried out. The result is placed
in one of the registers and subsequently transferred to the memory.
 Computer System
Components of a Computer System

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

(2) Control Unit

The control unit directs and coordinates all activities of the computer system including the
Following:

• Although the control section does not process data, it acts as a central nervous system for the
other data manipulating components of the computer. At the beginning of the processing, the first
program instruction is selected and fed into the control section from the program storage area.
Thus it is interpreted, and from there, signals are sent to other components to execute the
necessary action.
 Computer System
Components of a Computer System

Fig. 2.1 Basic block diagram of a computer Fig. 2.3 Basic block diagram of a microcomputer

Microcomputer:

• The central processing unit built on a single IC is called

a microprocessor. In a microcomputer, the
microprocessor acts as the central processing unit.
Computer System
Components of a Computer System
Microprocessor:

• The microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable, and clock-

driven integrated circuit (IC). This IC can read binary instructions
from any storage device called memory, accepts binary data as
input, processes data according to instructions, and provides
results as output.

Fig. 1.1 Architecture of a microprocessor

 Computer System
Components of a Computer System

Microprocessor (MP):
• The microprocessor is the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of digital computers and it is constructed with IC technology.
Figure 1.1 shows the block diagram of a microprocessor.

• The microprocessor has a digital circuit for data handling and computation under program control. The microprocessor
is a data-processing unit. Data processing includes both computation and data handling.

• Computation is performed by logic circuits called the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The ALU is used to perform add,
subtract, AND, OR, XOR, compare, increment, and decrement functions. The ALU cannot perform any functions
without control signals.

• In order to process data, the microprocessor must have control logic which instructs the microprocessor how to
decode and execute the program.

• The control logic sends signals to the microprocessors and instructs how to operate with the stored instructions in
memory.
 Computer System
Components of a Computer System
Microprocessor (MP):

• There are four steps in the operation of a microprocessor.

- In the first step, the microprocessor fetches an instruction,

- in the next step, the control logic decodes what the instruction has to do.

- Then decoding is done in the third step, and

- in the last step, the microprocessor executes the instruction.

• The microprocessor always operates in binary digits: 0 and 1, known as bits. Bit is an abbreviation for ‘binary digit’ which can be
represented in terms of voltages. The microprocessor recognizes and processes a group of bits, called the word.

• Microprocessors are classified according to their word length such as 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessors. The
microprocessor ICs are programmable so that instructions can be executed by the microprocessor to perform given tasks within
its capability.

• The instructions are stored in a storage device which is called the memory, and the microprocessor can read instructions from
memory
Components of a Computer System
A computer system consists of two fundamental components that represent
subsystems:

• Hardware

• Software
Components of a Computer System
Hardware
A Hardware is the fundamental part of the computer system. Tangible physical
components of the system. It is classified into two subsystems:

• System Unit: It is the primary unit in the hardware system. The Central Processing
Unit (CPU) responsible for data processing. It contains the Main Memory Unit
responsible for storing data currently being processed by the CPU. Includes the
Secondary Memory that stores data continuously.

• Peripheral Units: It is devices that connect to the system unit and provide
additional functionality. Any device that is not part of the system unit is considered
a peripheral unit.
Components of a Computer System
System Unit

Essential Components of the System Unit:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

It is the brain of the computer, responsible for processing all

instructions.

2. Main Memory:

It stores data that is currently being processed by the CPU.

3. Secondary Memory:

It stores data that is not currently being processed by the CPU.

Components of a Computer System
Peripheral Units

The Peripheral Units can be classified into two main categories:

1. Input Units:

It is responsible for entering data into the computer system, and vary
based on the type of data entered.

1. Output Units:

It is responsible for displaying and printing the results and outputs of

the computer system, and vary based on the type of data that will be
displayed or printed.
Components of a Computer System
Examples of Input Units:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Camera
 Microphone
 Fax
 Modem
Components of a Computer System
Examples of output Units:
 Monitor: Displays visual data/ information on a screen.
 Printer: Prints text and images from the computer onto paper.
 External Speakers: Play audio sounds.
 Headphones: Provide private audio output.
 Fax: Transmits and receives documents over a telephone line.
 Modem: Connects the computer to the internet
Note:
Some devices can function as both input and output units, such as fax
machines and modems.
Components of a Computer System
Software:

• A software is a set of instructions that tell the computer what to do. The software
system includes the following:

• Operating Systems

• Programming Languages

• Application Programs
Components of a Computer System
Operating Systems:

Operating Systems are a set of programs that act as an intermediary between

the user and the hardware components. These systems enable the user to use
the hardware components easily and conveniently, as well as control and
manage them.

 Examples of Operating Systems:

 Windows.

 Linux.

 Unix.

 Dos.
Components of a Computer System
Programming Languages:
Programming Languages are a means of communication between humans and computers. It is a tool used by
programmers to write, design, and execute programs to solve their programming proplems. It can be classified into:

 Low Level Programming

• Machine Language: The only language that computers understand, consisting of numbers between (0, 1) and
varying from computer to computer.

• Assembly Language: is a low-level programming language that uses mnemonics to represent the basic
operations that a computer performs, such as addition (add), subtraction (sub), and storing data (store). It
directly manipulates a set of locations in memory called registers.

 Middle level languages :the programming languages which have features of Low Level as well as High Level
programming languages known as "Middle Level" programming language. C programming languages is the best
example of Middle Level Programming languages as it has features of low level and high level programming
languages both.

 High-Level Languages: Languages that use words closer to human language, such as English. Examples include
C/C++, Fortran, Pascal, Basic, and Visual languages like Visual
Components of a Computer System
Application Programs:

Application Programs are programs designed by programmers to solve

specific problems. They include ready-made software packages produced by
companies like Microsoft, such as the Office suite. They also include programs
designed to solve simple programming problems using programming
languages.
Computer System
Generation of programming Languages
Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator
(AVR)
Block Diagram: Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
Single Line Diagram: Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
Wiring Diagram: Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)