ELECTRIC ENGINEERING

Program: ENERGY Program

Course: Microprocessor-Based Automated Systems (ELE335)

4(2-2-3) Hrs.

Lecture: Lecture # 7

Assoc. Professor: R. A. Mahmoud Date: 17/ 4 / 2024

 By the end of this chapter
2- Digital/Numerical Protective Relay:
In this chapter, you will be able to:
• Describe the main components of a numerical/digital Relay, and their functions.
• Draw Block Diagram of a numerical/digital Relay.
• Draw Connection Circuit Diagram for only one numerical/digital Relay.
• Distinguish between a digital Relay and a traditional relay.
• List the main advantages of the digital Relay.
• Mention the limitations/drawbacks of the digital Relay.
• Design Algorithm, Hardware, and Connected Power System for only one numerical Relay (i.e.
relay based on the microprocessor system( using ATP/EMTP/MATLAB/LABVIEW Programs.

.
 Experimental Results
Differential Numerical Protective Relay
 Protection System Components
• Data Acquisition Card (NI USB-6009),
• LABTOP+ LABVIEW Software,
• Instrument Transformers (two VTs/CTs),
• Power System Element, and
• The Algorithm of Differential Protective Relay

.
 Data Acquisition Card (NI USB-6009)
• Introduction
• The NI USB-6008/6009 provides connection to
• Eight analog input (AI) channels,
• Two analog output (AO) channels,
• 12 digital input/output (DIO) channels, and
• a 32-bit counter with a Full-Speed USB interface.
Differences Between the NI USB-6008 and NI USB-6009

.
Device Block Diagram shows key functional components of the NI
USB-6008/6009.
Installing the NI USB-6008/6009 Device
NI USB-6008/6009.
Installing the NI USB-6008/6009 Device
NI USB-6008/6009 Signal Labels
NI USB-6008/6009.
Installing the NI USB-6008/6009 Device
Signal Label Application Diagram
NIUSB-6008/6009.
Analog Terminal Assignments of the NI USB-6008/6009 Device
NIUSB-6008/6009.
Digital Terminal Assignments of the NI USB-6008/6009 Device
DATA Acquisition Card (DAC) Photo (NI USB-6009)
Power Circuit Wiring Diagram and Connected DATA Acquisition Card
(DAC)
Data Acquisition Card (DAC) Setting
LABVIEW Platform and MATLAB Script
Proposed Technique
2. Mathematical formulas
2.1 Cross-correlation estimator
Consider a series of Ns measurements per each data set of the pair (i1a, i2a) indexed by n = 1, 2… Ns, the cross-correlation estimator (ri12a) between
two variables i1a(n) and i2a(n) can be defined as:
Ns Ns
1
[ iia ( n)i2 a ( n)  i1a ( n) i2 a ( n)]
n 1 N n 1
ri12 a  s
(1)
Ns Ns Ns Ns
1 1
[  (i1a ( n)) 2  ( i1a ( n)) 2 ] [  (i2 a ( n)) 2  ( i2 a ( n)) 2 ]
Where, n 1 N s n 1 n 1 N s n 1
ri12a: The strength of the cross-correlation estimator quantified between each two corresponding data sets for the two currents ( i1a(n) and i2a(n))
taken for ‘A’ phase of the AC machine stator windings,
i1a(n): The current value at the instant (n) measured at the supply side for the ‘A’ phase of the AC machine stator windings ,

i2a(n): The current value at the instant (n) measured at the neutral side for the ‘A’ phase of the AC machine stator windings,

Nc: The number of observations per one cycle for each current signal,

Ns: The number of observations per the data set size (Ns ≤ Nc),

i1a(n), i1b(n) and i1c(n): The values of the three-phase currents at instant ‘n’ measured at the three-phase supply end of the AC
machine stator windings.

i2a(n), i2b(n) and i2c(n): The values of the three-phase currents at instant ‘n’ measured at the three-phase neutral end of the AC
Proposed Technique
2. Mathematical formulas
2.2 Auto-correlation estimator
The expression of the auto-correlation estimator (ri1a) between two data sets i1a(n) and i1a(n-Nc) can be quantified as follows:

Ns Ns
1
[ iia ( n)i1a ( n  N c )  i1a ( n) i1a ( n  N c )]
n 1 N n 1
ri1a  s
( 2)
Ns Ns Ns Ns
1 1
[  (i1a (n)) 2 
n 1
( i1a ( n)) 2 ] [
N s n 1
 (i1a (n  N c )) 2 
n 1
( i1a ( n  N c )) 2 ]
N s n 1

Also, the expression of the auto-correlation estimator (ri2a) between two data sets i2a(n) and i2a(n-Nc) can be formulated as follows:
Ns Ns
1
[ i2 a ( n)i2 a ( n  N c )  i 2 a ( n )  i 2 a ( n  N c )]
n 1 N n 1
ri 2 a  s
(3)
Ns Ns Ns Ns
1 1
[  (i
n 1
2a ( n ) ) 2
 ( i2 a ( n)) 2 ] [
N s n 1
 (i
n 1
2a ( n  N c )) 2
 ( i2 a ( n  N c )) 2 ]
N s n 1
Proposed Technique
2. Mathematical formulas
Where,

ri1a: The strength of the auto-correlation estimator quantified between each two consecutive data sets that are shifted from each other by one cycle

for the electrical current i1a (n),

ri2a: The strength of the auto-correlation estimator quantified between each two consecutive data sets that are shifted from each other by one cycle

for the electrical current i2a (n),

i1a(n-Nc): The measured observation of the electrical current (i1a) at the instant (n-Nc),

i2a(n-Nc): The measured observation of the electrical current (i2a) at the instant (n-Nc),

The mathematical formula for estimating the disturbance indicator (Ki12a) using the cross-correlation estimator (ri12a) can be given
as follows:
Ki12 a 1  ri12 a ( 4)

The mathematical formula for evaluating the disturbance indicator (Ki1a) using the auto-correlation estimator (ri1a) can be
expressed as follows:
Ki1a 1  ri1a (5)
Proposed Technique
2. Mathematical formulas

The mathematical formula for assessing the disturbance indicator (Ki2a) using the auto-correlation estimator (ri2a) can be given as
follows:

Ki2 a 1  ri 2 a (6)
Case study 1: Normal Operation and Correct Polarity of VTs
Case study 2: Normal Operation and Reverse Polarity of VTs
Case study 3: Abnormal Condition (Short-circuit current)
Case study 4: Secondary VT Failure
Case study 5: Primary Signal Failure
Differential Numerical Protective Relay
Algorithm
Differential Numerical Protective Relay Algorithm
clc;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%tmax=0.2 %sec
dt=0.0004; %sec
%S1=0.02/0.0004=50 %sample per cycle
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%vprated=220; %Volt
vsrated= vprated/(220/5); %vsrated= 5 Volt
VTR= 220/5; %vsrated (RMS)= 5 Volt, vsrated (Peak)= 5 * 1.41= 7.1 Volt
CTR= 200/5; %Ipmeasured (RMS)= 2.84 Amp , Ismeasured (Peak)= 0.1 Amp
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Ns=50; %no of samples per cycle
sm=50; %no of samples to be correlated
dr1=0.05;
dr2=0.1;
%dr3=0.9;
for M=(Ns-1):-sm:(sm-1)
for N=1:14
x1=i1a((Ns*N-M ):(Ns*N-(M-(sm-1)))); h1=sum(x1)/sm;
x2=i1a((Ns*(N+1)-M):(Ns*(N+1)-(M-(sm-1)))); h2=sum(x2)/sm;
h3=sum(x1.*x1); h4=sum(x2.*x2); h5=sum(x1.*x2);
h6(N)=(h5-sm*h1*h2);
h7(N)=(sqrt((h3-sm*h1*h1)*(h4-sm*h2*h2)));
r(N)=h6(N)/h7(N);
Differential Numerical Protective Relay Algorithm
if h7(N)==0
r(N)=1;
else
r(N)=r(N);
end
end
for N=1:14
for N1=(Ns*N-M):(Ns*N-(M-(sm-1)))
r1(N1)=r(N);
ri1a(N1)=r1(N1);
Ki1a(N1)= abs(ri1a(N1)-1);
if r1(N1)< 1-dr1; % 1-dr1= 1-0.05= 0.95
xx1(N1)=1;
else
xx1(N1)=0;
end
end
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Differential Numerical Protective Relay Algorithm
Q=(find(xx1==1));
if xx1==0;
ss1=0;
else
for N1=1*Ns:14 *Ns
if N1>Q(1,1)
ss1(N1)=1;
else
ss1(N1)=0;
end
end
end

End
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Differential Numerical Protective Relay Algorithm
for M=(Ns-1):-sm:(sm-1)
for N=1:14
x1=i2a((Ns*N-M ):(Ns*N-(M-(sm-1)))); h1=sum(x1)/sm;
x2=i2a((Ns*(N+1)-M):(Ns*(N+1)-(M-(sm-1)))); h2=sum(x2)/sm;
h3=sum(x1.*x1); h4=sum(x2.*x2); h5=sum(x1.*x2);
h6(N)=(h5-sm*h1*h2);
h7(N)=(sqrt((h3-sm*h1*h1)*(h4-sm*h2*h2)));
r(N)=h6(N)/h7(N);
if h7(N)==0
r(N)=1;
else
r(N)=r(N);
end
end
for N=1:14
for N1=(Ns*N-M):(Ns*N-(M-(sm-1)))
r4(N1)=r(N);
ri2a(N1)=r4(N1);
Ki2a(N1)= abs(ri2a(N1)-1);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Differential Numerical Protective Relay Algorithm
if r4(N1)< 1-dr1; % 1-dr1= 1-0.05= 0.95
xx4(N1)=1;
else
xx4(N1)=0;
end
end
end

Q=(find(xx4==1));
if xx4==0;
ss4=0;
else
for N1=1*Ns:14*Ns
if N1>Q(1,1)
ss4(N1)=1;
else
ss4(N1)=0;
end
end
end
End
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Differential Numerical Protective Relay Algorithm
for M=(Ns-1):-sm:(sm-1)
for N=1:14
x1=i1a((Ns*N-M ):(Ns*N-(M-(sm-1)))); h1=sum(x1)/sm;
x2=i2a((Ns*(N)-M):(Ns*(N)-(M-(sm-1)))); h2=sum(x2)/sm;
h3=sum(x1.*x1); h4=sum(x2.*x2); h5=sum(x1.*x2);
h6(N)=(h5-sm*h1*h2);
h7(N)=(sqrt((h3-sm*h1*h1)*(h4-sm*h2*h2)));
r(N)=h6(N)/h7(N);
if h7(N)==0
r(N)=1;
else
r(N)=r(N);
end
end
for N=1:14
for N1=(Ns*N-M):(Ns*N-(M-(sm-1)))
r7(N1)=r(N);
ri12a(N1)=r7(N1);
Ki12a(N1)= abs(ri12a(N1) - 1.0);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Differential Numerical Protective Relay Algorithm
if r7(N1)< 1-dr2; % 1-dr2= 1-0.10= 0.9
xx7(N1)=1;
else
xx7(N1)=0;
end
end
end

Q=(find(xx7==1));
if xx7==0;
ss7=0;
else
for N1=1*Ns:14 *Ns
if N1>Q(1,1)
ss7(N1)=1;
else
ss7(N1)=0;
end
end
end

End
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%