30 points

Similitude, Dimensional
Analysis

1
 y = f(x ,, by 13)
,

Objectives 12 , 13

-- M

• Many problems rely on experiments

1

therefore the measurements made on one

system (in laboratory) can be used to
describe the behavior of other similar
systems (outside laboratory).
• It is necessary to establish the relationship
between the laboratory model and the
other system.

2
 The Principle of
Dimensional Homogeneity
• If an equation truly expresses a proper
relationship between variables in a
physical process, it will be dimensionally
homogeneous.
• This means that each of its additive terms
will have the same dimensions.

3
 1 2
S  vt  at
2
L  L 2
 L    T      2  T 
T  T 
1
is called pure constant. It has no dimensions.
2

4
 Dimensionally
Inhomogeneous Formulas

Manning's equation;
1.49 2 3 1 2
v R S Imperial unit
n
1 2 3 12
v R S SI unit
n
Hazen-Williams (for volume flow of water through a straight smooth pipe)
0.54
2.63  dP 
Q  61.9 D  
 dx 
-
Environmental Engr.
5
 Buckingham Pi Theorem
Objective
• To find how many dimensionless products
are required to replace the original list of
variables?
Y = f (e) ,, 1(y 223)
,

* grouping the terms

y =
5)
Y

x
, x ?
6
23
 Buckingham Pi Theorem
• If an equation involving k variables is
dimensionally homogeneous, it can be
reduced to a relationship among k-r&
Reference dimension
independent dimensionless products
called “pi terms”, where r is the minimum
number of reference dimensions required
to describe the variables.
· 7 parameter
30-4i terms

· Less pi terms >less

↑ Mess/Length/Time -
1 Temp is not seriously considered . 7
complicated .
·
Experience -
can be ideal .
 Determination of Pi Terms
• List all the variables that are involved in
the problem.
• Express each of the variables in terms of
basic dimensions.
• Determine the required number of pi
terms. Number of pi terms = k-r.
- k is the number of variables in the problem
- r is the number of reference dimensions required
to describe these variables.
8
 Determination of Pi Terms
• Select a number of repeating variables,
where the number required is equal to the
number of reference dimensions.
• From a pi term by multiply one of the non
repeating variables by the product of the
repeating variables, each raised to an
exponent that will make the combination
dimensionless.

9
 Determination of Pi Terms
• Repeat the earlier step for each of the
remaining non repeating variables.
• Check all the resulting pi terms to make
sure that they are dimensionless.
• Express the final form as a relationship
among the pi terms.

1     2 ,  3 , ,  k  r 

10
Guidelines for choosing repeating variables
• The chosen repeating parameters must not
by themselves be able to form a
dimensionless group.
• The chosen repeating parameters must
represent all the primary dimensions in the
problem.
• Never pick parameters that are already
dimensionless.
• Never pick two parameters with the same
dimensions or with dimensions that differ by
only an exponent.
11
V LT
+, a LT 2
-

=
=
Guidelines for choosing repeating variables

• Pick common parameters since they may

appear in each of the pi terms (it is unwise to
pick less common parameters like viscosity or
surface tension since we would in general not
want those to appear in each of the pi terms).
• Pick simple parameters over complex
parameters whenever possible (it is better to
pick parameters with only one or two basic
dimensions instead of parameters that are
composed of several basic dimensions).
12
 Problems with one Pi Term
• If the number of variables minus the
number of reference dimensions is equal
to one, then only one pi term is required to
describe the phenomenon. The functional
relationship that must exist for one pi term
is; 1  C, where C is a constant.

13
 Problems with one Pi Term
• This is one situation in which a
dimensional analysis reveals the specific
form of the relationship. The value of the
constant must still be determined by
experiments.

14
 Problems with Two
or More Pi Terms
• If a given phenomenon can be described
with two pi terms such that;

1   ( 2 )

15
 0.025

0.020
(Dpl)/(r v2)

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000
0.E+00 2.E+04 4.E+04 6.E+04 8.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+05

r vD/m

16
 Taking"log" con get a lineou straight line .

-1
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
-1.2
y = -0.2458x - 0.8223
-1.4
log(Dpl/ r v2)

R2 = 0.9995
-1.6

-1.8

-2

-2.2
log (r vD/m)

Take log if curve is non-linear !

17
 Dimensionless Parameters
p
Euler Number, Eu 
rV 2
V rl V rD VD
Reynolds Number, Re    closed conduit
m m 
V2 V
Froude Number, Fr   >
-
open channel
lg lg
V
v
Mach Number, M  velocity/velocity) Dimensionless
c
l
Strouhal Number, St 
V
V 2 rl
Weber Number, We 

18
30 -
Oct

Modeling and Similitude

• A model is a representation of a physical
system that may be used to predict the
behavior of the system in some desired
respect.
• The physical system for which the
predictions are to be made is called the
prototype.
&
Actual one

19
 Theory of Models
• Flow conditions for a model test are
completely similar if all relevant
dimensionless parameters have the same
corresponding values for the model and
the prototype.

20
 Theory of Models
• From dimensional analysis, a set of pi
terms can be determined from any given
problems. The following equation
describes the behavior of a particular
prototype.

1   ( 2 , 3 ,...,  n )

21
 Theory of Models
• A similar relationship can be written for a
model of this prototype; where the form of
the function will be the same as long as
the same phenomenon is involved in both
the prototype and the model. (m is model)

1m   ( 2 m , 3m ,...,  nm )

22
 Theory of Models
• The pi terms can be developed so that pi
term contains the variable that is to be
predicted from observation made on the
model. Therefore, if the model is designed
and operated under the following
conditions;

23
~ • The conditions specified by eqn.(1)
provide the model design conditions,
also called similarity requirements or
modeling laws.

Just take piterm

  
↑

2m 2 ↑
Equate Picprototype) =
Pi/model
 3m   3 (1 )

 nm   n
24
• Eqn.(2) is the desired prediction equation
and indicates that the measured value of
1m obtained with the model will be equal
to the corresponding 1 for the prototype
as long as the other pi terms are equal.

1  1m (2)

25
 Geometric Similarity
• A model and prototype are geometrically
similar if and only if all body dimensions in
all three coordinates have the same linear-
scale ratio. Note that all length scales
must be the same. All angles are
preserved in geometric similarity. All flow
directions are preserved. The orientations
of model and prototype with respect to the
surroundings must be identical.
26
 Scele Down 1 : 10

* Exect the some

19
* All measurement
 A Prototype wing and
a one-tenth-scale Model
• The model lengths are all one-tenth as
large, but its angle of attack with respect to
the free stream is the same: 10 not 1. All
physical details on the model must be
scaled, and some are rather subtle and
sometimes overlooked:

28
 A Prototype wing and
a one-tenth-scale Model
• The model nose radius must be one-tenth as
large.
• The model surface roughness must be one-tenth
as large.
• If the prototype has a 5-mm boundary-layer trip
wire 1.5 mm from the leading edge, the model
should have a 0.5-mm trip wire 0.15 mm from its
leading edge.
• If the prototype is constructed with protruding
fasteners, the model should have homologous
protruding fasteners one-tenth as large.

29
 Geometric Similarity
Engr .
-
be objective and Dissimilarity
GS
.

GD
Treverse Distance) constant
-
.

30
 Geometric Similarity
and Dissimilarity
• The spheres in (a) are all geometrically
similarity and can be tested with a high
expectation of success if the Reynolds no.
or Froude no. is matched. But the
ellipsoids in (b) only look similar. They
actually have different linear-scale ratios
and therefore cannot be compared in a
rational manner, even though they have
identical Reynolds no. or Froude no.
31
 Kinematic Similarity
• Kinematic similarity requires that the
model and prototype have the same
length-scale ratio and the same time-scale
ratio. The result is that the velocity-scale
ratio will be the same for both. “The motion
of two systems are kinematic similar if
homologous particles lie at homologous
points at homologous times”.

32
 Kinematic Similarity
• Frictionless flows with a free surface are
kinematic similar if their Froude no. are
equal.

2
V V2
p
Frm   m
 Frp
gLm gLp
--
model Prototype 33
 Kinematic Similarity
W

The length scale is;

Lm   Lp Follow G .
S

where  is a dimensionless ratio,

the velocity scale is;
have velocity scole
must
1
Vm  Lm  2

  
V p  Lp 
L

and the time scale is;

Tm Lm Vm
 
Tp L p V p 34
One Exception
(intentional error(

Discrepancies in Water Testing

• For hydraulic testing with a free surface,
dynamic similarity requires equivalent
Froude no. and equivalent Reynolds no.
rVL VL
Reynolds no; Re  
m 
m
where kinematic viscosity ( ) 
r
Vm Lm Vp Lp

m p 35
From length scale and velocity scale;
Lm Vm
 ; = 
Lp Vp
From Reynolds no.;
 m Lm Vm 3
= =  = 2
 p Lp Vp

I son't use the above .

36
 Discrepancies in Water Testing
• For one-tenth-scale model, =0.1 and
3/2=0.032. If prototype is water, then the
fluid needed for model requires 0.032
times of the kinematic viscosity of water to
achieve dynamic similarity. In reality, even
mercury has only one-ninth the kinematic
viscosity. In practice, water is used for
both the model and prototype.

37
 Discrepancies in Air Testing
• For aerodynamic model testing in air with
no free surface. Mach no. should be
satisfied;

Vm V p

am a p
38
 Discrepancies in Air Testing
Substitute Mach no.
Vm am
 ;
Vp a p
into Reynolds no.;
 m Lm Vm Lm am
= =
 p Lp V p Lp a p
39

Ajarn below ?
 Discrepancies in Air Testing
• Since the prototype is an air operation, we
need a wind-tunnel fluid of low viscosity
and high speed of sound. Hydrogen is the
only practical example but clearly it is too
expensive and dangerous. Therefore wind
tunnels normally operate with air as the
working fluid.

40
Discrepancies in Hydraulic Models
of Natural Flow Systems
• For natural flow systems, such flows have
large horizontal dimensions and small
relative vertical dimensions. If we were to
scale a model by a uniform linear length
ratio 1:1000, the resulting model would be
only a few millimeters deep. Therefore
such hydraulic models commonly violate
geometric similarity by distorting the
vertical scale by a factor of 10 or more.
41
 Dama life yu .
grondee

-
Physical/mothematicalComputing
Need Eg .
(a)
·
Physical Model) Tsunami Behaviour

X
~
main Point : Scale Down (Width/length) 1 : 1000

↑ Snow Ball Effect