Chemistry of s-block elements

Theories of metallic bonding

i Electron sea theory Free electron theory

metal ions
cations rigid sphere
outermost shell electron
es of sea

metal ions are immersed in sea of electrons

g g

Q Q
kernel

ii Valence bond theory VBT

ez Li 281

Li Li Li Li

Li Li Li Li
A
 Li Li Li

Li e Li Li

Li Li Li Li

Lito Li Li Li

Li Li Li Li
Lit Li Li
I
Li

1
Metallic bonding contains all these possible
interactions

iii Molecular orbital theory not

No of Ao's involved No of Mo's formed

 Find
Liz
Et Es D
BMO

EY
Liz Fino
E
Pin

ABMO

D
ABrno

Lit Es D
Es Es 2s II Bano
Dev
Bano
conductionband CB

Group of
closely spaced
molecular
Lin
Ig Ig Ig
overlapped

ate

I
carted
ban
valence ban
VB
semi Insulators
Energy gap btw CB VB metals conductors
cohesive energy

The cohesive energy of a solid is the

energy required to break the atoms of

solid into isolated atomic species

Mls
metallic
Iggy y
atomisation
MCG

measure of cohesive
energy

Factors affecting cohesive energy

lil size of atom

smaller the size of atom more cohesive energy

ez Li s Nats cohesive energy

ii No of valence electrons
Greater the no of valence electrons involved in
metallic bonding more cohesive
energy
ed Lies Bels cohesive energy
outvalence 2 valence
é in each Be atom
e in each Li
atom
iii in lattice
Type of packing

more closely packed lattice more cohesive energy

It varies with temperature

mfesthesive Greater melting b.pt

energy
more cohesive energy Greater hardness

Due to large size and only one valence é available

for bonding alkali metals are soft can be
cut by knife and low melting boiling
points than other metals

In Group I 9h Group 2

Li b.pt
Be max mpt

iii
Na
dec cohesive
sfeness energy among group 2
K
ing least m.pt b.pt
Rb v dec
m.pt among group 2
CS v dec B pt Reason issues of backing
Electrochemical concept

oxidation potential tendency to get oxidised

Reduction potential tendency to get reduced

oxidising power capability to oxide's other

ie reduce itself

reducing power capability to reduce other

i e oxidise itself

Émint oxidation potential Ex

Exalt Reduction potential Ered

A B C
ed
E'm ant 2.1 V to 5V 1.2 V

tendency to get oxidised into H ox no A B C

EntInn A 2 IV B 0.5 V C 1 2V

Reducing power A B C

DG NEE
n no of moles
F Faraday charge on I mole és
IF 96500 coulomb
SI Ex k
ing Cr Hg Ag
 s block chemistry

Group I Group 2

General atomic General atomic

and physical and physical
properties properties
General chemical General chemical
properties properties

some important some important

compounds compounds

Group I

Li 3 281
Na Il
K 19
Rb 37
3s
4s
Ssl
l General
config n
ns
Period
no
CS 55 6s
Fr 87 781
Radioactive
 Occurrence
Due very high reactivity
to
alkali metals are not found
in elemental form They are
known in form of compounds
Most abundant alkali metal in earth's crust Na
order of abundance Na k Fr

minerals
some imp minerals of alkali metals
mineral composition
Rock salt Nacl
spodumene Li Al si0312
Carnallite Ka Angus 6h20
Borax Naz3407 10420
chille saltpetre Nano
Indian bengal saltpetre kno

Extraction
ions
Gr 2 metal ions
ggallinmetal
Éred of tho
Alkali metals are extracted by electrolysis of their
molten fused salts in absence of H2o
 General atomic and physical properties

PhysicalAppearance Nature size IE EN

state Degh
25 C
Li solid silverywhite metal
Na solid
k solid
silverywhite metal
silverywhite metal thine dec a I he
Rb solid
Cs solid
silverywhite metal
Golden yellow metal u v f
Metallic
bond Hardness Melting Boiling Density
strength point point storage
Li least wrapped in
paraffinwax
Na vine ketosge
K dec dec dec Idea kens L
Rb d line kerosene
v t in
Cs u
28 u kezosg.ge
i
ing e density of Lic density of kerosene oil
Li is not stored in kerosene oil

explanation of density Cs Rb Na k Li

Na max inc k
in
size max inc dec in
in volume density
potassium is lighter than sodium
 Flame luminous flame E candale
test
flames anchrt dat
Non luminous flame
rt ethanoldid Life
Bunsen flame
non luminous flame
__
flame
oxidisingrich
oxygen
Procedure peaningnthemeydrow

wire into
ii
I.pt flame
y
II Pt wire
into

HI Pt wire into
conc tell

galtpapate
i.IM
ue
Chgirgontent
then
into
s
oxidising flame obsert colour
Role of HCl to convert substance into volatile chloride
ex Naacoz Ha Nale t coat tho
Na t Ha s Nacl 12h29

k Golden lilac
To
remember

Colour arises due to electronic transitions

in short lived species formed in the flame
Reducing Nature
Alkali metals are good reducing agents due to
their low ionisation energies
High Éox

I In aqueous medium

TH
an s Mtg t e

Date
DhydH
Mlg
Dion ti
statig
DTH Date t Dion Hot DhydHo
Fue Ie Ie
more ve Deli supports for Doi to be more ve

DG X

E ve Émffey
more tendency to get
oxidised

to

order Li Cs Rb K Na
I support most he DhydH
from
II In Gaseous phase
TH
an s mtg t e

Date
DionHo
Meg

Atti
getter
order Cs Rb K Na Li

General chemical reactions

Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction

with Ha C Na with exc with him with
D with with 02 D 02 D halogens D
Li v Ymidator
Na X X Peroxide
major
K V X X
Isuper
oxide
Rb x x
kmasor
Cs x x
MTH LizC2 LizN all form Mtx
ionic oxide ionic
after Fitz
 i Reaction with Hz ionic hydride
OR
Ith saline hydride
Cantata
sage OR
salt like hydride

Litt melts before decomposition

Nate Ingmar
monoatomic anion
H
r
stability
Dec
RbH lattice
r energy
est

high melting point

readymade source of Hz
H Ht acid 120 Hat DH co
my
Catches fire in air
Good reducing agent presenceof H

molten ionic electrolysis yp

Hydride H
at anode

Lii Reaction with C

2Li t 2C
A
LizCz S lithium carbide
S S
2 Lit C2
LizC2 21120 H CE C H T t LIOH
Actylde Acetylene

other alkali metals not react directly with

do
carbon energy req to carry out process is not compensated
Ciii Reaction with Nz
metal which
Lithium is the
only alkali
reacts directly with Nz

25 C
3 Lit Ina Liz N
3 Lit N3

Lit Nz

Liz
3LiloH tNH3T

É Reaction with exc 02

combustion
oxide Peroxide
Li t Liao Liz02
go major minor

Peroxide SETI oxide

Nat 02 Naz02
exc cmasorstwagntn.IT

M t 02 s Antos
exo
I K Rb Cs superoxide
Explanation

02 small anion stabilised small cation

by
02 05 large anions stabilised by large cations

oxides Diamagnetic
alkaline nature

Iet Emin Ege

white yellow
Ege
12504
112503 503 into
so
yo
M20 CO
Neutral No
M reaction
M22n02 dYoz

q Inacos
MtH05
H2o

Peroxides and superoxide are oxidising agents

4202 is unstable at 258 1202
I 120 202
Peroxides Diamagnetic
Nazoa Oxone industrial name

I yellow coloured
solid

Na2
N
9254102
503

N9202
Mfc
502
N92504

go d's
CO2
NAHcoz
02
Nazcozt02

sina.co

Na202 Ngo 1202T

superoxides Paramagnetic

Koz Orange
Rb 02 yellow brown
CO2 yellow
 Trick for reaction 21402 14202 02

k
12504402
koµtH202t
83 Yet
OC
502
12504 02 Koz
2 8 KOHT Oz

ex
lost
e'o
KH 03 4203
Oz 1 203 02 0

Peroxides and superoxide are used in submarines

spacecrafts tunnels breathing masks etc to absorb
co coz and to produce 02

Cr't compound t oxidiser alkaline chromate

medium
Croft
Cr203 tag N9202 Naz 204
D
superoxide Oat Peroxide Oat oxide
VI Reaction with limiting 02
Alkali metal t 02 Alkali metal
exc
oxide
LR

Reason Peroxide superoxide oxidiser

alkali metal reducer

alkali metal oxide moist red litmus Litmus paper turns blue
red litmus
tumieroxide
oxidiser show bleaching action
Paper turns white

vi Reaction with halogens

an EX
D
s MtX s
s
Tota 20 ionic
Li Naik Failla halides
Rb Cs
Bra 12

most covalent L I

Less soluble
20 halides in water LF CSI
t Lithium compounds are generally soluble in less
polar solvents like ether R O R pyridine II
acetone CHzcocHz Ethanol Catton ethyl acetate
CH3COOGHS Reason more polarisation in
compounds of Li

which of the following is the most soluble in

ethanol
a Nacl Lice c k I d Cscl
y
Due to very small size of Lit ion most of the
lithium compounds exist with water of crystallisation
Lill 31120 Lid 21120 Lid04 2420
EI
ther alkali metal halides known in anhydrous form

Dflp
Mls LXIII ft antx s

Dat IDBDH
Mcg Xg
Dlaltia H
Dion.H
DegH
int g I g

Dfw
If tethysitygit Aft
 IT For alkali metal fluorides Dft become less ve
to bottom
on
going from top
Lif Naf KF RbF
Cst
less Ie Dyfi
Reason dec LE from Lif to CSF

CIII For alkali metal chlorides bromides and

iodides Dfw becomes more he on
going
from top to bottom
Reason dec Dali and Dion ti from Li to Cs

III For same metal Dfw becomes less negative

fluoride to iodide
from
Reason dec in LE from fluoride to iodide

comparison of Df til

I LIF 7 Nae KF 7 Rbf Cs F

Ii Lice Nau KU L Rba Cscl

Iii LIF Lice Li Br Li I

Melting point trends of alkali metal halides
It to remember
i For same alkali metal
Mtf Mta Mt Br Mt I LE basis

ii For same X Fico Br

Natx

iii For same I

KI

1300
1200
1100 IF
8
1000
900 Clo
j
800 Bro
700
Na k Rb Cs

trends of alkali metal halides

Boiling point
2000
F
No trend 1900
general 1800
1700
Cl
1600 Br
1500
1400 I
Li Na K Rb Cs
 Reaction with compounds

1120 NH3 g Alcohol Cath Acid Base

Li Gently X X
Na violently v v u x
v v
k explosively u x
Rb explosively v v u x
Cs explosively x
Products MOH
no one is
Hz Mthatha RouttHz Macatty salt tha amphoteri
alkali metal Hat
I EN H

Reaction with Hao

in is Haole anton that
Cold ag
Hydroxide
iffy
Li
v dec melting point
wa
V
inc speed of reaction
K with water rate
Rb liquids reacts faster
r than the solids
es

which of the following metal produces max

amount of heat on
treating with equal amount
of water
A LI B Na C K D CS

SI ANI Li Li is strongest reducer in ag medium

or Lion NaOH KOH RbOH CSOH
s s
inc solubility in water
inc Basic strength
inc thermal stability polyatomicanion

Reaction with gaseous NH3

Mt NH3 M NHI t Hap
s g
Chaetae
ee
metal amide die Ht or th NH3t
conc Ht
NHI

Reaction with alcohols

CHzchaOH t Na CH Chao Nat t Hat
Sodiumethoxide

RO alkoxide

Reaction with acetylene

Lit Cathy No reaction

2Mt 442 that

Naik RbCs LEE
Lite D
Liaca is prepared as Liza
other alkali metal carbides are prepared as 2Mt Cath maths
 Reaction with acids
Na t HA s Nall that
k t CHzCOOH CHzCook t 429

ÉÉIÉÉo n alkali metals in liquid NH3

of
All alkali metals dissolve in liquid NH3 and
form solution
solute alkali metal
solvent NH3 l

case 1 Dilute solution

cont 3M

M S
Gety NH3 l Mt NH3 a e NH3
y
Tera Toad
ammoniated ammoniated
metal ion electron

St x s s

St S
se s Intis se s st é se s
si g se St

Sx St s s

Ammoniated metal ion Ammoniatedelectron

Properties of solution

i Solution is paramagnetic due to ammoniated és

II Solution is blue coloured for each alkali metal

due to ammoniated és

Iii solution exhibits electrical conductivity

és
mainly due to ammoniated

Its conductance is far better than solution of

any solute with any solvent
Their conductance is at level of metals

iv Solution has nature

very good reducing
due to ammoniated és

ez
K2 ti sky Nice NIT
CN Kilian's

Bi Na lie NH3 NazBi

Na lil NH3
Catz Cally
H H
Na liq NH3
H H
case 2 concentrated solution
cone 7 3M

Solution is
diamagnetic
2in s aretz NH let 2
4477
ammoniated
172
45
ammoniated
metal ion electron

Solution is bronze copper red coloured

case 3 Presence of impurities longstanding

ex Fez03
solution decomposes to give metal
amide and Hz

Na liq NH3 NEN Hat Hat

case 4 Careful evaporation

on
evaporating andcarefully solution
yields metal NH3 gas
metal in liq NH3 Solh Vmetalt Vlia NH3
d metal in liq NH3 son 2 dmetal t d liq NH3
 Anomalous behaviour of Li

Li shows anomalous behaviour due to

i exceptionally small size of atom and ion
ii ratio
High polarising power ogee
Point of difference with other alkali metals

i Li is much harder
ii Highest m.pt b.pt
iii Least reactive high IE
iv
strongest reducer in family in ag medium
Li air
V Liao Liz N
other alkali metals air oxide
Vi Lill 21120 Lill 31120 have water of
crystallisation
Vii Nah coz KHC03 RbHcoz CSHCoz solid state
Lifecoz known in solution only
Viii M t Cates Gmat Ha
Li
A
IX LIN 03 Liz Of Nest 02
M NO D MtNOI t 02
NaikRbCs
X LIF Liao less soluble than other alkali
metal fluorides oxides
 similarities bw Li ing
Li shows relation with
diagonal ing
Reason similar size
Li 152 PM Mg 160 pm
Lit 76 pm Mg2t 72 pm

i Both Li and ring are hard

ii Low density in family
iii reacts slowly high IE
Iv Their oxides hydroxides less soluble
D oxide
V Hydroxides of both s t Hao
Vi Both react directly with Nz
02
Vii Liragor exacts No superoxide
viii Liticoz Mg Hc0312 s known in solution
Ix Lizcoz Mgcoz D s decompose

X Lid soluble in less polar solvents like Catton

992
Known with water
Xi Lid Megas of crystallisation
Xii Li and
Mg do not form alum
Xiii Both react with water to give Ha
slowly
Xiv Both form oxide with exc Oz
 some important compounds of alkali metals

washing soda Na2C03 10420

soda is prepared by Solvay's soda

washing
process
It is based on low solubility of Narcos in tho

Raw materials
Lime Brine
stone solution NH3 H2O
Caco Nada gas

step L Generation of CO2

D
Cacoz S Cao s CO2 g

step 2 Dissolution of coz into ag NH3

CO2 exo NH3 H2O NH HCO3 solution

step 3 Precipitation of Narcos

NH Hcoz t NaCl Nah coz I t NHI sol

step 4 Thermal decomposition of NateC03

D
2 Nah Coz S NGCOz COLT t H2O
I washing
cooling soda
Regeneration
i CO2 smaller amount
ii Regeneration of NH3
Cao tho Ca OH
D
Ca OH at 2N Hall Callat 2MHzT t 2420
SB WB

this method carbonates of Li k Rb Cs

By
are not made
Lifecoz not known in solid
KHcoz RbHc0z CSHcoz highly soluble
difficult to
separate from NHall

Properties
i crystalline solid
white water soluble
water
ii efflorescent loss of by hydrated salt
iii Heating effect
T 100
Nazcoz 10h20 N92103 H2o t 9h20
T 100
Nazcoz H2O Nazcoz t Ha 0
Soda ash
D X
iii Nature of ag solution
ag son of Nago is alkaline due to hydrolysisofCos
Coz H2O HC05 t OH
Iv chemical reactions

Cost
Nassib sight stronger
coat fusion acid
Na2C03
acidic
metal'd oxide s
coat
ppg
si02 n
Polymeric solid d I

ti o É o

o
t
si o si
I I

1 Naz 03 2114 2Nace t coat Ha 0

dil
Naze03 42504 s
Nazsoat CO2 t H2O
die

2 N205 t NazC03 NaNOz t CO2

Trick N205 É HN03 9203 Nanos coat Hao

503 t Na Cozy Naz504 t CO2

N203 Naz 03 agr NaN Ost CO2
N203 420 2mn02 N 203 Nanost CO2 H2o
 YR Nazcoz ag Nanost Nanos CO2
N204
MostH2O Hitat HIT
midlife

It
3 Call t NazeOz s Caco I 2 NaCl
White
Ba Nos 2t NaaC03 Bacot 2 NaN03
Chile

Angat pkt Gt Int Hgt at Narco

ppt of basiccarbonate
Angat NazcostH2O Magcon tagcost t Nat
Pbt t Na coz H2O Pb OH z Pbcoz I t Nat
at t Nazco H2O 610472 Cuco I t Nat
Zn't t Naz 03 420 2n OH z 2n cost t Nat
ng't t Nas coz H2O Ago Hgcoz I t Nat
Hydroxides of Ag Hg unstable

coz is a
gas while sick is a solid why
O C O 2pA 2pA strong
O 0
O i o
Polymer
2PM3pA weak
Deliquescent Hygroscopic Effluoroscent
solid solid solid

Absorbs moisture Absorbs moisture loss of water

from atmosphere from atmosphere from water
until it dissolves but not enough of
crystalli
in the absorbed H2o content to sations
H2O and form a form the
solution solution E Nazcoz 10120
E NaOH KOH impure race
Cao
qq.gg salt

sodium bicarbonate sodium hydrogen carbonate

Baking soda Nate coz

Preparation
i From Solvay's process
ii Nazcoz 420 2NaHCO3
83
Properties
I In state anion is polymeric
crystalline
H bonds
through
 c o
co n
c o n
µ

hi dimeric
Mt HC03 S
Kt Rbt est
H
0 60
10 H
Y o
8

II Nature of aqueous solution

aqueous solution is alkaline due to

hydrolysis of anion
Hosea H2O OH
GIGO
III Amphoteric nature
It reacts with acid as well as
with base Hc 05 amphiprotic
Nah coz HI Nacl t coat t Hao
Nan coz t NaOH NGCOz H2O
Common salt Table salt Nacl
Sea water is the main source of Nacl
Pure Nacl is not hygroscopic

Impure Nacl absorbs moisture due to

presence of impurities of
Iggy
Purification
crude Nacl contains impurities of
N92504 6504 calls angela
min H
Crude Nacl solution

calls Angela
in solution
Nacl
Tfg
pptn due to common ion
effect by HCl
Solubility order Nad Calls angels

is almost
solubility of Nacl unaffected
by temperature
 sodium Hydroxide caustic soda Naoh

is
NaOH
commercially prepared by
the electrolysis
of ag Nacl Brine
solution
by
51kt
Electrolyte Brine solution ag Nacl
cathode Mercury
Anode Graphite carbon
oxidation occurs at anode while in
reduction occurs at cathode electrolysis

Nacl at Nata Cling

At an ode At cathode
t
H2O Clog yo nta
20 2N at t2é 2 Na Hg
29 CLT
Samdiggam

is treated with water to

Amalgam
NaOH and H2
give
2 Na Hg 2420 2NaOH t Hg Hat
By products U2 Hz
 the reactivity of
By forming amalgam
sodium is reduced to avoid violent
reaction with the water

Properties of NaOH

i Crystalline solid water soluble Strong base

ee s
ii Deliquescent solid

III Absorbs coz from atmosphere

NaOH t CO2 Naz Cost H2O

chemical reactions of NaOH car

Reaction with acids

I
HN Oz NaOH Nanost Ha 0
I HU t NaOH
want H2O

2 NaOH
Naas04 120
42504
Hs Post NaOH Natypoat H2O
H3PO3 NaOH ex Nash Post 21120
31120
HzPO4t NaOH ex s NazPoy

Natl Post NaOH No reaction

Naff Post NaOH NashPost H2O
Nashpost NaOH No reaction
BCOM t NaOH Nat BCOHH
 Reaction with acidic oxides

4
coat NaOH Najd H2O
3
N203T NaOH NantoztH2O
5
N205T NaOH Na 03 420
7
4207 t NaOH Na OatH2O
4
N'O2 t NaOH Najat Nantz H2O

6
6206 t NaOHexc Nactoat Na 03 120
3
1406 t NaOHex NazHÉOzt H2O
5
Paolo t NaOH ex Naz'É4tH2
1414
P O t NaOH ex s Na Oat N92HÉ
1 37
4
Pag t NaOH ex Na Oat NazHpt's
2 2
184
PgOg t NaOHexc Na Oat NazHpt's
4 3
502 NaOH Na2ts 3t
ex H2O
 CO2 H2O 42103
N203 720 2111002
4207 H2O 24604
NO Hao HAO Hits
206 H2o Hatt Hato

0 61 1 0

205
Jeff.tl
Pao
p
In

o1É I
1490
Hot

tp 3

8
8407
 Étmphoteric
element zn.pb.be Ahora sn
oxysaltformula 02 0515 Eos
I cat É I
3D Reaction with amphoteric elements

amphoteric alkali Hatt oxysalt

element agr

O
Zn t NaOH Nazztnoat Hz
o
Pb t NaOH Naztpboat Ha
o
Be t NaOH NazBEozt Ha
o
Al t NaOH Nantozt Ha
o
Ga t NaOH s NaGtaoztHz
o
Sn t NaOH NazÉnOztHz

Reaction with amphoteric oxides or

hydroxides
soluble
amphoteric alkali
oxide Hydroxide agr song tho

Zno 1stt NaOH Najthozt H2o

Al OH zt NaOH
 Felon I t Nall
Fest36 Brownppt

Ig insoluble

Aetolia Nau
white

exc Nat Alcon

Noon Soluble

Enchilat Nanos
White
exc
Na Zn OHL
NaOH soluble

white phosphorus undergoes disproportionation

on heating with ag Naoh in inert atmosphere

Pj it NaOH Hao Past Natas

Phgoassphine
B With sulphur
58 5 119,91
Naz's'tNaz's O Hao

58 St NaOH Nas'st Naz's 03 Hao

exc

Sts SE

C with Halogens Us Bra Iz

Ist IH X t Hao
Ge
Trick I Hox x
I alkali yo

Ist IH X 05 t Hao
hot conch

Reason o ok x of
Ft Ige Etat thot F

É t Ége Eat Hao F

EE EH Ost F H2O
Oxidiser

comproportionation

D
Bt NaOH e Na Boz t Hat

CO tag NaOH s No reaction

1 CO neutral

High tempSH CooNat

Cot NaOH s
high for sodium formate
compound uses
In softening
water
Laundering and cleaning
NazC03 Making of glass soap borax
on paper textile industries
imb lab reagent
On cakes and pastries
Nah coz Fire extinguisher
mild antiseptic for skin
Nacl Preparation of NaOH Naac03
domestic purpose
Purification of bauxite
In textiles petroleum
NaOH In soap paper Silk
Preparation of oils
imp lab reagent
 Group 2

Be 4 282
ing 12 382
Ca 201 482 General ns2
Sr 138 552 config n Period
no
Ba 56 682
Ra 88 782
Radioactive

except Be rest other group 2 metals are

called alkaline earth metals

Occurrence
Ca most abundant ar 2
metal in earth's crust 00
Order
Ca ang Ra
6

Minerals
Limestone Cacoz
Gypsum 6504 2120
Dolomite Cacoz Mgcoz
Epsom salt rags 7h20
magnesite ingcos
 Extraction

Gr z metals are extracted by electrolysis of their

molten fused salts in absence of H2o
General atomic and physical properties

PhysicalAppearance Nature size IE EN

state Degh
25 C
Be solid Metal
ing solid farey
black metal
titine
ca solid metal dec dec Fe
Sr solid Swiney metal
Ba solid metal u v u

size of Density m.pt reducing power Reducingpower

hydriated B lot in gasphase in a phase
Be
maxing least
ca Least inc
Sr inc

Ba it max

Iebasist
comparison of properties between Gr 1 metal and
Gr 2 metal for same period

Property Group 1 Group 2

size 7
IE L

IES

EA

EN C

I Dhydtion

cohesive energy

Hardness

m.pt
B lot

Density
Reducing power
chemical reactivity
Flame test

Be and their salts do not give any

ing
colour in flame test

Reasone electrons are too strongly bounded to

be excited by flame
colour in flame test
ca Brick red
St Crimson red
Ba Apple green

chemical reactions with elemental forms

Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction

with Ha with
D with C with Na withExc withslimhalogens D
Be x
ing u u I Einar
I v

ca r u v u oxide
v
so u u u

Ba r v u ppg v

MHz s Carbide nitride Exide Mx

Reaction with Hz
d
M S Ha MHz S
Be

Beth is prepared as

Bella t Li Altea s Betta Int Lice Ally

Qi
it
IIIa
Bets covalent polymeric
ragtea
cats did tha
ionic hydrides leap
Satta
Bath f
Cates Hydrolyth

HI TYIIBgI
Beth s 7
H.EE

Bella vapour H
H.BEgBsep
Reaction with C
D
2 Bet C
ang 3C D
Beal
angacz
I ionic
D
carbide
M t 2C s me
fast Ba
1120
Hy methanide
BezC abete4 Alas
4413 324

20 Cath Acetylides
ionic carbides ethynides
a
time T
H2O Propyne Propynide
allylide
Mga's ang't Eec E

cacz uses

I used for artificial ripening of fruits

Though it is carcinogenic

II used for fertilization of soil

D
cast Na
Tiffins fertilizer
Cactus calcium cyanamide
Cat CNI É C N
É
1 NHz Nha urea
 D Ba CN12
Ba Cat Na
cyanide

Reaction with Nz
D
BE S Nz g E3 Nz S
3E2t 2N 3

NZ H2O
Mg burn
s
ing N2 Mg OH zt NH3

CucNHz ag cus04
504 a
Blue
blue
deepsolution

Reaction with exe Oz D

Bels t exc 02 s No reaction

pages t exc 02 s Mago v.v Slow

Be
ing become passive due to protective
coating of their respective oxides over surface
Ixion.no

Be powder t exc 02 Beo

t exc 02
rag powder Mogo

ant exo 02 s th some peroxide

in case of Ba
KaistBa oxide
 Beo Cao Soo Bao
Mgo s s
inc ionic character
in water
inc solubility
dec
inc
thermal stability
basic strength

day Ca 0h12
Residue steamed
milk of lime
CaO s H2O
then filter
quick
lime
filtrate is a transparent
solution
lime water
CacoH z
Baton z water
Baryta

Coa turns lime water baryte water milky

Ca OH at CO2 Caco I t H2O
milkiness disappears on passing exc coz
Caco I CO2 H2O Ca Hoz
soluble

Eth I Baryta water milky white

used as antacid
12
1 12
Bleaching Powder
2 610m12 2h20

empirical
formula
CaoCla

dzcg caconk Cadet Caloctist Hao

dry staked

H moisture clap
Bleaching powder
a t out Cla
p covalent
Bao
TmpEteric
Hoopaf
Reaction with halogens
an X2 MY Betz covalent
other ionic

Betz is best prepared as

NH3 t HF Bed NH Bef Hao

1 Beo the Befit H2O

É NHal2 Beta s
2NH4F t Betz
Ammonium
tetrafluoroberrylate

Bella is best prepared as

Beo t c t da Becht cot

Coke
OR

D
2Beo C 94 2 Bella t coat

Gas monomer or dimer

Beta Beaky

solid
Bex Polymeric Rex In

ar som s ionic acidic nature

Bexat Haole Be 4204727242

0th
H2O Bet
OHz
I
exhibits acidic nature
ag solution of Bex
Be H2O432 420 Be H2O OH t Hot
 Bella produces whites fumes in
moist air
Bella t H2O moisture Be OH zf Hat

All halides of Group 2 exist in hydrated

form Extent of hydration decreases down
the group

Bells 4420
Angela 8 H2O
angels 6420
Calls 6420
5842 6420
Balls 2420

ÉÉateng halides
of hydrated

Loss of Hao
Hydrated halides of cast Ba

Calla 6h20 I s Caclat6H20t

nhyd.J
5242 6 420 5242 t 64209
I anhya
Balla 21120 I s Bada t 24204
anhyd

T T2 T3
 Hydrated halides of Be and ing suffer
hydrolysis on heating
D
Bella 4420 Renny 41120

They 41120 D
Belote U Be OH
D

Hat Hao that Hao Begg

Bettie
f
D D
OH Become Be
yB

Angela 6420 Angus 6h20

anhyd
D
Tiga 6420 Magcon a Mg ok Ingo
Ha H2o that Hao H2O

Formation of anhydrous halide by heating

9
Betz 41120 dry'd Bex anhyd

d4 Hd
MgX2 6420 D Mgk anhyd
similarities bw Bexar Al Xz

AlFz ionic
A143 ABoz Al Iz covalent

Covalent
dimer
vapour z te bond Iai ai
Polyms solid ÉÉÉÉ
HX T d d
X F AI Xz
E white fumes
ar s acidic
som

Al X Al Hao I 35

f
t H2O

Al 1206371120 Al H2O OH It Hzot

A143 6420 s Allon Ha Hao

Is
A1203
Reaction with compounds

Rfitffids Eigtionases Reactions with

Be X

x hats'Ism
ng u

ca r X
so
Ba
x
x
I who

Reaction with acids

Be becomes passive on reaction with

ing
conc oxidising acids
no

Bethel s
Beast H2
HU s
Agatha
rag

Cat HEO D
É Nos at Hao t 024

Reaction with base

Bet NaOH age s Naz Beat Hat

TEEN
Reaction with H2o

Be t H2o Steam s x

D
ing t H2o hot s
ing oh t Hat
steam

ingotHao

M t H2O cold M OM a t Hat

6,52 Ba

Be Inc
v reactivity
ng v towards
ca
v
H2O
Sy
Ba

Belote z Ca OH Sr on 2 Bacon
Mg10h12 s s s
z

inc basic strength

inc solubility
Group 2 metals in liquid NH3

Be ang lie NH3 insoluble

Reason High IE IE2
Ca Sr Ba liq NH3 soluble

case 1 Dilute solution

MCs atty NH3 e M NH3 a 2 é NHDy

solution is blue coloured
solution is paramagnetic
solution is reducing in nature
solution is good conductor of electricity
case 2 concentrated solution
solution is diamagnetic
solution is bronze copper red coloured

case 3 Presence of impurities on longstanding

solution decompose s metal amide t Hat

case 4 evaporation

solution yields hexa ammoniates on evaporation

M NH3 6 s s M NHS 2 H2T t 4N139
 some important compounds of Gr 2 metals

metal nitrates

soluble
ate
altar excepthydratedBa

in
all
found
É
form
HN03 D
an nos not NOT 02T
ingost
Higgs ingenoslat to
Thermal stability
increases down
the group

ng 0372.6120
Metal carbonates
ingredient in toothpaste
Ingo all are insoluble in water
Solubility dec down the
group LEI
HEImad
soluble Naxos Cort M coz MO t CO2
comp N1472103
ofpnt2 Thermal stability inc
down the group
dig Becoz is unstable at
u room temp
coat is stored in atmosphere
It of CO2
Metal sulphates
a Beso tagsoy soluble de
Casa partially soluble solubility
58504 Baso down
insoluble the
group
Thermal stability inc
down the group

Casa 2420 MSU stable to heat

Gypsum
Casoittyo
Plaster of Basey is used as barium
Paris meal for x ray imaging of
lower abdomen
I die mineralacids insoluble
asf ex Hd

Mg504.7150 Epsom salt

Laxative effect
Calcium oxide
oxide
Basic
and
CO2
absorbs
atmosphere
moisture
Cac03 s Cao Cao H2o Calotte
S CO2
Sig Cao t CO2 Caco

J Casio
Pago
s
Caz Poy 2
Calcium carbonate
t
029
Cao
HaO
t coat
692 N92Coz Call
Nace Hd
Cac03
42504
CO2 Casoat coat Hao
Calor 2
H2O

insoluble

Plaster of Paris
Casa 1120
calcium sulphate hemihydrate
controlled
dehydration
Pop
Ca504 2420
I s
CASI't tho Zhao
Gypsum
can also Hao
be represented 2659
as

Ask t 2h20
T 120g
anhyd
Dead burnt
plaster
 Portland cement cement
v imp for Jee mains

Raw materials Limestone Clay

Caco Cao 5102 A1203 MgOFez03,503
like silica teaming tmagnesia
Process
Limestone si fusion cement s cement
tag
linker Gypsum
ayes
Final Composition
Di calcium silicate Cassio I 26
Tri calcium silicate Cassio 51
Tri calcium aluminate Ca Ala06 I 117
A Good quality cement has
silica Lime 2
2 5C alumina 4
Other oxide

setting of cement
cement H2o Hydration of ions
Formation of interlocking Rearrangement
needle like crystals
I after some
time Hard mass

Role of Gypsum Gypsum is added to delay

the setting time of cement
 some imp substances
mortar cement sand t Hao
concrete cement t Sandt stone t 420
pieces
Reinforced concrete RCC concrete steel bars

Lithopone
Bwggetfigtment
used in
paints
Basic berrylium nitrate

C
Be N0312 N0316
12,5 Beto
Basic berrylium nitrate

EBay
10

p
É IÉ
Rare compound where oxygen is tetravalent
 NaOH can not used as primary
standard

Smp Conversion

into
Base Back

Basoat 2nd Ballet 12504

Basey is insoluble in Hce

4C D Bast 4109
Basoat
Coke
Bast and Badat Hast
 Anomalous behaviour of Be

I Be has exceptionally small atomic and

ionic sizes and highest ionisation
energy

II Be forms largely covalent compounds

which are
hydrolysed easily
III Be can not show ordination
co no
more than 4 as it does not have
vacant d orbital in valence shell

IV It and hydroxide are amphoteric

oxide
while oxides and hydroxides of rest
element of group are basic
Diagonal relation btw Be and Al
ionic radius of Bet 31 pm
charge radius 0.06
31
radius
ionic of Al 53 5 pm
0.06
Charge radius 33.5 0.056

Be resembles Al due to similar charge

to radius ratio

similarities b w properties
I conc acid
Be and Al passive
oxide
Due to protective coating of
II Be OH Al OH alkali soluble
MCOH É
III Bella Ald s dimeric in
vapour phase

Iv Bella Al dz Lewis acids

v Bet Alt have strong tendency to

form complexes E Betz Alf