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Control Systems
System
• An arrangement, set, or collection of things connected or
related in such manner as to form an entirety or whole
• An arrangement of physical components connected or related
in such a manner as to form and/or act as an entire unit.

SYSTEM
INPUT
OUTPUT

To get what I want

How do I change this?
Control System

• An arrangement of physical components connected or related in

such a manner as to command, direct, or regulate itself or another
system.
• A control system is a system of devices or set of devices, that
manages, commands, directs or regulates the behavior of other
device(s) or system(s) to achieve desire results.
• Position, velocity, acceleration, temperature, voltage, pressure,
current, etc.
“A control system is a system, which controls other system.”

“A control system is a mechanism that alters the future state of a system.”

Why do we build control systems?

• Power Amplification
• Remote control
• Convenience of input form
• Compensation of disturbances
Examples of a Control System

Bathroom Toilet Tank

*As the tank is emptied through the stopcock, the valve opens filling the tank.
When the tank becomes full, the float gets closer to the top, closing the valve
and so shutting the flow of the water.
Input

• Stimulus, excitation or command applied to a control system,

typically from an external energy source, usually in order to produce
a specified response from the control system

Examples:

Input • Preset water level for a bathroom toilet tank

• Desired velocity for a steam engine governor
• Thermostat setting for an air conditioner
Output

• Actual response obtained from a control system. It may or

may not be equal the specified response by the input.

Examples:

Input Output • Actual water level for a bathroom toilet tank

• Actual velocity for a steam engine governor
• Actual room temperature
“System”

Input Output
System

• A system is an arrangement of or a combination of different

physical components connected or related in such a manner so
as to form an entire unit to attain a certain objective.
Control
• It means to regulate, direct or command a system so that the
desired objective is attained.

System + Control = Control System

Control System

Input Control Output

System

• It is an arrangement of different physical elements connected in

such a manner so as to regulate, direct or command itself to
achieve a certain objective.
Difference between System and Control System

Input Proper Input Control Desired

System
System
Output Output

May or may
not be
desired
Difference between System and Control System
A Fan: Can't Say System

• A fan without blades cannot be a “SYSTEM” Because it cannot provide a desired/proper

output i.e. airflow
A Fan: Can be a System
• A Fan with blades but without regulator can be a “SYSTEM” because it can provide a
proper output i.e. airflow
• But it cannot be a “Control System” Because it cannot provide desired output i.e.
controlled airflow
A Fan: Can be a Control System

• A Fan with blades and with regulator can be a “CONTROL SYSTEM” because it can
provide a desired output.
i.e. Controlled airflow
 SINGLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-INPUT
SINGLE OUTPUT SYSTEM MULTIPLE OUTPUT SYSTEM

• A single output is controlled by a single input • More than one controlled output and command
input
• Also called multivariable system
f1(t) y1(t)
f2(t) y2(t)
f(t) y(t)
SISO f3(t) MIMO y3(t)
f4(t) y4(t)
Open-Loop Control Systems

• The control action is independent of the output

FEATURES OF AN OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

1. Their ability to perform accurately is determined by their

calibration. To calibrate means to establish or reestablish the
input-output relation to obtain a desired system accuracy.
2. They are not usually troubled with the problems of instability.
Open loop systems
• Electric Hand Drier - Hot air (output) comes out as long
as you keep your hand under the machine, irrespective
of how much your hand is dried.
• Automatic Washing Machine - This machine runs
according to the pre-set time irrespective of washing is
completed or not.
• Bread Toaster - This machine runs as per adjusted time
irrespective of toasting is completed or not.
• Automatic Tea/Coffee Maker - These machines also
function for pre adjusted time only.
• Timer Based Clothes Drier - This machine dries wet
clothes for pre-adjusted time, it does not matter how
much the clothes are dried.
• Light Switch - Lamps glow whenever light switch is on
irrespective of light is required or not.
• Volume on Stereo System - Volume is adjusted manually
irrespective of output volume level.
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
• Compensated for disturbances

TRANSDUCER
• Converts the input/output to the form used by the controller
(example: potentiometer, thermistor)
Closed loop Control Systems
• Automati Elect i Iro - Heating elements are controlled by
• The control action is somehow dependent on the output temperature of the iron.
output.
• Serv Voltag Stabilizer - Voltage controller operates
depending upon output voltage of the system.
Input
transducer • Wate Level Controlle - Input water is controlled by water
level of the reservoir.

• Missil Launched d Aut Tracked by Rada - The direction of

missile is controlled by comparing the target and position of
the missile.

Output
• A Ai Conditione - An air conditioner functions depending
transducer upon the temperature of the room.
• Cooling Sy te i Ca - It operates depending upon the
temperature which it controls.
Difference Between OLCS & CLCS
• Open Loop Control System • Closed Loop Control System
• The open loop systems are • The closed loop systems are
simple & economical. complex and costlier
• They consume less power. • They consume more power.
• The OL systems are easier to • The CL systems are not easy to
construct because of less number construct because of more
of components required. number of components required.
• The open loop systems are • The closed loop systems are
inaccurate & unreliable accurate & more reliable.
Difference Between OLCS & CLCS
• Open Loop Control System • Closed Loop Control System
• Stability is not a major problem • Stability is a major problem in
in OL control systems. Generally closed loop systems & more care
OL systems are stable. is needed to design a stable
• Small bandwidth. closed loop system.
• Feedback element is absent. • Large bandwidth.
• Output measurement is not • Feedback element is present.
necessary. • Output measurement is
necessary.
Difference Between OLCS & CLCS
• Open Loop Control System • Closed Loop Control System
• The changes in the output due to • The changes in the output due to
external disturbances are not external disturbances are
corrected automatically. So they corrected automatically. So they
are more sensitive to noise and are less sensitive to noise and
other disturbances. other disturbances.
• Examples: • Examples:
• Coffee Maker, • Guided Missile,
• Automatic Toaster, • Temp control of oven,
• Hand Drier. • Servo voltage stabilizer.
Classification of Control System
• Linear Control System
A system is called linear system, if the output is proportional to its input and the
principle of superposition can be applied.

• Non Linear Control System

 FEEDBACK
• Property of a closed-loop system which permits the output (or some other controlled variable) to be
compared with the input to the system (or an input to some other internally situated component of
subsystem) so that the appropriate control action may be formed as some function of the output and
input.
CHARACTERIST CS OF FEEDBACK
• Increased accuracy
• Reduced sensitivity of the ratio of the output to input to variations in system parameters and other
characteristics
• Reduced effects of nonlinearities
• Reduced effects of external disturbances or noise
• Increased bandwidth
• Tendency toward oscillation or instability.
SHUKRAN