Analytical Paragraph 10 Examples based on previous question

papers

Q1. The pie chart shows the proportion of people from different households
living in poverty in the UK in 2002. Write an analytical paragraph to describe
the information in 100-120 words.

Answer:
The given pie chart illustrates seven different categories of households living in poverty
in the UK in 2002.
It is clearly evident from the pie chart that 26% of the total poverty-stricken households
are those of sole parents. Single people without children account for the second highest
proportion with 24%. In contrast to couples without children that accounts for just 9%,
couples with children account for 15% of the poor households. Single aged persons and
aged couples proportion for 12% together for poor households.
Overall, 14% of all households in the UK were living under poverty. The younger
generation had a greater poor percentage than their aged counterparts. Couples
without children had better economic conditions than those with children.

Q2. Below given are three pie charts showing consumption habits of India,
China and World overall in 2008. Write an analytical paragraph describing the
pie charts (100-120 words).
Answer:
The three given pie charts depicts types of food consumption in 2008 as compared in
two countries- India and China. In general, processed food is the major type of food
eaten.
Processed food comprises as high as 41% of the global consumption. In China and India
as well, processed foods are consumed the most, the rate of consumption being 34%
and 39% respectively. On an average, vegetables and fruits constitute 29% of
consumption. In China, vegetables and fruits comprise 32% of food consumption which
is 9% more than that of India. For Indians, animal food accounts for 27% of their diet,
exceeding Chinese food consumption by a striking 12%. However, nuts and seeds
comprise almost one-fifth of Chinese food habits. This is way more than the global
consumption of 4% and 11% of India.
Overall, world food consumption largely comprises processed food. Chinese
consumption of nuts and seeds is unbelievably higher than the average percentage.
Q3. The following table shows details about the internet activities for six
categories for different age groups. Write an analytical paragraph for the
table given in around 150-200 words.
Answer:
The given table suggests the internet activities of seven age groups ranging from teens
to those in their seventies for six different kinds of activities. The table shows that the
younger generation is more interested in online games and news, while the older
generation spends time on the internet to research and buy products.
It is evident from the table that teens mainly use the internet for games (as high as
81%), news and downloads and are interested in searching for people or friends or
doing any product research. The middle-age group (people in 20s to 60s) is highly
interested in getting news, doing product research and buying products, the percentage
ranging from 70-80%. The internet activity which gets the least time is searching for
people. All the age groups spend less than 30% of their internet time on the same. The
amount of time spent on downloads decreases with age and gets as low as 6% (for
people in 70s).
Overall, the table suggests that teenagers are most likely to spend time playing games
and doing downloads. On the other side, older people are interested in researching and
buying products. People spend the least amount of time searching for other people
online.
Q4. The graph given shows estimated sales of gold in Dubai in 2002. Write an
analytical paragraph describing the line graph in around 150 words.

Answer:
The line graph depicts the estimated sales of gold in Dubai for a period of twelve
months in 2002 in millions of Dirhams.
In January 2002, the sales stood at 200 million Dirhams. It steadily increased through
the next month and peaked to 350 million Dirhams in the third month of the year.
However, the gold sales started to plummet over the next three months and hit 110
million Dirhams in the month of July. Unexpectedly, the sales doubled in August before
coming down to the same level as in July for the month of September. For the next two
months of the year, the gold sales levelled off to 180 million Dirhams and then slightly
increased in December.
Overall, the estimated gold sales fluctuated in 2002. The sales were the highest in the
month of March and lowest in the months of July and September. The sales at the end of
the year were almost the same as they were in the beginning of the year.
Here we conclude the topic of Analytical paragraphs. As it is a new topic added to the
syllabus of Class 10, students need to prepare it well.
Q5. Below is a graph given showing birth and death rates in a country from
1901 to 2101. Write an analytical paragraph (100-150 words).

Answer:
The graph shows birth and death rates starting from 1901 till 2101.
Since 1901, the birth rate has remained more than the death rate until 2041. Birth rate
was 20000 in 1901 and started increasing gradually. It peaked in 1961 to around 65000.
From 1961, birth rate has fluctuated multiple times between 50000 and 60000. It is
expected to decline for the coming years reaching approximately 42000 by 2101.
On the other hand, the death rate stood at around 10000 in 1901 and then has
increased steadily. It is expected to rise strikingly from 2021 before levelling off to
approximately 60000 between 2061 and 2081. The graph indicates a slight decline in
deaths in the year 2101.
The graph shows the huge gap between birth rate and death during 1961 to 2001.
However, this gap is expected to reduce in the later years. Overall, as opposed to the
prevailing trends, the death rate will be more than the birth rate in the later half of the
21st century.

Q6. The chart shows the division of household tasks by gender in Great
Britain. Write an analytical paragraph describing the chart given in not more
than 200 words.
Answer:
The chart shows the number of minutes per day spent by British men and women in
doing household tasks. On an average, the women spend about four hours doing
household tasks whereas the men spend less than two and half hours.
The tasks on which women spend more time than men include cooking, cleaning house,
taking care of the children and laundry. In doing all these tasks, women spend
approximately 200 minutes which is almost three times the time spent by men in these
tasks. On the other hand, men spend twice the time than women in doing tasks like
gardening and maintenance of odd jobs in the house. Men spend the highest time,
almost 50 minutes, in gardening and petcare. While the women spend only 30 minutes
for these tasks. The time spent by men in washing, ironing and sewing clothes is as low
as 2 minutes per day as opposed to 25 minutes spent by women.
In short, women spend far more time doing household chores than men whilst men
prefer to do gardening, petcare and maintaining odd jobs.
Q7. You asked people what they thought was the most valuable thing. The
given pie chart shows the analytics of the different answers you received.
Write an analytical paragraph for a research project in 150-200 words.

Ans. The given pie chart displays the analytics of different answers to the question of
what people thought was the most valuable thing in the world. The pie chart is divided
into five sections, meaning that the total number of responses to this question were
five.
The pie chart shows that the majority of people think Knowledge to be the most
valuable thing to possess. Knowledge holds forty-eight percent of the pie chart, which
indicates that almost half of the responses said that Knowledge is the most valuable
thing. On the other hand, Power is the most valuable possession according to the
minority of the respondents. Fame is almost on the same level as Power, only two
percent more. Love and Money hold twenty and eighteen percent of the pie chart
respectively.
In a nutshell, Knowledge is said to be the most valuable thing. Many people consider
Love and Money to be almost equally important. Very few people give importance to
Power and Fame.
Q8. A research was conducted in order to see the maturity gap between
young people of 15-35 years old and older people of 36-60 years old. The
respondents were asked which of the following was the most important in
order to be successful in life. Conceptualise the given result in an analytical
paragraph having 150-200 words.

Ans. The given bar graph represents the research conducted to observe the difference
in the mentality of young and old people.
The respondents were asked which of the following items was the most important in
order to be successful in life. The respondents ranged from young people of 15-35 years
old to older people of 36-60 years old. The bar graph is a grouped type bar graph, which
shows the side-by-side comparison of the two groups.
Both the groups think Hard Work to be the most important item required for success in
life. On the other hand, they think Contacts to be of lesser importance. The younger
group feels Talent and Intelligence to be the keys to success. The older group thinks
Hard Work, Honesty, Luck and Money to be the major tools for success. The item
Contacts got the same amount of vote, slightly more from the younger group.
Overall, the older group believes that, using resources in sufficient amounts like money
and with luck and hard work, one can multiply that money into great amounts.
However, the younger group believes that, even if one does not have a single penny,
with talent, high IQ, and social interaction, one can be successful.
Q9. As the Captain of the school’s Cultural Club, you have been asked to study
the given itinerary provided by a tour-organising vendor.
 A 3N/2D Educational Tour for the Senior School Students:
Jabalpur and Kanha National Park (Vandhya Pradesh)
 Tour Travel & sightseeing by bus.
 Accommodation on quad sharing basis.
 One staff complimentary for every 20 students.
 Bottled mineral water throughout the tour.
 Dance Party on 22 November.
 Insurance policy of ₹ 20,000/- per head.
 Provision of Tour Manager’s assistance to all places.

Analyse this itinerary to either approve or reject the tour proposal, while
focusing on the students’ safety, interest, and physical wellness. Write this
analytical paragraph in about 120 words, by selecting features that support
your analysis.
You may begin like this : A thorough analysis of the itinerary provided by the
tour organising vendor reveals that the tour proposal should be accepted /
rejected.
You may end like this: Therefore, the tour proposal for the educational trip
should be approved / rejected.
Ans. A thorough analysis of the itinerary provided by the tour organising vendor reveals
that the tour proposal should be accepted / rejected.
The given itinerary displays the timings and the activities of the three nights and two
days educational trip to Jabalpur and Kanha National Park. This trip is for the senior
students only. Vandhya Pradesh is a good place for landscape and wildlife sightseeing.
Considering that the Kanha National Park holds dangerous animals like tigers, it is a
risky site for children. On the other hand, the senior students are suitable for such a
trip. However, one staff complimentary with 15 students seems more suitable for the
location. The insurance is too low. There is no mention of the dance party in the given
time table. A 7 hour trip in the park can be too exhausting. Along with the bottled
mineral water, some light refreshment should also be provided. Interestingly, the tour
trip, despite its flaws, will be a fun and educational trip for the students.
Therefore, the tour proposal for the educational trip should be approved.
Q10.The given statistics display the spendings of the income of an average
household in the UK. Display the important points in an analytical paragraph.

Ans. The given statistics display the spendings of an average household in the UK.
The spendings is divided into six categories – Clothes, Grocery, Rent, Transportation,
Education and Miscellaneous. According to the given pie chart, an average UK
household spends the majority of its income on groceries, which holds twenty-three
percent of the pie chart. Next comes Education holding twenty percent of the pie chart,
meaning that school fees in the UK are generally high. Rent holds the lowest fraction of
the pie chart, which is just five percent, meaning that in the UK, rent is not as high as
the price of groceries, basic commodities like food and water, and education. An
average household in the UK is observed to spend eighteen percent of their income on
miscellaneous items. In addition, no money is used for savings.
Therefore, an average household in the UK does not save money for future prospects.

Modals Exercises for Class 10 With Answers CBSE –

English Grammar
We have already studied some of the uses of ‘be’ (is, am, are, was, were,
being and been), ‘do’ (does and did) and ‘have’ (has, have, had). Be,
do and have are Primary Auxiliaries. They help to form tenses,
questions and negatives. They are also used in changing voice.

The forms of ‘be’, ‘do’ and ‘have’ can be used as Principal Verbs also; as—
Smriti is in her class.
I have a lot of work to do.
Do as I tell you.
Be careful in this matter.
She has no friend in this locality.

Modals express the mode of action. The most common modals are: may,
might, can, could, shall, should, will, would, must, dare, need, have and used
to.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODALS

1. Modals are never used alone. A Principal verb is either present or

implied; as—
I can sing. He will help you.
2. Modals do not change according to the number or person of the
subject; as—
I can. We can. You can. We can. They can. etc.
I may. We may. You may. He may. They may. etc.
3. Modals have no Infinitive, Present Participle or Past
Participle forms.
4. Modals cannot be used in all the tenses. When a modal does not
fall in this pattern, it works as a Principal Verb; as—
God willed so.
He needs a pen.
She dared to go into the dark forest.
(Here will, need, and dare are used as main verbs)

Relationship of Modals with Tenses

(i) May, can, shall, and will are in present forms while might, could,
should, and would are their past forms.
The two forms express different meanings, but usually, no difference of time,
e.g. the difference between may and might is often that of the degree of
probability, as—
She may come today. (possibility / likely to happen)
She might come today. (remote possibility/less likely)
(ii) However, if the verb in the main clause is in the past tense, the
forms might, could, should and would serve as regular past tenses; as—

1. He said, “I can help you.”

He said that he could help her.
2. You said, “She will come back soon.”
You said that she would come back soon.
 3. Sheetal said, “May I use this pen, madam?”
Sheetal asked her teacher if she might use that pen.

(iii) When we want to express the past time in verb phrases involving
modals, we use the Present Perfect Tense of the Principal Verb; as
She must have reached home by now.
You ought to have told me all the facts.

General Functions of Modals

1. Modals express probability, logical necessity, possibility, future

confirmation etc. These are not conceptions of the mind. Modals
are not used to state facts.
2. Modals are used in the main clause of conditional sentences.
Since the condition is contrary to facts, the main statement
cannot be actual. Hence a modal is used; as—
If I were you, I should help the old beggar.
If it were fine, we might play a cricket match.
If you had told me, I could have helped you.

Apart from these general functions, modals are used in various ways.
Let us consider them separately.

USE OF MODALS

CAN/COULD

Can is used for all persons in the present tense.

Could is used for all persons in the past tense.
CAN is used

1. to express permission:
You can go now. (= I give you permission to go)
You cannot touch the flowers. (= I don’t permit you to touch the
flowers)
2. to express ability:
I can swim. (= I know how to swim)
He can speak Sanskrit. (= He is able to speak Sanskrit)
3. to express possibility:
Anyone can make mistakes.
Accidents can happen to anyone.
4. ‘Can’t help’ is an idiom. It means ‘Can’t avoid’; e.g.
He has a bad cold. He can’t help sneezing.
 The boys can’t help laughing on seeing the clown.
COULD must be used
to express ability, permission and possibility when the main verb
is in the past tense; as—
I could swim well when I was younger. (ability)
Could you lend me some money, please?
Could you tell me the time, please?
Could you wait for a few minutes?

MAY/MIGHT

‘May’ is used for all persons of the present and future tense.
‘May’ is used

1. to express or to seek permission: [in a formal way]

You may go (= I permit you to go.)
May I come in, Sir? (= seeking permission)
Students may not bring any book or paper in the examination hall.
(permission refused)
2. to express possibility:
It may rain. He may come today.
3. to express a wish:
May he live long! May she enjoy good health!
4. to express purpose:
He works hard so that he may pass.

MIGHT

Might is used for all persons of the past tense.

(i) to seek permission:

‘Might I’ can be used instead of ‘May I’ when asking for permission and
‘Might I’ is a more polite form. The use of ‘might’ shows that the speaker is
rather hesitant or doubtful about making the request; as—

(i) May I use your phone?

(ii) Might I use your phone?

Both express the same idea, but the second sentence is more polite.

(ii) to express possibility:

‘Might’ expresses greater doubt than ‘may’.
‘Might’ suggests remote/distant possibility; as—
It might rain. He might come today.

(iii) to put forward a suggestion:

‘Might’ is often used to put forward a suggestion or offer advice which you
are a little hesitant about; as—

You might try again. (= But I am not certain if you should)

You might wait.

(iv) in conditional sentences:

‘May / Might ’ can be used instead of ‘shall / will’ and ‘should / would’ in the
conditional sentences respectively to express a possible result; as—

If you work hard, you may pass, (possibility)

If she had left early, she might have reached by now.

Might must be used when the main verb of the sentence is in the past tense.
(i) to express permission:
He said that I might borrow his car.
The teacher said that the boy might go.
(ii) to express possibility:
He thought that I might like it.
Sudha said that she might go abroad next year.
(iii) to express speculation (guess) about past actions. ‘Might have’ is
used for past time.
He told me that she might have finished her work.
This medicine might have cured your cough.
Both ‘May’ and ‘might’ are used to suggest ‘there is a good reason’-, as—
You may as well say so.
She might as well come by the next train.
You might just as well go as not.
(There is just as much to be said in favour of going as against it)

EXERCISE 1
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with ‘can’ or ‘could’:

1. ……………………. you prepare a cup of tea for me, please?

2. She ……………………. not help to laugh at the joker.
3. We ……………………. execute your plan at once.
4. He said that he ……………………. walk twenty kms at a stretch.
5. A lame person ……………………. not walk.
 6. ……………………. you lift this box for me?
7. She ……………………. read without glasses till last year.
8. You ……………………. not see the principal now.
9. He worked hard but ……………………. not pass the examination.
10. She ……………………. play the piano when she was only eleven.

Answers:
1.could 2. can 3. can 4. could 5. can 6. could 7. could 8. can 9. could 10.
could.

EXERCISE 2
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with May’ or “Might’:

1. The news ……………………. not be true.

2. With a little more effort we ……………………. win this time.
3. The examinations ……………………. be postponed.
4. We ……………………. have gone if they had invited us to dinner.
5. With a little push, he ……………………. have got the job.
6. ……………………. your future be bright!
7. You ……………………. not attend the meeting this evening.
8. He said that it ……………………. not rain.
9. She asked if she ……………………. see the director.
10. The sky is overcast. It …………………….rain at any time.

Answers:
1. may 2. might 3. may, 4. might 5. might 6. may 7. may 8. might 9. might
10. may

EXERCISE 3
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘may’ or ‘might’ appropriate to

the sense given in brackets:

1. He ……………………. do this if he tried. (possibility)

2. She ……………………. not run as fast as you. (ability)
3. He ……………………. enter college next year. (possibility)
4. I knew that I ……………………. borrow his car. (ability)
5. You ……………………. tell me what he said. (claim)
6. You ……………………. tell me what he said. (ability)
7. I ……………………. help him if he asked me to. (wish)
 8. He works hard so that that he ……………………. get good marks.
(purpose)
9. When I was young, I ……………………. write Hindi verse.
(capacity)
10. Had you worked hard, you ……………………. have won a
scholarship (possibility)

Answers:
1. might 2. can 3. may 4. could 5. might 6. could 7. may 8. may 9. could 1
0. might.

WILL/SHALL

(а) With the second and third persons, will is used

1. to express simple future:

She will leave for Ambala tomorrow.
Lata will sing a song.
You will study in the evening.
2. to express an invitation or request Here ‘will you’? is not a
question in the ordinary sense; as—
Will you care for a cup of tea? (Invitation)
Will you please lend me your pen? (Request)
3. to express command in an informal or impersonal manner
expecting that it will be surely obeyed; as—
All new boys will report for a medical check-up.
‘‘You will not leave the class before completing your homework,”
said the teacher.
Officers will appear properly dressed in public places.
4. to express something that happens again and again and is
likely to recur; as—
The old woman will sit in the park and sing songs.
Vinod will go to the coffee house and discuss politics.
Some persons will walk in the middle of the road.
5. to express quantity or capacity; as—
This jug will hold two litres of water.
Two hundred persons will be seated in this tent.
6. to express prediction; as—
It is too close, it will rain.
You will fall ill, if you eat all that.
7. as a Principal Verb:
God willed otherwise. We waited under different clocks and could
not meet each other.

(b) ‘Will’ with the First Person is used

 1. to express willingness or offer; as—
I will help you as far as possible.
I will carry that parcel for you.
2. to express intention or promise; as—
I will go home to see my mother.
We will come in time.
3. to express threat; as—
I will beat you.
I will teach him a lesson.
4. to express determination; as—
I will lay down my life for my country.
I will not take eggs; I am a strict vegetarian.

SHALL

(a) With the first person,‘shall’ is used

1. to express simple future; as—

We shall leave for Delhi tomorrow.
I shall go for a long drive this evening.
2. to express the plan or intention of the speaker; as—
We shall shift to our new house next week.
I shall go to Chandigarh via Rohtak.
3. to express an offer or suggestion; as—
Shall I shut the window?
Shall we sit in the lawn?

(b) With the second and third persons,‘shall’ is used

1. to express a command; as—

You shall do it. You shall remain here till he comes.
He shall report for duty at 8.30 a.m. tomorrow.
2. to express a threat; as—
You shall die for it. You shall not study further if you fail.
She shall be punished for her misdeeds.
He shall be sacked for his negligence.
3. to express a promise; as—
You shall get leave today.
You shall have a scooter if you pass.
He shall get a reward for his faithfulness.
4. to express command or wish of the person addressed if
used with the third person; as—
Shall he carry your luggage?
Shall he wait outside for you?
 EXERCISE 4
(Solved)

Use shall or will in the blanks in the following sentences:

1. He ………………. leave this office at once. It is final.

2. I ………………. file a case of defamation against the paper.
3. We ………………. not allow this type of misrule to continue.
4. All traitors ………………. die.
5. How long ………………. you stay at Manali?
6. ……………….you attend her farewell party?
7. ……………….we be invited to her mango party?
8. She ………………. just sit and brood over her past life.
9. We ………………. not visit the Trade Fair tomorrow.
10. ………………. we refresh ourselves with some coffee now?

Answers:
1. shall 2. will 3. will 4. shall 5. will 6. will 7. shall 8. will 9. shall 10. s
hall.

EXERCISE 5
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with ‘shall’ or ‘will’ whichever is appropriate:

1. You ………………. not

steal. (command)
2. We ……………….be very glad to see
you. (simple future)
3. My son ……………….be twelve next month. (natural
occurrence)
4. ………………. you do it or shall
I? (enquiry)
5. All right! You ………………. have what you
want. (promise)
6. I ………………. meet you again if you so
desire. (determination)
7. I ………………. meet you again next week, I
expect. (simple future)
8. You ………………. stay till you have finished your
work. (threat)
9. You ………………. not prevent me from saying what I
want, (simple future)
 10. If you carry the chairs I ………………. carry the
table. (willingness)

Answers:
1. shall 2. shall 3. will 4. will 5. shall 6. will 7. shall 8. shall 9. will 10. will.

WOULD/SHOULD

Would is the past tense of ‘will’. ‘Would,’ is used

1. to denote the past tense of will/shall in indirect speech; as

—
He said that he would go.
The officer said that he would look into the matter.
2. to express a habitual or customary activity in the past; as
—
He would go for a swim in the sea every morning.
She would sit in the sun and talk all day.
3. to make a polite request (with the second person); as—
Would you spare some time for me?
Would you mind telling me the way to the post office?
4. To denote courtesy; as—
Would you stay for dinner?
Would you take a cup of tea?
(Note. Here ‘would you ’ is more polite than ‘will you’)
5. to express a wish; as—
Would that I were a film star!
Would that I were rich!
6. to express a preference; as—
I would like to ask you something.
I would rather die than beg.
7. To express improbable or unreal conditions; as—
If I won a lottery prize, I would build a hospital.
If I were an astronaut, I would take you to Mars.
Had you helped her, she would have succeeded.

SHOULD

Should is the past tense of shall. It is used

1. to denote the past tense of shall in indirect speech; as—

I said that I should go.
He said that they should report for duty on Monday.
 2. to express obligation or advice:
We should respect our elders.
You should do your job well.
3. to express purpose:
She works hard lest she should fail.
He worked hard so that he should pass the examination.
Hire a taxi, so that you shouldn’t miss your train.
4. to express probability or likelihood; as—
Should they play well, they will win.
If they should play well, they will win.

Here the use of ‘should’ is preferred to the present tense to express a very
unlikely condition.
If Urvi should come, I’ll inform you.

EXERCISE 6
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with ‘would’ or ‘should’:

1. You ………………………… work hard to win a scholarship.

2. He ………………………… rather starve than beg.
3. ………………………… you post this letter?
4. They ………………………… arrive here at any moment.
5. If I were a judge, I ………………………… do fair justice.
6. I ………………………… like you to help him with his studies.
7. We ………………………… help the poor and the needy.
8. ………………………… she walks fast, she will catch the train.
9. ………………………… you like to listen to music?
10. I wish he ………………………… not fail this time.

Answers:
1. should 2. would 3. Would 4. should 5. would 6. would 7. should 8. should
9. would 10. would.

EXERCISE 7
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with the right word out of those given in brackets
against each sentence:

1. ………………………… she works hard, she will pass.

(would, should)
 2. I …………………………prefer to keep quiet.
(would, should)
3. Work hard lest you ………………………… fail.
(would, should)
4. I am sure we …………………………cross the forest easily.
(will, shall)
5. …………………………you please stop talking so loudly.
(will, shall)
6. If I were you, I ………………………… not do it.
(would, should)
7. …………………………you please lend me your scooter?
(would, should)
8. I ………………………… carry out your orders at all costs.
(would, should)
9. I …………………………like to inform you of my inability to attend
the meeting. (would, should)
10. Walk carefully lest you …………………………fall
down. (would, should)
11. He ………………………… rather resign than submit to
injustice. (would, should)
12. You ………………………… not ask me to do anything against my
will. (should, will)
13. You ………………………… catch a cold, if you go out in the
rain. (shall, will)
14. I ………………………… not budge an inch from the righteous
path. (shall, will)
15. You …………………………not go in for that old
car. (would, should)

Answers:
1. should 2. would 3. should 4. shall 5. will 6. would 7. would 8. would 9. w
ould 10. should 11. would
12. should 13. will 14. will 15. should.

MUST

‘Must’ refers to the Present or the Future Tense.

Must is used

1. to express compulsion or necessity; as—

A servant must obey his master.
Every member must participate in the discussion,
2. to express duty or a very strong obligation; as—
We must work for the country. (duty)
You must practise virtue. (duty)
 We must respect our parents. (obligation)
We must obey the laws of our country. (obligation)
3. to express emphatic advice; as—
You must reach home before sunset.
You must use seat-belt while driving a car.
4. to express determination; as—
I must see you again before the meeting.
You must become a doctor.
She must qualify the test.
5. to express certainty or strong belief; as—
All must die sooner or later.
Everyone must grow old and perish.
6. to express possibility or inference; as—
She must be at least fifty years old.
Nina must have reached the station by now.
7. to express logical necessity or expectation; as—
There must be some error in computation.
You must feel sorry for your misbehaviour.
8. to express strong negation by ‘must not’; as—
He must not waste time in street plays.
You must not be rude to your elders.

MUSTN’T

Must not (Mustn’t) is used

1. to express prohibition or negative command; as—

You mustn’t jump the traffic lights.
One mustn’t smoke in the presence of ladies.
2. to express the prohibition of “very strong obligation’; as—
A peon mustn’t disobey his officer.
You mustn’t leave home without mother’s permission.
3. to express the prohibition of necessity; as—
You mustn’t bring cameras or sticks inside the hall.
Candidates mustn’t write anything except their roll numbers.

OUGHT

‘Ought’ refers to Present, Past, or Future Tense.

‘Ought’ is used

1. to express the sense of duty or moral obligation; as—

Students ought to prepare well for their examinations. (duty)
You ought to maintain communal harmony. (social obligation)
We ought to love our neighbours. (moral obligation)
She ought to consult some doctor. (advice)
We ought not to use unfair means in the examination. (advice)

Note. The sense of moral obligation springs from within. There is no outside
force or compulsion. ‘Must’ suggests the speaker’s authority and emphatic
advice ‘should’ implies what is the proper or right action.
‘Ought to’ is less forceful and has the same meaning as ‘should’.

2. to express strong probability.

She ought to pass this time.

The past tense of ought is expressed with ought to have + Third

form of the verb; as—

You ought to have attended the meeting.

The driver ought to have applied the brakes.
She ought to have helped the old woman.
You ought not to have criticised me in public.

HAVE TO

1. Have to is used to express compulsion or necessity from without;

as
I have to cook my own meals these days.
She has to help her mother in domestic affairs.
People had to walk miles to fetch drinking water.
2. Questions and negatives have formed both ways i.e. with or
without ‘Do’; as—
Negatives: We don’t have to clean our own shoes.
We haven’t to clear our own shoes.
Questions: Do you have to cook your own meals?
Have you to cook your own meals?

EXERCISE 8
(Solved)

Fill up the blanks with should, must, mustn’t, have to, or ought to:

1. You ………………………… respect your elders.

2. He ………………………… be more careful in the future.
3. You ………………………… to take regular exercise.
 4. She is headstrong. She ………………………… have her way in
everything.
5. You ………………………… not tell lies. It is not good for you.
6. She ………………………… to develop good manners.
7. She ………………………… contact the doctor at once.
8. They ………………………… to have been more generous.
9. Teachers ………………………… have affection for their students.
10. Mohit, you ………………………… waste a minute now. Your
examination is at hand.
11. Varun, you ………………………… squander your parents’ hard-
earned money.
12. The students ………………………… be in school at nine a.m.
13. You ………………………… disobey the laws of the land.
14. You ………………………… mend your ways before you criticise
others.
15. You ………………………… disobey your parents.

Answers:
1. must 2. should 3. ought 4. must 5. should 6. ought 7. must 8. ought 9. s
hould 10. mustn’t 11. mustn’t
12. have to 13. mustn’t 14. have to 15. mustn’t.

NEED

1. As a regular verb, ‘need’ expresses requirement; as—

She needs money for a camera.
He needed your help.
I do not need any apples.
2. As modal auxiliary, need is used to express necessity or
obligation.
It is used only in the Present Tense; as—
Need I to go there?
Need she to stay here more?
Need he bring more milk tomorrow?
3. Needn’t implies absence of necessity or obligation; as—
You needn’t go there again:
She needn’t wait for me.
Needn’t he go to the office today?

DARE

1. As a regular verb, ‘Dare’ means ‘Challenge\ It is used in all

tenses. Its forms are dare (dares), dared and dared.
He dares to go into the forest.
She dares to go into the forest.
 She dared to go alone.
I dare say that you are a liar.
He did not dare to come out with the truth.
She does not dare to offend me.
2. As a modal auxiliary, it means ‘to take courage’ or
‘venture’. Its other forms are dare, durst (dared), durst. It
is used only in the Negative or Interrogative sentences.
He dare not enter my room. (Present)
She dare not oppose me.
He durst not open my letters. (Past)
How dare you open my letter? (Present)

EXERCISE 9
(Solved)

Fill in the blanks with the right word out of ‘Must’, ‘Ought’ ,‘used
to’, ‘need’, ‘needn’t’, ‘dare’:

1. How ……………………. you say so?

2. She ……………………. have been ill.
3. You ……………………. worry about the child. He will recover soon.
4. ……………………. you disobey your father.
5. Do I ……………………. to come here again?
6. You ……………………. to have obeyed your teacher.
7. He ……………………. not come tomorrow. We are going out on a
picnic.
8. I ……………………. to have been there this time.
9. Gandhiji ……………………. spin every day.
10. You ……………………. engage a tutor for your son.

Answers:
1. dare 2. must 3. needn’t 4. Dare 5. need 6. ought 7. need 8. ought 9. use
d to 10. must.

EXERCISE 10
(Solved)

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals:

may, ought to, would, must, need.

(i) You ………….. go home now.

(ii) The doctor told me that I ………….. not smoke anymore.
(iii) You ………….. not see him. Just write a letter to him.
(iv) We ………….. show respect to our elders.
(v) ………….. you possibly lend a thousand rupees?

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals:

may, could, must, ought, shall.

(i) You ………….. not enter my class. I forbid it.

(ii) He has been absent for a fortnight, he ………….. be ill.
(iii) ………….. I come in? I’m sorry to be late.
(iv) You ………….. to respect your elders.
(v) ………….. I speak to the Principal for a minute?

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals:

will, shall, should, can, could, must, ought to, need.

(i) I ………….. go there even if it rains.

(ii) You have burnt the midnight oil. You ………….. win a scholarship.
(iii) If you have a ticket, you ………….. go inside.
(iv) I ………….. not come yesterday since I was too busy.
(v) We ………….. go to the station by taxi; it is getting late.
(vi) You ………….. not bring your umbrella. I’ll lend you mine.
(vii) Work hard lest you ………….. fail.
(viii) ………….. he brings the dinner now?

Answers:

1. (i) may (ii) must (iii) need (iv) ought to (v) Could/Would
2. (i) shall (ii) must (iii) May (iv) ought (v) Could
3. (i) will (ii) ought
to (iii) can (iv) could (v) must (vi) need (vii) should (viii) will.

EXERCISE 11
(Solved)

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals:

May, must, can, could, should, would, ought, need.

1. She ………….. run ten kms an hour.

 2. You ………….. go home now; it is getting dark.
3. He ………….. to like this film?
4. Walk carefully lest you ………….. stumble.
5. You ………….. clean your teeth every morning.
6. You ………….. not hurry; there’s plenty of time.
7. She ………….. cross such obstacles very easily when she was
young.
8. The old man ………….. lie in the sun and dream of his past.

Answers:
1. can 2. must 3. ought 4. should 5. should 6. need 7. could 8. would

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals to convey the sense

indicated in the brackets:

1. I …………………… speak English fluently.

(Present ability)
2. You …………………… have the money
tomorrow. (Promise)
3. When I was young, I …………………… run faster. (Past
ability)
4. …………………… he disobeys his father?
(Courage)
5. He …………………… apologise or face the
consequences. (Command)
6. You …………………… leave these papers on my desk and go.
(Permission)
7. …………………… we go to a
movie? (Suggestion)
8. I …………………… wait till you return.
(Willingness)
9. We …………………… not give up
fighting. (Determination)
10. You …………………… not touch those
exhibits. (Prohibition)
11. You ……………………. not worry about your son now. (Absence
of necessity)
12. I fear the weather …………………… not improve
soon. (Possibility)
13. You …………………… go (permission), if you
…………………… (Compulsion)
14. They …………………… sit together in the lawn and talk for
hours. (Habitual action in the past)
15. We …………………… to serve our nation. (Moral
obligation)
Answers:
1. can 2. shall 3. could 4. Dare 5. must 6. may lean 7. shall 8. will
/must 9. will 10. must 11. need 12. may 13. can;
must 14. would 15. ought.

EXERCISE 12
(Solved)

Complete the following dialogue using suitable modals:

Father : (a) ……………………….. you go to the post-office just now and send
these letters by registered post.
Son: There (b) ……………………….. be a rush at this hour. Moreover,
I (c) ……………………….. not go to the post office on foot.
Father: But, why (d) ……………………….. you go on foot? What happened to
your scooter?
Son: It has no .petrol. I (e) ……………………….. not get it filled because
there was a strike at the petrol station.
Father: O.K., You (f) ……………………….. use my scooter, but
you (g) ……………………….. post the letters today. They are very urgent.
We (h) ……………………….. suffer a loss if they were delayed.
Answers:
(a) Could (b) might (c) can (d) should (e) could (f) can (g) must (h) could/
might.

EXERCISE 13
(Solved)

Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blanks with

suitable modals:

If we sit in an incorrect posture, it (a) …………………………….. strain our back.

As far as possible this (b) …………………………….. be avoided. If the posture
becomes a part of the habit, a low back pain invariably develops.
It (c) …………………………….. cured if we become conscious of our posture.
We (d) …………………………….. also take time out to perform a few
exercises. If the exercises are done regularly the
backache (e) …………………………….. certainly be cured.
It (f) …………………………….. also improve blood circulation within the spine.
Answers:
(a) will (b) should (c) can (d) should (e) can /will (f) can / will.
 EXERCISE 14
(Solved)

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals:

(a) I (i) …………….. smell something burning in the kitchen, (ii)
………………… you? It (iii) ………………… be the pudding in the
oven. (b) Your essay is full of mistakes. You (iv) ………………… to be more
careful. You (v) ………………… do much better if you tried
harder. (c) She (vi) ………………… to play tennis before her marriage.
Answers:
(a) (i) can (ii) can’t (iii) may /must
(b) (iv) ought (v) could I would
(c) (vi) used.

2. Complete the following dialogue using suitable modals.

Mother: You (a) …………….. take an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain.
Son: Well, I don’t know. It (b) ……………..
Mother: O.K., then take care. You (c) ……………. lose it.
Answers:
(a) needn’t (b) might/may (c) mustn’t/shouldn’t.

INTEGRATED TASKS
I. ERROR CORRECTION
EXERCISE 14
(Solved)

Make corrections wherever necessary:

1. All the traitors may die. (threat)

2. Will I open the window? (offer)
3. I wish she will come one time. (wish)
4. Shall you post this letter, please? (request)
5. I shall come if you need my help. (willingness)
6. He shall rather die than beg. (preference)
7. Shall you live long! (wish)
8. Work hard lest you may fail. (fear)
9. Can you give me five hundred rupees? (polite
request)
10. Shall you care for a cup of coffee, please? (polite request)
11. None will leave the class. (prohibition)
12. Will you lift this heavy bag? (ability)
13. You need not walk in the middle of the road. (prohibition)
14. When we were students we play games regularly (past habit)
15. If she worked harder, she will pass. (condition)
Answers:

1. All the traitors shall die.

2. Shall I open the window?
3. I wish she would come one time.
4. Will you post this letter, please?
5. I will come if you need my help.
6. He would rather die than beg.
7. May you live long!
8. Work hard lest you should fail.
9. Could you give me five hundred rupees?
10. Would you care for a cup of coffee, please?
11. None shall leave the class.
12. Can you lift this heavy bag?
13. You must not walk in the middle of the road.
14. When we were students we used to play games regularly.
15. If she worked harder, she would pass.

II. EDITING TASK

(i) ERROR CORRECTION
EXERCISE 15
(Solved)

There is an error concerning ‘modals’ in each of the following lines.

Find the error. Write the incorrect word and the correction in your
answer sheet as given below. Remember to underline the word that
you have supplied.

Answers:
 (ii) OMISSIONS
EXERCISE 16
(Solved)

In the following passage, one word has been omitted in each line.
Write the missing word (a modal) along with the word that comes
before and the word that comes after it as given in the example:

Answers:

(iii) REORDERING OF SENTENCES

EXERCISE 17
(Solved)

Look at the sentences given below in a disorderly form. Re-order

(Rearrange) them to form meaningful sentences:

1. We/live/eat/we/may/that
2. we/I/succeed/am/will/sure
3. you/hard/fail/lest/work/should
4. not/me/dare/disobey/he
5. live/touch/you/not/this/must/wire
6. sooner/must/or/die/later/all
7. something/I/ask/to/like/you/would
8. the poor/ought/to/help/we/the needy/and
9. minutes/you/could/a few/for/wait/please?
10. you/fall/careful/will/aren’t/you

Answers:
1. We eat that we may live.
2. I am sure we will succeed.
3. Work hard to let you should fail.
4. He dare not disobey me.
5. You must not touch this live wire.
6. All must die sooner or later.
7. I would like to ask you something.
8. We ought to help the poor and the needy.
9. Could you wait for a few minutes, please?
10. You will fall if you aren’t careful.