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Department of Science and Humanities

Academic Year: 2023-24

Year: I Semester: I Regulations:LR23

QUESTION BANK

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

[U23EE101]
[Common to ECE, CSM, CS, IT]

Prepared by

Course Coordinator : Mr.B. Srinivas, Asst.Professor, EEE

Course Faculty : Mr.J. Phaneendra Balaji, Asst.Professor, EEE

: Mr.R.Venkata Krishna, Asst.Professor, EEE
: Mr.Abdul Kareem, Asst.Professor, EEE

Note: A question bank is versatile and flexible FAQs that cover the entire syllabus of a subject. It is used by students and teachers for learning and assessment
purposes only.
 Basic Electrical Engineering (U23EE101)
UNIT-I – D.C CIRCUITS

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(SAQs)

1. State ohms law.

Ohm's law states that “the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
voltage across its ends at constant temperature.”
Mathematically Ohm’s law is given as
IαV
𝑉
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐼
𝑉
=𝑅
𝐼

V=IR
where V is the voltage (in volts),
I is the current (in amperes), and
R is the resistance (in ohms).

2. Write limitations of Ohm's law.

1. It is not applicable for electrolytes, non-linear devices such as diodes, zener diode,
voltage regulators etc.
2. It is not applicable for vacuum tube semiconductors gas field tubes and arc lamps.
3. It is not applied to metals which get heated up due to flow of current through it.
4. It is not applied for the appliances like metal rectifies, crystal detectors in which
operation depends on direction of current.

3. State Kirchhoff's laws.

Kirchhoff's laws are two types
(i) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) or Point law:-
In any electrical network, “the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a node or junction point is
zero”. Total current leaving a junction is equal to the total current entering that junction.

∑I=0

Total Incoming currents = Total Outgoing currents

ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) or Mesh law: -
“The algebraic sum of voltages and voltage drops in any closed path in a network is zero.”

∑(V+IR) = 0

4. State the super position theorem.

Superposition theorem states that “In any linear network consisting of two are
more sources. The response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by
individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are eliminated.”

5. State the Thevenin’s theorem.

Thevenin's theorem states that “Any linear network consisting of independent
and/or dependent voltage or current sources and resistances can be replaced with an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth.”
 6. State the Norton’s theorem.
Norton’s theorem states that “Any two terminal linear network consisting of independent
and / or dependent voltage or current sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent
network consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistance RN”

7. List the different types of voltage and current sources. The

Voltage and Current sources are classified as
Independent Sources
1. Independent Voltage Source
2. Independent Current Source
Dependent Sources
1. Voltage Dependent Voltage Source
2. Voltage Dependent Current Source
3. Current Dependent Voltage Source
4. Current Dependent Current Source

8. Define i)Charge ii)Electric Current iii)Power iv)Network v)Circuit vi)Energy

(i) Charge: The total deficiency or excess of electrons in an atom is known as charge. Charge
is a fundamental property of matter that describes the quantity of electric particles
(electrons or protons) in an object, influencing its interactions with electric fields.
(ii) Electric Current: Electric current is the t i m e rat e of net t ransfer of charge
across a conductor.i t is al so defined as t he flow of electric charges through a
conductor .It is measured in amperes (A).
(iii) Power: power is the rate of doing work (or )it is the rate at which work is being
done in electric circuit. It is measured in watts (W).
(iv) Network: A network is an interconnection of various circuit elements or branches.

(v) Circuit: A circuit is a closed path consisting circuit components, through which current
flows.
(vi) Energy: Energy is the capacity of doing work (or ) Energy is the amount of work done in
an electrical circuit.

9. Define active and passive elements.

Active Elements: Active elements are components in a circuit that can generate and supply
energy to the circuit. Ex: Generators, Battery, Amplifiers.
Passive Elements: Passive elements are components that consume or store energy from the
circuit. They don't have the ability to generate energy.
Ex: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors.

10. Define unilateral and bilateral elements.

Unilateral Element: A unilateral element allows the flow of current in one direction only.
Ex: Diodes, Transistors.
Bilateral Element: A bilateral element allows the flow of electric current in both directions.
Ex: Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors.

11. Define linear network and non-linear network.

Linear Network: A network is said to be linear if all its elements are linear i.e
they do not change with voltage or current.
Non-linear Network: A network will be called as non-linear network, even if only
one of its elements is non- linear, i.e whose parameter change with voltage or
current.
12. Illustrate resistors are in series, if ‘n’ number of resistors are connected.

Let
R1, R2, R3, ----------- Rn are the resistances connected in series.
The equivalent resistance of the series connected resistances is given by
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ------- +Rn
13. what is the equivalent inductance, if ‘n’ number of inductors are connected in series.

Let
L1, L2, L3------Ln are the inductances connected in series
The equivalent inductance, Leq= L1 + L2 + L3 +------+Ln

14. Voltage across 5ohm resistor is 10 volts. Find the current and power dissipated in that
resistor.
Resistance of the resistor, R=5Ω
Voltage across the resistor, V=10V
V 10
Current through the resistor, I = = = 2A
𝑅 5
Power dissipated, P = I2 R = 22 x 5 = 20W

15. Give the V-I Relationship for electrical circuits elements R, L & C.

The V-I relationship for the three basic electrical circuit elements:

Resistor (R): The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing
through it.
Voltage across the Resistor, V = I x R.
Current through the Resistor, I=V/R

Inductor (L): The voltage across an inductor is proportional to the rate of change of
current.
𝑑𝑖
Voltage across the Inductor, V =𝐿 𝑑𝑡,
1
Current through an inductor, I=𝐿 ∫ 𝑉 dt

Capacitor (C): The current through a capacitor is proportional to the rate of change of
voltage.
𝑑𝑣
Current through the Capacitor, I =𝐶 𝑑𝑡
1
Voltage across the capacitor, V=𝐶 ∫ 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (U23EE101)
UNIT-II – ELECTROMAGNETISM
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(SAQs)
16. State Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction.
A very important effect of a magnetic field on an electric circuit is that when the flux linking
the circuit changes, an emf is induced. Electromagnetic induction of emf (or voltage) is basic to the
operation of transformers, generators (ac or dc) and motors (ac or dc). The effect is described by
Faraday's law, which states that the magnitude of emf (or voltage) induced is directly proportional to
the rate of change of flux linkage or to the product of number of turns and rate of change of flux
linking the coil.
i.e induced emf, e = N dΦ/ dt
where N dΦ/ dt is the product of number of turns and rate of do dt change of linking flux and is
termed as rate of change of flux linkage.

17. What is indicated by the negative sign before N dΦ/ dt in expression e =- N dΦ/ dt
The negative sign before N dΦ/ dt in expression e = - N dΦ/ dt indicates the phenomenon
explained by Lenz's law.

18. What is Lenz's law?

The direction of emf induced in a conductor or coil is governed by Lenz's law which states
that the direction of induced emf or voltage is such that the current produced by it sets up a magnetic
field opposing the very cause which produces it.

19. Distinguish between statically and dynamically induced emfs. Give examples of each.
When flux linking with any coil or circuit changes, an emf is induced in the coil or circuit,
called the electromagnetically induced emf.
EMF induced in a coil or circuit by increasing or decreasing magnitude of the linking flux
(no relative motion between coil or circuit and magnetic field) is known as statically induced emf.
The emf induced in a conductor or coil due to relative motion between it and the magnetic
field, that produces flux, is known as dynamically induced emf. EMF induced in transformer windings
are statically induced emf's while emf induced in armature winding of dc and ac generators are
dynamically induced emfs.

20. What is Fleming's right-hand rule?

According to Fleming's right-hand rule if the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the right
hand are held mutually perpendicular to each other, forefinger pointing in the direction of the field
and thumb in the direction of motion of conductor then middle finger will point in the direction of the
induced emf.
21. What is Fleming's left-hand rule?
According to Fleming's left-hand rule if the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left
hand are held mutually perpendicular to each other, forefinger pointing in the direction of the field
and middle finger in the direction of the current then thumb indicates the direction of force acting
on conductor.

22. Define Statically induced emf and dynamically induced emf.

Statically induced emf is defined as the emf induced in a conductor without the physical movement
of conductor. Here, the conductor is stationary and magnetic field is varying.
Dynamically induced emf is defined as the emf induced in a conducted due to its motion in a
uniform magnetic field.

23. What is coefficient of self-induction?

Coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance(L) is defined as the ability of a coil to induce an
emf in it due to change in its own current.
It is measured in Henry(H)

24. What is mutual inductance? Give its unit.

Mutual inductance may be defined as the ability of one coil or circuit to induce an emf in a
nearby coil by induction when the current flowing in the first coil is changed. The action is also
reciprocal i.e. the change in current flowing through second coil will also induce an emf in the
first coil. The ability of reciprocal induction is measured in terms of the coefficient of mutual
induction M. Its unit is Henry.

25. Define coefficient of coupling.

When the two coils are placed near each other, all the flux produced by one coil does not link
with the other coil, only a certain portion (say, K) of flux produced by one coil link with the other
coil, K being less than unity. K is called the coefficient of coupling.

26. A solenoid has 1,200 turns and carries a current of 2 A. The iron core has a length of 044
m and cross section of 80 cm, the relative permeability is 1,000, Calculate the self-
induced emf in the solenoid, if the current is switched off in 0.01 second.
Solution: Area of x-section of iron core, a = 80 cm² = 0.008 m²
Self-inductance of coil, L=(N2aµrµo)/l
= [ (1,200)2 x 0.008 x 1,000x4πx10-7]/0.4
=36.19 H
Rate of change of current, di/dt = (2-0) / 0.01 = 200 A/s
Self-induced emf, e=L(di/dt) = 36.19 x 200= 7,238 V Ans.
27. A coil of 300 turns, wound on a core of nonmagnetic material, has an inductance of 10
mH . Calculate (i) the flux produced by a current of 5 A and (ii) the average value of
emf induced when a current of 5 A is reversed in 8 milliseconds.
Solution:
(i) Flux produced, = (N I)/L = (5x0.01)/300 = 0.1667 mWb
Rate of change of current, di/dt = [5-(-5)] / 0.008 = 1,250 A/S
(ii) Induced emf, e = L (di/dt) = 0.01 x 1,250= 12.5 V Ans.

28. Classify induced emf and give one example.

Induced emf classified in to two categories.
1. Statically induced emf
Ex: Transformer
Statically induced emf further divided in to two types.
a) Self-induced emf b) Mutually induced emf
2. Dynamically induced emf
Ex: Stationary field, moving conductor – D.C Generator
Stationary field, moving magnet - A.C Generator

29. What is self-induced emf and mutually induced emf?

The emf induced in a coil due to change of its own flux linked with it is known as self-
induced emf.
The emf induced one coil due to change of current in another coil is known as mutually induced
emf.

30.What is series aiding and what is series opposing in case of series connection of inductors.
The two coils are connected in series such that the flux produced by the currents are in the
same direction. Then such a connection is known as series aiding. The flux produced by two
series coils are additive.
Two coils are connected in series such that, the flux produced by the currents are in opposite
direction. Then such a connection is known as serious opposing.
 Basic Electrical Engineering (U23EE101)
UNIT-III
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(SAQs)
31. Define time period and frequency, phase and phase difference.
Time Period(T) : The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is
called it’s time period. It’s unit is seconds.
Frequency(f) : The number of cycles per second is called the frequency of the
alternating quantity. It's unit is Hertz (Hz).
Phase : It is the fraction of the time period of that alternating current that
has elapsed since the current last passed through the zero position of
reference.
Phase Difference: When two alternating quantities having same frequency attain their
zero value at different instants of time, then the quantities are said to
have a phase difference. This angle between zero points of two
alternating quantities (while becoming negative to positive) is called
the angle of phase difference.
32. Define amplitude and peak to peak value.
Amplitude : - The maximum value attained by alternating quantity during positive or
negative half cycle is called its amplitude. it is denoted by Vm & Im
Vm = Peak value of Voltage
Im = Peak value of Current
Peak to Peak value: -The amplitude of the ac quantity from its positive peak to its
negative peak.
33. Define cycle, Instantaneous value.
Cycle: - one complete set of positive and negative instantaneous values of an alternating
quantity is known as a cycle.
Instantaneous value: - It is a magnitude of an alternating quantity at a particular instant of time.
These are indicated by lower case letters
34. Define effective value or R.M.S value.
The RMS (or) effective value of an alternating current is given by that steady current which
when flows through a given resistance for a given time, produces the same amount of heat as when
the alternating current is flowing, through the resistance for the same time.
RMS value is the square root of mean of squares of instantaneous values. It is also known as virtual
value.
Im
RMS value of sinusoidal current, I rms (or) I = = 0.707 Im
√2
Vm
RMS value of sinusoidal current, V rms (or)V = = 0.707Vm
√2
35. Define average value.
The average value of an alternating current is equal to the value of direct current, which transfers
across any circuit the same charge as is transferred by that alternating current during a given time.
The average value is defined as the average of all the instantaneous values of an
alternating quantity, such as current or voltage over one complete cycle .
2Im
Average value of sinusoidal current, I av = = 0.637 Im
π
2Vm
Average value of sinusoidal current, Vav = = 0.637 Vm
π
36. Define form factor and peak factor.
Form factor (Kf): - The form factor of an alternating quantity is defined as the ratio of
RMS value to Average Value.
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 0.707 Im
Form factor (Kf) =𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 0.637 Im
= 1.11

Peak factor (Kp) :- The Peak factor of an alternating quantity is defined as the ratio
of maximum value to RMS value.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Im
Peak factor (Kp) = = = 1.414 = √2
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 0.707 Im

37. Define Active power and Reactive power.

Active Power(P): -
It is the power which is actually dissipated in the circuit resistance. It is measured in Watts(W).
P = I2R = V I CosΦ watts(w)
Reactive Power(Q):-
It is the power developed in the reactance of the circuit.
It is measured in Volt-Ampere-Reactive (VAR)

Q = I2X = V I SinΦ Volt-Ampere-Reactive (VAR)

38. What do you understand by apparent power and power factor of an AC circuit.
Apparent Power: - Apparent power is defined as the product of RMS voltage(V) and
RMS current(I).
Its unit is Volt-Ampere (VA) or KVA (Kilo-Volt-Ampere)

Power factor: (CosΦ)

I. It is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current. CosΦ Φ V

I
II. It is defined as the ratio of the active power (or real power) to the apparent power in an
AC circuit.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃
CosΦ = =
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆
III. It is the ratio of resistance to impedance.
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑅)
CosΦ =
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑍)
 UNIT-I – D.C CIRCUITS
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS(LAQs)

1. State and explain kirchhoff’s laws.

Kirchhoff’s laws are useful
a) in determining the equivalent resistance of the complicated circuit and
b) for calculating the current through our voltage across various circuit elements
The two laws are
i) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) or Point law
ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) or Mesh law

1) Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) or Point law:-

In any electrical network, “the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a node or junction point is
zero”. Total current leaving a junction is equal to the total current entering that junction.

∑I=0

I1, I2 & I3 – Incoming currents (Positive)

I4, I5 – Out going currents (negative)
I1 + I2 + I3 +(–I4) +(-I5 ) = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 = I4 +I5
Total Incoming currents = Total Outgoing currents
ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) or Mesh law: -
“The algebraic sum of voltages and voltage drops in any closed path in a network is zero.”

∑(V+IR) = 0

By KVL in loop ABCDA

-IR1 - V2- IR2 - IR3 + V1=0 ------ KVL Equation
IR1+-IR2 + IR3 = V1 – V2
I (R1+-R2 + R3 )= V1 – V2
V1 – V2
I=
R1+R2 + R3
2) Derive expression for equivalent resistance if the resistances are connected in series and
in parallel.
Ans) Equivalent Resistance in Series circuit:

When two or more number of resistors are connected end-to-end, as shown in figure (a), then the
resistances are said to be connected in series.
Let R1, R2 & R3 are three resistances connected in series across a voltage source of V. I be the
current flowing through all the resistors.
According to Ohm’s law
Voltage drop across the resistance R1, V1 = IR1,
Voltage drop across the resistance R2, V2 = IR2
Voltage drop across the resistance R3, V3 = IR3
The applied voltage equal to the sum of the three individual voltage drops.
V = V1+ V2+ V3
V = IR1+ IR2+ IR3
V = I(R1+ R2+ R3)
V
= R1+ R2+ R3
I
Equivalent Resistance, Req = R1+ R2+ R3

Equivalent Resistance in parallel circuit:

Three resistances are joined as shown in figure are said to be connected in parallel across a voltage
source of ‘V’.
Let R1, R2 & R3 are three resistances connected in parallel across a voltage source of V.
I - the total current
I1, I2 & I3 are the three current flowing through the three resistors R1, R2 & R3 respectively.
𝑉
Current flowing through the resistor R1 , I1 =
𝑅1
𝑉
Current flowing through the resistor R2 , I2 =
𝑅2
𝑉
Current flowing through the resistor R3 , I3 =
𝑅3
Total current, I = I1+ I2 +I3
 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
I= + +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2

1 1 1
I =V [ + + ]
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2

I 1 1 1
= + +
V 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝐑𝐞𝐪 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐

3) Explain in detail about Active elements.

A) Active elements are energy sources and are capable of delivering energy to the network or
device which are connected across them. These are divided into two types.
1.voltage source.
2.current source.
Energy sources are classified into independent sources and dependent sources.
Independent sources:
Independent sources are those which do not depends on any other quantity in the circuit. They
are two terminal devices and has a constant value of either voltage or current, irrespective of
all circuit conditions.
Independent current source:
i) Ideal Current Source:
An ideal current source sends the specified current through any load connected across the
terminals, irrespective of the voltage across the terminals. This specified current may be AC or
DC.

a) Ideal current source b) V-I characteristics

The current is completely independent of the voltage across its terminals. The internal
residence of an ideal current source is Infinite.
ii) Practical Current Source:

In practical current source, the internal resistance is connected in parallel with the source, as
shown in figure (a). In this case, magnitude of current falls as the voltage across its terminals
increases Figure (b) shows V-I characteristics.
Vs
Current at the terminals, I =Is -
𝑅𝑠
where Rs is the internal resistance of the source
Independent Voltage source:
i) Ideal voltage Source:

In an ideal voltage source. The voltage across the terminals is constant and is independent of the
current flowing through its terminals to the load At any time, the value of voltage is constant,
irrespective of the current drawn by the load across the terminals A and B. The internal resistance of
an ideal voltage source is equal to zero.

ii) Practical Voltage Source:

In practical voltage source, the internal resistance is connected in series with the source as shown in
figure(a) in practical voltage source,the voltage across the terminals falls as the current through it is
increases, as shown in figure(b).

DEPENDENT SOURCES:

Independent sources, the voltage or current associated with the element is depends on either the
voltage or current in some other element in the network. These are also known as controlled sources.
Diamond shaped symbol is used to represent dependent sources.
There are four types of controlled or dependent sources
a. Voltage controlled voltage source
b. Current controlled voltage source
c. Voltage controlled current source
d. Current controlled current source
4) Explain in detail about passive elements.
A) Passive Elements:
Passive elements are those elements which dissipates or stores energy. These are resistors,
inductor and capacitors. Resistor dissipates energy, whereas the inductor and capacitor
stores energy.
Resistor: Resistance is the property of the resistor due to which it opposes the current through it.
Resistor dissipates energy. Resistance is denoted by R. The unit of resistance is ohms (Ω).
R (Ω)

l
Resistance of a conductor, R= ρ Ω
a
𝑉
By Ohm's law, the resistance, R = Ω
𝐼
V-I Characteristics:
A resistance is linear if it is characterized by the
straight line passing through the origin in the V-I plane as
shown in figure.
L

Voltage across the resistor, V = IR

V
Current through the resistor, I =
𝑅
Power absorbed by resistor, P = VI =I2R = V2/R watts
Inductor: Inductor is an energy storing element, which stores energy in the form of
electromagnetic field. Inductance is the property of the inducted due to which it opposes the
change in current. Inductance is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux to the current.

𝛷
L= Henry
𝐼
Unit of inductance is Henry (H)
𝑑𝐼
Voltage across the inductor, V = L
𝑑𝑡
1
Current through the inductor, I = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
𝑑𝐼
Power stored, P = VI = L xI
𝑑𝑡

Capacitor:
Capacitor stores energy in the form of electrostatic field. Capacitance is the property of the
capacitor due to which it opposes the change in voltage. Capacitance is defined as the electric charge
stored per unit potential difference.
C

Q
Capacitance, C = Farad
V
Unit of capacitance is Farad(F)
1
Voltage across the capacitor, V = ∫ 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
𝐶
𝑑𝑉
Current through the capacitor, I = C 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
Power stored, P = VI = V x C
𝑑𝑡
5. Explain the star – Delta transformation technique used for solving electrical networks having equal
and un-equal resistances.
6. For the Network shown in figure find the value of battery current I using star /delta
transformation
7) State and explain Thevenin’s theorem.
“A two terminal linear bilateral network consisting of independent and/or dependent
voltage or current sources and resistances Can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of
a voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth.”
Vth is the open circuit voltage between the terminals of the network and Rth is the
resistance measured between the terminals of the network, with all energy sources eliminated. This
circuit is called Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.

Procedure:

1) Disconnect the load resistance RL

2) Determine the Thevenin voltage by using network reduction techniques across the open circuit
terminals.
3) Determine thevenin resistance by reducing independent sources to zero i.e independent voltage
source is short circuitted and independent current source is open circuitted.
4) Draw the voltage source equivalent circuit representation of given network and reconnect the
load resistance and calculate the load current.
Vth
From fig(b) Load Current, IL =
Rth+RL

Proof: Consider the circuit as shown in figure below. Applying Thevenin’s theorem to find load
current through RL

Step 1: Disconnect the load resistance and calculate Thevenin’s voltage Vth

V
Current, I =
𝑅1+𝑅2
Vth is the voltage across the resistance R2
V
Vth=I x R2 = x R2
𝑅1+𝑅2
Step 2: Calculate Rth
Short circuiting the independent voltage source.

R1 R2
R1 &R2 are in parallel, Rth =
𝑅1+𝑅2

Step 3: Drawing the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, reconnecting the load resistance. RL and
calculating load current.
8) Find current through 0 .1ohm resistor in the circuit shown below, using Thevenin’s
theorem.

Ans] Disconnect the load resistance 0.1Ω and calculate Vth.

Voltage at A, VA = 5 x 0.5 = 2.5 V

Voltage at A, VB = 2 x 0.4 = 0.8 V

Thevenin Voltage, Vth = VAB = VA – VB = 2.5-0.8 = 1.7V

Calculating Rth: Reducing sources to zero i.e Open circuiting current sources

0.5Ω 0.4Ω

0.5Ω and 0.4Ω are in series between the terminals A&B

Thevenin’s Resistance, Rth = RAB = 0.5+0.4=0.9Ω

Drawing the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, connecting the load resistance 0.1 Ω
0.9Ω

0.1Ω

Vth 1,7
Current through 0.1 Ω resistance, IL = = = 1.7A
𝑅𝑡ℎ+𝑅𝐿 0.9+0.1
9) State and explain Norton’s theorem.
“Any two terminal linear network consisting of independent and /or dependent voltage or
current sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent network consisting of a current
source In parallel with a resistance Rn.”
In is the short circuit current through the short placed between the terminals and Rn is the resistance
measured between the terminals by reducing the energy sources to zero.

PROCEDURE:
1. Disconnect the load resistance and place a short between the terminals.
2. Determine Norton’s current using network analysis techniques.
3. Determines Norton’s resistance by reducing independent sources to zero i.e short circuiting
independent voltage source and open circuiting dependent current source.
4. Draw Norton’s equivalent circuit and reconnect the load resistance and calculate load current.
Proof:
10)
11. State and explain Superposition Theorem.
“The Superposition Theorem states that in any linear network, containing two or more sources
the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of responses caused by individual sources
acting alone while the other sources are eliminated. In reducing the sources, independent voltage
sources are short circuited and independent current sources are open circuited.

Procedure:
1. Select a single source acting alone. Short the other voltage sources and open the current
sources.
2. Find the current through or voltage across the required element due to the source under
consideration, using suitable network simplification technique.
3. Repeat the above two steps for all the sources.
4. Add all the individual effects produced by individual sources to obtain the total current in or
total voltage across the element.
Proof:
Consider the circuit shown below and find current through resistor R2

Consider one source at a time.

Considering Volte source, V1 alone and short circuiting the voltage source, V2, the circuit will be

R2 and R3 are in parallel then combination is in series with R1

𝑅2𝑅3
Req1=𝑅2+𝑅3 + 𝑅1
𝑉1 𝑉1
Total Current ,I1 = = 𝑅2𝑅3
𝑅𝑒𝑞1 +𝑅1
𝑅2+𝑅3
Apply current division rule

I1 = I1
𝑅3
[ 𝑅2+𝑅3 ]= [ 𝑉1
𝑅2𝑅3
+𝑅1
][ 𝑅3
𝑅2+𝑅3
]
𝑅2+𝑅3

Considering Volte source, V2 alone and short circuiting the voltage source, V1, the circuit will be
 R1 and R2 are in parallel then combination is in series with R3
𝑅1𝑅2
Req2=𝑅1+𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑉2 𝑉2
Total Current ,I2 = = 𝑅1𝑅2
𝑅𝑒𝑞2 +𝑅3
𝑅1+𝑅2
Apply current division rule

I11 = I2
𝑅1
[ 𝑅1+𝑅2 ]= [ 𝑅1𝑅2𝑉2+𝑅3][ 𝑅1+𝑅2
𝑅1
]
𝑅1+𝑅2
Current flowing through resistor R2 , I = I1 + I11

12. Find voltage across terminals, A and B using superposition theorem

13
14
15
 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (U23EE101)
UNIT-II – ELECTROMAGNETISM
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS(LAQ’s)

16. State and explained Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

A) First Law:
“It states that when the magnetic flux linking the conductor or coil changes, an emf is induced in it.”
(or)
“Whenever a moving conductor cuts the magnetic field or lines of force, an emf is induced in the
conductor”.
Second Law:
It states that “The magnitude of emf in a conductor or coil is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkages”.
𝑑𝛷
Induced emf, e = -N 𝑑𝑡
Explanation of Faraday’s laws:
Consider a coil of N torns and flux linking the coil changes from Φ1 to Φ2 Weber in time t
seconds.

Initial flux linkages = NΦ1

Final flux linkages = NΦ2
Change of flux linkages = NΦ2 - NΦ1
Rate of change of flux linkages = (NΦ2 - NΦ1) / t = N (Φ2 - Φ1) / t

According to Faraday’s second law, the magnitude of emf is equal to the rate of change of
flux linkages.
𝐍(𝚽𝟐 − 𝚽𝟏)
emf induced, e =
𝒕

In differential form
𝐝(𝐍𝚽) 𝐝𝚽
emf induced, e = =N
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Where dΦ – Change in flux

dt – Change in time
dΦ
N - Rate of change of flux linkages
𝑑𝑡

𝐝𝚽
EMF induced, e = - N volts
𝒅𝒕

Negative sign signifies that the induced EMF generates a current tending to oppose the increasing
of flux through the coil. This is explained by Lenz’s law.
Lenz's law states that ‘the direction of induced emf or voltage is such that the current produced by it
sets up a magnetic field opposing the very cause which produces it.”
17.

18.
19. Explain clearly the statically emf.
Whenever the conductor cuts the magnetic field or magnetic field links with the conductor,
an EMF is induced in the conductor. This emf is divided into two types.
1) Statically induced emf and
2) Dynamically induced emf
1) Statically induced emf:
It is the emf induced in a conductor without the physical movement of conductor. Here, the
conductor is stationary and magnetic field is varying.
It is further divided in to two types.
a) Self-induced emf and
b) Mutual induced emf
a) Self-induced emf:
The EMF induced in a coil due to change of its own flux linked with it is known as self-
induced emf. Consider a coil of N turns, length ‘l’ m, area of cross section’ a’ m2 and of relative
permeability µr. When a coil carries a current of I A, a magnetic flux of Φ wb is set up around
the coil and links with it.

If the current flowing through the coil is changed, the flux produced by it will change, and
therefore an emf will be induced.
𝐝𝚽
Self-induced emf, e = - N volts ----------------(1)
𝒅𝒕
mmf NI
We know Φ = Reluctance = ----------------(2)
l /µa

Substituting equation 2 in equation 1

NI
𝐝[ ]
l /µa N dI 𝑁2 µa dI 𝐝𝐈
Self-induced emf, e = - N = - N l /µa 𝒅𝒕 = - l =-L
𝒅𝒕 dt 𝐝𝐭
Where L is the constant is known as coefficient of self-inductance
b) Mutual induced emf
The emf induced one coil due to change of current in another coil is known as mutually
induced emf. Consider two coils, A and B placed close together so that the flux created by one coil
completely links with the other coil.
Consider coil A of turns N1 wound on a core of length l metres, area of cross section ‘a’ m2 and
relative permeability µr . When current of I1 flows through it, a flux of Φ1 weber is set up around the
coil A, this whole flux linked with coil B having N2 turns and placed nearby coil A.
Mutually induced emf, em = - Rate of change of flux linkages of coil B
= - N2 x Weight of change of flux in coil A
dΦ1
= - N2
𝑑𝑡
𝐦𝐦𝐟
d[ ]
𝐬
= - N2
𝑑𝑡
d N1 I1
= - N2 [ ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑙/µ𝑎
N1 N2 µ𝑎 dI1
=- [ ]
𝑙 𝑑𝑡
dI1
Mutually induced emf, em = -M
𝑑𝑡
Where M is Coefficient of mutual induction or mutual inductance.

20. Explain coefficient of self-induction. Derive the equation for self- inductance.
Coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance(L) is defined as the ability of a coil to induce an
emf in it due to change in its own current. It is measured in Henry(H).
21. Explain coefficient of mutual-induction. Derive the equation for mutual inductance.
Mutual inductance may be defined as the ability of one coil or circuit to induce an emf in a nearby
coil by induction when the current flowing in the first coil is changed. The action is also
reciprocal i.e the change in current flowing through second coil will also induce an emf in the
first coil. The ability of reciprocal induction is measured in terms of the coefficient of mutual
induction M.Its unit is Henry.

The mutual inductance also calculated using the expression

22.
23.
24. Derive expression for energy stored in a magnetic field.
 25 .

26.
27. Derive the expression for coefficient of coupling in terms of mutual and self-inductance.
When two coils are placed near each other, all the flux produced by one coil does not link
with another coil. Only a certain portion, say K of the flux produced by one coil links with
another coil. K is called the coefficient of coupling.
N I
Flux created in Coil A due to a current of I1 , Φ1 = l/µ 1µ1 𝑎 wb
0 𝑟

Flux linking with coil B, Φ2 = K Φ1

N1 I1
Φ2 =K wb
l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎
N2 Φ 2 K N1 N2 I1 K N1 N2
Coefficient of mutual inductance, M = = = ----------(1)
𝐈𝟏 [l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎] I1 [l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎]

N1 Φ 1 𝑁12
Self- inductance of Coil A, L1 = = ------------------------------------(2)
𝐈𝟏 [l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎]

N2 Φ 2 𝑁22
Self- inductance of Coil A, L2 = = ------------------------------------(3)
𝐈𝟐 [l/µ0 µ𝑟 𝑎]

Multiplying equations 1 & 2 and taking square root ON both sides, we get

N1 N2
√L1 L2 = --------------------------------------------------(4)
[l/µ0 µr a]

Comparing equations 1 & 4, we get

M = K √L1 L2

M
Coefficient of coupling, K=
√L1 L2

The value of K is always less than 1

If
K=1 – Both the coils are tightly coupled
K=0 – No coupling between two coils.
28. Derive expression for equivalent inductance if two inductances are connected in series
opposition.
29.

30.
 Basic Electrical Engineering (U23EE101)
UNIT-III
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS(LAQs)\

31. Derive the expression for RMS value and average value of sinusoidal current.
RMS Value of sinusoidal current:
The RMS (or) effective value of an alternating current is given by that steady current which when
flows through a given resistance for a given time, produces the same amount of heat as when the
alternating current is flowing, through the resistance for the same time.

The mean of the squares of the instantaneous values of current over complete cycle is
2π i2
= ∫0 dθ
(2π−0)

2π i2
The root of this current is the RMS current, Irms = √∫0 dθ
(2π−0)

The instantaneous current, I = Im Sinθ

2π (𝐈𝐦 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝛉)2
RMS current, Irms = I = √∫0 dθ
(2π)

I𝑚 2π
= √∫0 (Sinθ)2 𝑑𝜃
√2𝜋

I𝑚 2π 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= √∫0 𝑑𝜃
√2𝜋 2

I𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2𝜋
= √(𝜃 − )
√4𝜋 2 0
I𝑚
= √2𝜋
√4𝜋

I𝑚
RMS Current, I = = 0.707 Im
√2
 Average Value of sinusoidal current:
The average value of an alternating current is equal to the value of direct current, which
transfers across any circuit the same charge as is transferred by that alternating current during a
given time.

π i
The average value of sinusoidal current, Iav = ∫0 dθ
(π−0)

I = Im Sinθ
1 π
Iav = 𝜋 ∫0 Im Sinθ dθ
I𝑚 π
Iav = π
∫0 Sinθ dθ
I𝑚
Iav = (− cos 𝜃)0𝜋
π
I𝑚
Iav = π
2
2I𝑚
Iav = π

𝑚I
Iav = π/2 = 0.637 Im

𝑚 I
Average Current, Iav = 𝜋/2 = 0.707 Im
32. Obtain expression for the current through the pure inductor. If voltage across it is
v=Vm Sin ωt.

Let v =Vm sin ωt is the voltage applied.

Pure inductance is one that has no resistance and hence no I2R loss. Whenever an
alternating voltage is applied to a pure inductor, a back emf is produced due to the self-inductance
of the coil. The back emf at every step opposes the rise or fall of current through the coil. The
applied voltage has to overcome this self-induced emf only.
𝑑𝑖
Voltage across the inductor, VL = L 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
VL = v = L 𝑑𝑡
1
i = 𝐿 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
1
i = 𝐿 ∫ V𝑚 sin ωt 𝑑𝑡
V𝑚
i= 𝐿
∫ sin ωt 𝑑𝑡
V𝑚 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
i= [ ]
𝐿 𝜔
V𝑚 𝜋
i = 𝜔𝐿 Sin (ωt - )
2
V 𝜋
i = 𝑋𝑚 Sin (ωt - )
𝐿 2

Where XL = ωL = 2πfL
XL α f
𝜋
i = Im Sin (ωt - )
2

Applied Voltage, v =Vm sin ωt

𝝅
Current through pure inductor, i= Im Sin (ωt - )
𝟐
𝜋
Phase difference Φ between v and i is 900 or and the current lags behind the applied voltage.
2
𝜋
Φ = 900 or lagging v
2 0
90
Power factor, cos Φ = cos 90 = 0 lagging
33. Prove that average power consumption in pure capacitor is zero when ac voltage is applied.
Pure Capacitor:
In pure capacitive circuit
v =Vm sin ωt = Vm sinθ
𝜋 𝜋
i = Im Sin (ωt + ) = Im Sin (θ + )
2 2

Instantaneous power, p = v x i
𝜋
= Vm sinθ x Im Sin (θ + )
2

The average power for one full cycle

1 2𝜋
P = 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑣 ∗ 𝑖 dθ
1 2𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 Vm sinθ x Im Sin (θ + ) dθ
2
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 Vm sinθ x Im Cosθ dθ
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
= ∫0 dθ
2𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 2𝜋
= 2𝜋
[− 4
]
0
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(2𝜋) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(0)
P= [− − (− )]=0
2𝜋 4 4

“The average power consumption in pure capacitor is zero when ac voltage is applied”
34. Prove that average power consumption in pure inductor is zero when ac voltage is applied.
Pure Inductor:
In pure inductive circuit
v =Vm sin ωt = Vm sinθ
𝜋 𝜋
i = Im Sin (ωt - ) = Im Sin (θ − )
2 2

Instantaneous power, p = v x i
𝜋
= Vm sinθ x Im Sin (θ - )
2

The average power for one full cycle

1 2𝜋
P = 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑣 ∗ 𝑖 dθ
1 2𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 Vm sinθ x Im Sin (θ − ) dθ
2
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 Vm sinθ x Im(−Cosθ) dθ
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 2𝜋 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
= ∫0 dθ
2𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 2𝜋
= [−(− )]
2𝜋 4 0
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(2𝜋) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(0)
P= [ − ]=0
2𝜋 4 4

“The average power consumption in pure capacitor is zero when ac voltage is applied”
 35.

36. An alternating voltage has the equation v=141.4 Sin 377t. Find the values of i) RMS
voltage b) frequency c) instantaneous voltage when t=3 sec.
37.
38.