Fossil Fuels:

Advantages:
 Abundant and widely available.
 Relatively low cost for electricity generation.
 Well-established infrastructure for extraction and distribution.
Disadvantages:
 Carbon emissions
 Global warming
 Non-renewable
 Can run out

Nuclear energy:
Advantages:
 A lot of energy production
 Safe for environment
 Continuous and reliable source of energy
Disadvantages:
 Costly
 Dangerous
 Limited availability of uranium fuel

Biomass energy:
Advantages:
 Renewable
 No harm to environment
 Carbon neutral
 Can be used for heating, electricity, and biofuels
Disadvantages:
 Could also be not carbon neutral
 Trees must get replanted
 Some resources may not be available in some parts of the world
 Environmental impacts
Hydroelectric energy:
Advantages:
 Energy can be transferred at any given time
 Renewable
 No carbon emissions
 Water management
 Provides a continuous and reliable power supply.

Disadvantages:
 Dams can be costly
 Can ruin natural flow of water which harms environment and animals
 Floods can occur

Geothermal energy:
Advantages:
 Renewable
 No carbon emissions
 Safe for environment
Disadvantages:
 Can only be used in certain parts of the world
 Costly to drill deep into the ground
 Potential depletion of local heat reservoirs

Wave energy:
Disadvantages:
 Can look ugly
 Can be costly
 Can be destroyed by natural causes like storms
 A lot of them are needed for a substantial amount of energy
Advantages:
 Renewable
 No carbon emissions
 Minimal visual and noise pollution compared to some other
energy sources.
Wind energy:
Advantages:
 Renewable
 No carbon emissions
 Safe for environment
 Start up costs are cheap
 Abundant
Disadvantages:
 Ugly
 Maintenance can be costly
 Noisey
 Take up a lot of space
 Only works when there is wind

Solar energy:
Advantages:
 Renewable
 No carbon emissions
 Safe for environment
 Low operating and maintenance costs, especially for residential
solar installations.
 Water heating
 Scalable technology
Disadvantages:
 Costly
 Only works when the sun in shining
 Reduced efficiency over time
Advantages of Tidal Energy:
Tidal energy is renewable and predictable, relying on constant
celestial phenomena like the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
It has low greenhouse gas emissions, making it environmentally
friendly compared to fossil fuels.
Tidal currents are dense, allowing for the capture of substantial
energy from a small area.
Tidal energy infrastructure typically has a long lifespan, reducing the
need for frequent replacements.
Tidal energy facilities are submerged underwater, minimizing visual
impact on the landscape.
Predictable tidal patterns make it easier to forecast energy
production and integrate it into the grid effectively.
Disadvantages of Tidal Energy:
Tidal energy is feasible only in regions with strong tidal movements,
limiting its geographical applicability.
It can have environmental impacts, including disruption to marine
ecosystems and potential harm to marine life.
The high initial costs of building and installing tidal energy
infrastructure can deter investment.
Operating and maintaining underwater turbines and generators can
be challenging and costly due to harsh marine conditions.
Tidal energy production is intermittent, necessitating energy storage
or complementary energy sources.
Large-scale, long-term energy storage solutions for excess tidal
energy are limited.
 Predictable and consistent energy source due to the regularity
of tides

Fossil Fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, and oil):

 Fossil fuels are burned in power plants to produce thermal
energy (heat).
 This thermal energy is used to heat water and produce steam.
 The high-pressure steam drives a turbine connected to a
generator.
 As the turbine spins, it turns a magnet within a coil of wire,
creating an electromagnetic field and generating electrical
energy through electromagnetic induction.
Nuclear Energy:
 In a nuclear reactor, nuclear fission occurs, splitting uranium or
plutonium atoms into smaller ones.
 This process releases an enormous amount of heat energy.
 The heat is used to produce steam, similar to fossil fuels.
 The steam turns a turbine, generating electrical energy.

Biomass Energy:
  Biomass materials such as wood, agricultural residues, or
organic waste are burned in power plants.
 The combustion process releases thermal energy.
 This thermal energy is used to produce steam, which drives a
turbine connected to a generator, generating electrical energy.
Hydroelectric Energy:
 The kinetic energy of flowing water, such as from a dammed
river or waterfall, is harnessed.
 Water flows through turbines, causing them to spin.
 The spinning turbines are connected to generators, converting
the mechanical energy of the moving water into electrical
energy through electromagnetic induction.
Geothermal Energy:
 Geothermal energy is derived from the heat within the Earth's
crust.
 Wells are drilled to access hot water or steam reservoirs
underground.
 The hot water or steam is brought to the surface and used to
turn a turbine connected to a generator, producing electrical
energy.
Tidal Energy:
 Tidal energy is generated by the gravitational pull of the moon
and the sun on Earth's oceans.
 As tides rise and fall, the movement of water is used to turn
turbines.
 These turbines are connected to generators to convert the
mechanical energy of the tides into electrical energy.

Wind Energy:
 Wind turbines capture kinetic energy from the wind.
  When the wind blows, it causes the turbine blades to spin.
 The spinning blades are connected to a generator, converting
mechanical energy into electrical energy through
electromagnetic induction.

Solar Energy:
 Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic (PV) cells, absorb
sunlight.
 When photons from sunlight strike the PV cells, they release
electrons, creating an electrical current.
 This direct conversion of sunlight into electricity is known as the
photovoltaic effect, and it generates electrical energy.
 Fossil Fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, and oil):
o Chemical Energy (in fossil fuels) → Thermal Energy (through
combustion) → Kinetic Energy (in the form of steam) 
Mechanical energy → Electrical Energy
 Nuclear Energy:
o Nuclear Potential Energy (in atomic nuclei) → Thermal Energy
(through nuclear fission) → Kinetic Energy (in the form of
steam) Mechanical energy → Electrical Energy
 Biomass Energy:
o Chemical Energy (in biomass) → Thermal Energy (through
combustion) → Kinetic Energy (in the form of steam)
Mechanical energy → Electrical Energy
 Hydroelectric Energy:
o Gravitational Potential Energy (in water at an elevated
position) → Kinetic Energy (as water flows) → Mechanical
Energy (in turbines) → Electrical Energy
 Geothermal Energy:
o Thermal Energy (from Earth's heat) → Kinetic Energy (in the
form of steam or hot water) → Mechanical Energy (in turbines)
→ Electrical Energy
 Tidal Energy:
o Gravitational Potential Energy (due to the moon and sun's pull
on water) → Kinetic Energy (as tides rise and fall) →
Mechanical Energy (in turbines) → Electrical Energy
 Wind Energy:
o Kinetic Energy (from the movement of air) → Mechanical
Energy (in wind turbine blades) → Electrical Energy
 Solar Energy:
o Solar Energy (photons from sunlight) → Electrical Energy
(through the photovoltaic effect)