The demand for energy increases all the time.

Different types of energy resource for

generating electricity
 Electricity is not an energy resource, because it has to
be generated using other resources of energy

Fossil Fuel
non-renewable
energy resource is
one that effectively
renewable energy cannot be replaced
resource is one once it has been
that will not run used.
out.
 Generation of Electricity
• Electricity is not an energy resource, because it has to be generated
using other resources of energy.

Principle of power station

 Generating electricity

• In the boiler fuel

burns to heat water.
The water turns
into high pressure
steam .
• Fuels used may be
coal, oil or gas.
 Generating electricity

• Steam travels along

pipes and makes
the turbine spin.
 Generating electricity

• The turbine turns a

generator.
• Inside the generator
there is a magnet
inside a coil of wire.
• As the magnet
spins, electricity is
generated.
KE  Electricity
GENERTORS
Let’s just repeat the basics:-

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine
Energy
source
The generator
converts the
movement of the
turbine (kinetic
energy) into
electricity.
 Fossil fuels
In a fossil fuel power station coal, oil or
natural gas burn, releasing heat energy which
is used to turn water into steam.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

• Fossil fuels include coal, oil and natural gas

are non-renewable energy
The generator
• They have been formed in the ground converts the
from dead vegetation or tiny creatures by movement of the
a process that has taken millions of years. turbine (kinetic
energy) into
electricity.
 Fossil fuels
Advantages:
 fuels are readily available,
 they are relatively cheap, and
 they are not reliant upon the weather.

Disadvantages:
 highly polluting,
 contributing to global warming
 climate change.
 Burning fossil fuels can produce acid
rain.
 Oil spillages cause serious damage to
the environment.

CO2  global warming (greenhouse)  world's climate

 melting of the polar ice caps.
Fuel burns

sulphur dioxide  Acid rain (Sulphur dioxide in atm + water)

 Nuclear energy

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

 Nuclear fission, involving the splitting of

atoms of a nuclear fuel (eg. Uranium) The generator
releases a lot of heat energy.
converts the
 Water is used as a coolant to take away movement of the
this heat energy, which is used to produce turbine (kinetic
steam to drive a turbine which then turns energy) into
the generator.
electricity.
 Uranium are non-renewable resource
Nuclear energy
Disadvantages
• The main disadvantage of a nuclear power station is that
radioactive waste is produced. This can be very dangerous
and difficult to dispose of.
• Long lasting risk of accidents to living things

Advantages
 Power generated from nuclear processes has the advantage
of being 'clean‘ because the process does not involve the
production of greenhouse or other polluting gases.
 The cost per unit of electricity is very low, but nuclear
power stations are expensive to build.
 Advantages: no pollution, no fuel costs,
minimal running costs. Immediate response
Hydroelectric Power to increased demand, and fairly reliable.
Disadvantages: flooding a valley has a big
impact on the environment, with much loss of
habitats for wildlife. Initial costs are high.
Adversely affected during times of drought.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/06/global_energy/htm
l/hydrowind.stm

 Hydroelectric power usually involves flooding a The generator

valley to form a reservoir behind a big dam. As converts the
water is released from the reservoir it falls movement of the
through the dam and turns the turbines, which
then spin the generators which in turn produce
turbine (kinetic
electricity. energy) into
 (GPE) of water in high reservoirs is transferred to electricity.
kinetic energy (KE) as the water flows down and then
transfer into electrical energy by generator
 Tidal Power

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

Tidal barrages are big dams built across river

estuaries. As the tide comes in it fills the
estuary – the water is released so that the The generator
turbines are turned at a controlled speed. converts the
The source of the energy is the gravity of
the Sun and the Moon. movement of the
turbine (kinetic
energy) into
electricity.
Tidal Power
Advantages: no pollution, no fuel costs, minimal running costs.
Tides are reliable, and barrages are excellent for storing
energy.

Disadvantages: initial costs can be very high, environmental

impact. Height of the tide is variable, so energy output
varies.
 Wave Power

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/Q&A/KS3/energy/Sources/Q5.html

As waves come in to the shore they provide The generator

up and down motion which can be used to converts the
directly drive a turbine which is linked to a movement of the
generator. turbine (kinetic
The waves force the air through the turbine,
causing it to spin. energy) into
electricity.
Wave Power
Advantages: Power is clean, no pollution, no green house gases or
unwanted waste products, no fuel costs, minimal running costs. Can
be very useful on small islands.

Disadvantages: initial costs can be very high, environmental impact.

Height of the tide is variable, so energy output varies.
 Geothermal Energy

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://polizeros.com/2010/09/02/geothermal-power-gaining-
attention/

The generator
 Used where hot rocks lie quite near to the converts the
surface. Cold water is pumped in pipes down to
the hot rocks, and returns as steam to drive
movement of the
the turbines. turbine (kinetic
 In some areas of the world, like Iceland energy) into
geothermally heated water is readily available electricity.
in springs and geysers.
Geothermal Energy

Advantages: free, renewable energy source. No real environmental

problems.

Disadvantages: high cost of drilling down several km to the hot rocks.

 Wind Power
Advantages: energy generation is clean, no
pollution. Energy is free, and running costs
are almost nil.
Disadvantages: No power is produced when
the wind drops. Some noise pollution, and may
kill birds and bats.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://www.newhomewindpower.com/wind-power-generators.html

Wind turbines are put up in exposed places, The generator

such as hilltops and around the coast. Each converts the
wind turbine has its own generator, so movement of the
electricity is generated directly.
turbine (kinetic
energy) into
electricity.
 Solar cells

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://etap.com/renewable-energy/photovoltaic-101.htm

 Solar cells generate electricity directly The generator

from sunlight. Solar cells are usually used
to provide electricity on a relatively small converts the
scale, such as for individual houses. Solar movement of the
cell ‘farms’ are being developed, but turbine (kinetic
connecting to the National Grid can be energy) into
expensive.
 Solar cell transfer light energy from sun electricity.
to electrical energy with 15% efficient.
 Solar cells
Advantages: renewable energy source, no pollution, a very reliable source in sunny
countries. Energy is free, and running costs are almost nil.

Disadvantages: initially very expensive, and a developing technology, thousand of square

meters of solar cells spoil the countryside. Only produce electricity in daytime.
 Solar panels

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=22430

The generator
 Solar panels use the Sun’s thermal
radiation to warm up water for the house. converts the
A blackened layer behind the pipes helps movement of the
the absorption of the radiant energy and turbine (kinetic
the warming of the water flowing through energy) into
the pipes.
electricity.
 Solar panels

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

 Electricity can also be generated The generator

using solar heating. Curved
mirrors are used to focus
converts the
thermal radiation onto a boiler movement of the
or pipes containing water to turbine (kinetic
produce steam. energy) into
electricity.
Solar panels

Advantages: no pollution, a very reliable source in sunny countries.

Energy is free, and running costs are almost nil.

Disadvantages: Only heats water in daytime. Initial costs can be very

high
 Advantages: relatively quick and natural

Biofuels
sources of energy and are renewable source.
Biomass energy has abundant availability
Disadvantages: greenhouse gas emission and
some food crops may be lost and can cause
higher food prices.

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine
http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/agriculture-biofuel-
production

Biofuels are renewable energy sources. They

can be solids (eg. Straw, woodchip), liquids
The generator
(eg. Ethanol) or gases (eg. Methane biogas
from sludge digesters). converts the
They are burnt to turn water into steam, movement of the
which drives the turbine and producing turbine (kinetic
electricity in the generator.
energy) into
electricity.
 SUPPLY AND DEMAND
The demand for electricity varies from hour to hour. day to day and season
to season.

 Some demand varies can be predicted.

For example, there is a rise in demand in the early morning as people
wake up, turn on lights and heaters and start to make breakfast,
winter the demand for heat is much greater than in summer

 Some sudden rises in demand are less predictable.

A popular TV programme with an exciting episode can keep millions of
viewers in front of their televisions - if they all decide to make a cup of
tea as soon as the adverts come on. electricity usage will suddenly
increase (electric kettles use a lot of power).
sudden change weather , e.g sudden cold spell
Nuclear Power
Clearly nuclear power stations cannot meet sudden variations in demand.
The process of starting the fission reaction and heating up the core of the
nuclear reactor is a long one.

fossil fuels
fossil fuels can be started more quickly but can still take many hours to
start producing electricity. Coal-fired stations take longer than oil-fired
stations to develop the heat required to drive steam through the
turbines. Gas-fired stations can respond most quickly to rises in demand.

Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric power stations provide a very reliable energy resource to
respond very quickly to changes in the national demand for electricity.
Unlike other types of power station. This is the only realistic way of
'storing' large amounts of extra electrical energy as they are able to
operate in reverse (electrical energy to gpe of water in reservoirs)

Wind power is dependent on the strength, direction and frequency of

wind. Although wind farms are located in windy areas, they cannot be
relied upon to produce electricity at the times when it is needed most.
Tidal power is not available continuously
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thermal energy is transferred from a place that is hotter (that is, at a higher
temperature) to one that is colder (at a lower temperature). In this chapter, we
will look at the different ways in which thermal energy is transferred between
places that have different temperatures.
 Heat transfer

Conduction Convection Radiation

Thermal conduction

Thermal conduction is the transfer of thermal (heat) energy through a Solid substance
by the vibration of the atoms within the substance. The substance itself does not move.
Thermal conduction

Thermal conduction is the transfer of thermal (heat) energy through a Solid substance
by the vibration of the atoms within the substance. The substance itself does not move.

Metal bar

According to kinetic
theory, all materials are
made up of tiny, moving
particles. In a solid
these particles tend to
vibrate around a fixed
spot.
Thermal conduction

Metal bar

According to kinetic
theory, all materials are
made up of tiny, moving
particles. In a solid
these particles tend to
vibrate around a fixed
spot.

Heat
Thermal conduction

Metal bar

As the bar is heated,

the particles tend to
vibrate more.

Heat
Thermal conduction

Metal bar

As the bar is heated,

the particles tend to
vibrate more.
Thermal energy is
transferred from the
hot end to the cold end
as the particles pass on
their increased kinetic
energy to other
Heat particles along the bar.
 Thermal conduction
Thermal energy transfer is increased if:
1. Temperature difference Metal bar
across ends of bar is increased.

Thermal energy transferred by conduction

As the bar is heated,

the particles tend to
vibrate more.
2. Cross- 3. The length
of the bar is
Thermal energy is
sectional area
of the bar is reduced. transferred from the
increased. hot end to the cold end
as the particles pass on
their increased kinetic
energy to other
Heat particles along the bar.
Thermal conduction
Conductors and insulators

Metals are the best

thermal conductors
because they have free
electrons, which can
carry energy quickly.
They feel cold to the
touch as heat is quickly
conducted away from
your hand.
Thermal conduction
Conductors and insulators

Metals are the best

thermal conductors
because they have free
electrons, which can
carry energy quickly.
They feel cold to the
touch as heat is quickly
conducted away from
your hand.

Non-metals tend to
be poor conductors.
A polystyrene tile
feels warm to the
touch because it
stops your hand
from losing thermal
energy.
 Copper and Steel rods should be the same diameter

 The drawing pins are attached to the copper rod and steel rod with petroleum
jelly and placed at the same distances from the heat source for this to be a
fair test.
 heat is transferred along the metal rods from the heated ends towards the cooler
ends away from the heat source.
 Copper conducts heat better than steel because the drawing pins attached to
the copper rod drop off sooner than those attached to the steel rod.
Thermal convection

Convection is the transfer of heat through fluids {liquids and gases}

by the upward movement of warmer, less dense regions of fluid.

When water is heated, water

expands and becomes less dense
than the colder surrounding water, so
it floats up to the top of the glass
beaker. Colder water sinks to take its
place, and is then heated too
This is called a convection current

Demonstration of convection currents, using a

potassium manganate (VII) crystal in water
Thermal convection

Convection in air
When air is heated it expands and its density becomes less. When air is surrounded
by cold denser air, it rises. This is the same principle as in water.

Convector heaters (Figure 15.6) heat air, which then floats out of the top of the
heater to the top of the room. Cold air is drawn in at the bottom and this in turn is
heated. In this way, heat energy is eventually transferred to all parts of the room.
Thermal convection

on-shore and off-shore breezes(sea

breezes and land breezes)

cool warm
Fluids are insulators . . . ?

Woollen clothing keeps you warm because air gets

trapped in the fibres. The trapped air is heated by your
body and forms a warm insulating layer that helps to stop
you losing heat. In the same way, a wetsuit keeps a diver
warm because a thin layer of water is trapped next to the
diver's skin.
Fluids are insulators . . . ?
Comparing conductors

As the top of the

tube is heated, the
water boils and turns Boiling water
into steam.
The ice trapped at
the bottom of the
tube does not melt.

Ice
Fluids are insulators . . . ?
Comparing conductors

As the top of the

tube is heated, the
water boils and turns Boiling water
into steam.
The ice trapped at
the bottom of the
tube does not melt.

This experiment
shows that water is a
poor conductor of
thermal energy
(heat).

Ice
Thermal radiation

Thermal radiation is the transfer of energy by infrared (IR) waves.

heat is travelling in the form of waves, like visible light. Heat waves are called
infrared (IR) waves or IR radiation.

Infrared waves have longer wavelengths than light waves. It is the infrared
radiation that makes you feel warm when you lie down in the sunshine.
Thermal radiation

- All objects, including your body, emit infrared (IR) radiation. The hotter an
object is, the more energy it will emit as infrared.
- Electric fires also transfer heat energy by infrared.
- Special cameras designed to detect infrared waves can be used to create
images even when there is no visible light.
 Good and bad absorbers
Infrared radiation behaves in the same way as light. It can be reflected and
focused using a mirror.

Highly polished, shiny surfaces are good reflectors of thermal radiation. White
surfaces also reflect a lot of IR.

Matt (not shiny) black and dark surfaces are poor reflectors or, to put it
more positively, are good absorbers of heat radiation.

Shiny teapot will keep your tea warmer than a black teapot
 Put two identical (same type)
thermometers on either side of a filament
bulb that has been painted matt black on
one side and shiny white on the other.

 It is important that the thermometers are

fixed at the same height and distance
from the filament bulb.

 When you tum on the bulb you will notice that the temperature starts to rise more
quickly on the thermometer facing the black side than on the other
Good and bad absorbers

If a surface is a good reflector of IR then it is a poor radiator of IR.

ENERGY-EFFICIENT House
Using less energy to provide the same amount of useful output
from a service
Heating is the main use of energy in our homes
Since most domestic heating systems work by burning fuels like coal, oil and
gas - it is the main producer of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming.
It is, therefore, very important that houses are energy efficient.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT House
The key to energy-efficient housing is
insulation. Houses must be designed to
reduce the rate at which energy is transferred
between the inside and the outside.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT House
Heat loss by conduction through the walls can be reduced by
using building materials that are good insulators

The two layers of brick are separated by an excellent thermal

insulator in the form of an air cavity or gap.
 INSULATING PEOPLE AND ANIMALS
The obvious method of cutting down heat loss from the
body is to wear clothes.

Clothes that trap air around the body

provide insulation because trapped air
cannot circulate and is a very poor
conductor.

A large proportion of body heat is lost from the head, so hats are the
human equivalent of loft insulation.
 INSULATING PEOPLE AND ANIMALS
Animals keep warm in different ways. You may have noticed birds fluffing up their
feathers on cold days in winter. This increases the thickness of the trapped air layer
around their bodies, so reducing heat loss by conduction.

Some birds, like penguins, will move close together for warmth
Other animals will curl into small balls. This cuts down heat loss by making the
surface area of their bodies exposed to the cold as small as possible.
(1) Explain the following observations, referring to the appropriate process of heat
transfer in each case.
(a) Two cups of tea are poured at the same time. They are left for ten minutes.
One of the cups has a metal teaspoon left in it. The tea in this cup is cooler
than the tea in the other cup at the end of the ten-minute period.
(b) Two fresh cups of tea are poured. (The others had gone cold!) A thin plastic
lid is placed on top of one of the cups. The tea in this cup keeps hot for
longer.

Some of the heat energy in the tea is transferred to the spoon. Also, the
metal spoon is a good conductor of heat, so it increases the area from
which the heat of the tea can be lost (so the heat is transferred along
the spoon until its end )

The plastic lid traps a layer of air above the tea. Air is a poor conductor
of heat. The trapped layer of air also greatly reduces heat loss from the
surface of the hot tea by preventing convection currents in the air above
the cup. (It also reduces the amount of heat lost through evaporation.)
(2) (a) Kettles heated on stoves used to be made of copper. Was this a good
choice?
(b) Copper kettles were usually kept highly polished (shiny). If it is not
polished, copper turns matt and eventually blackens as it reacts with
oxygen in the air. Apart from making the kettle look nice, what is a good
physics reason for keeping a copper kettle polished?

Copper is a very good conductor of heat. This allows the water in the
kettle to heat up quickly, as the energy from the stove is easily
transferred through the copper to the water within the kettle.
But this might be considered to be a disadvantage also, as the heat
transfer from the water inside the kettle to the outer surface of the kettle
is also rapid.

Highly polished, shiny surfaces are good reflectors of thermal radiation. A shiny
surface reduces heat loss by thermal radiation.
If it is not polished, the kettles absorbs thermal radiation and a kettle allowed to go
black would radiate more heat from its surface than a shiny, clean one
Polished copper kettle will keep hot water warmer than a black kettle
Although paper is a poor thermal conductor, it is thin, so heat can
transfer through it quite rapidly. This heat energy is then rapidly
conducted away from the paper by the brass section, because brass is a
very good thermal conductor. Wood is a poor thermal conductor, so
heat is transferred from the paper much more slowly, so the
temperature of the paper rises enough for the paper covering it to start
to scorch.
(4) There are two bench seats in a park, one made of metal, the other made of wood.
The metal seat feels much colder to sit on than the wooden one. A student says
that it is because the metal seat is at a lower temperature than the wooden one.
Explain why this explanation is incorrect, and give a correct explanation of why the
metal seat seems colder than the wooden one.

Both benches will be at the same temperature as their surroundings. Thus the
metal bench is not actually colder than the wooden one.

Since metals are good conductors, the metal bench conducts heat much
more readily than the wooden bench. Heat from the body is quickly
conducted away from the body to the metal bench, and so the metal seat
feel much colder.
Since wood is poor conductor, as heat travels much more slowly through the
wood, the region under the person sitting on the wooden bench does warm
up.

As its temperature gets close to the person's body temperature, the rate at
which heat is transferred from the body into the bench is reduced and the
bench does not feel as cold.
(5) (a) Why is the heating element (part) in an electric kettle positioned very
close to the bottom of the kettle?
(b) Where would you expect the cooling element to be placed in a freezer?
Give a reason for your answer.

Water is a relatively poor thermal conductor. The main heat transfer is

convection. In convection, water is heated, which expands and becomes
less dense, floats up and therefore colder water, denser water sink to
take its place
If the heating element was positioned near the top of the water in the
kettle, only the top layer of water would be heated, because the
colder denser water would be below the element and would not be
directly heated by contact with the heating element

At the top. Air cooled by the element will become more dense and will
sink down the freezer. If the cooling element was placed at the bottom,
only the bottom layer of air would become cold.
 (6) One model of a well-known brand of computer does not use a fan to
keep the electronic circuits inside it cool, unlike other PCs. A student
noticed that the ventilation (air) slots on most other PCs are
positioned on the side, but the slots are on the top and bottom
surfaces of this computer. The designer has applied physics to the
problem of keeping the computer cool. Explain why the new
computer does not need a fan.
Warm air, less dense
The slots at the top allow air that has been heated by the
computer circuitry and thus become less dense to be
pushed upwards by colder, denser air drawn in through
the slots in the base of the computer case. This
convection current means that there is a steady stream of
cooler air drawn across the electronic circuitry, helping to
keep it cool.
Convection does not take place so effectively if the
ventilation slots are in the sides of the case at the same
level, so fans are necessary to maintain a sufficient
circulation of cool air across the circuitry.

Cool air, more dense

The fire heats the air in the right-hand shaft in the diagram. This air
expands and becomes less dense, and is therefore pushed upwards by
colder, denser air drawn down the other shafts in the mine. This ensures
there is a steady circulation of fresh {colder, denser) air drawn down the
shaft on the left of the diagram.
a (b) Measure temperatures on each thermometer
before and after switch on the bulb.
Half glued
shiny metallic (c) Put two identical (same type)
sheet thermometers on either side of a filament
bulb. They are fixed at the same height and
distance from the filament bulb

(d) When we tum on the bulb we will notice

that the temperature starts to rise more
quickly on the thermometer facing the matt
black side than on the other. therefore
 ENERGY AND WORK
Energy is the ability to do work

Work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of

force along a displacement

Mechanical work, like lifting heavy objects,

 Examples
The work done transfers energy from the body’s chemical store to the ball’s
kinetic store.

When you stretch a rubber band, the work done in stretching it transfers
energy from the body’s chemical store to the band’s elastic potential store.
WORK
 When a force
moves an object
Work, work, work …… it does work and
energy is
transferred to
the object.

Energy supplied

Work done

Energy
transferred

Amount of energy transferred (J) = Work done (J)

 Work

Work done = force x distance

W = F . d
Work is measured in joules(J) and scalar
quantity
 Work
Work W=F x d

Force
W F= W
d

F d d= W
F
Distance
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY (GPE)
The GPE of an object will be an increase if we apply a force on it in
the opposite direction to the pull of gravity.

W = F x d
= mg x h

Potential energy is based on the position of an object!

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY (GPE)
KINETIC ENERGY, KE
Work done lifting object = gain in GPE = gain in KE of the object just before hitting
the ground
 GPE = KE

mg x h = ½ m v 2

gxh=½ v2
v = 2gh
v = 18.44 m/s
A ball of mass 100 g is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 12 m/s.
Calculate the maximum height it will reach.

GPE = KE

mg x h = ½ m v 2

gxh=½ v2
A car, with a mass of 1200 kg and travelling at 30 m/s, is slowed by its brakes to
a speed of 20 m/s. The brakes are applied for a distance of 75 m. Calculate the
force the brakes apply in slowing the car down

Work done by brake = Kinetic energy transfer

F d = ½ mu2 – ½ mv2

F = 4000 N
 Power
Power is defined as the rate at which energy is transferred or the rate at which
work is done

P = F. d = F . v
t

Quantity >> scalar Unit >> watt (W)

Practical –Investigate your power output
If a lift and passengers have a combined weight of 4000 N and the lift
moves upwards with an average speed of 3 m/s then what is the useful
power output of the lift motor?

v = 3 m/s
F = 4000 N

P=?
 (a) rubbing hands to warm them

(b) Heat water to produce steam, which is then used to rotate a turbine

2. a. State the SI unit of work. joule

b. Define the unit of work.
The joule is the amount of work done when a force of 1 N is applied
through a distance of 1 m in the direction of the force.
C. How much work is done in each of the following situations?
(i ) A bag of six apples each weighing 1 N is lifted through 80 cm.
(ii )A rocket with a thrust of 100 kN travels to a height of 200 m.
(iii) A weightlifter raises a mass of 60 kg through a height of 2.8 m.
(iv )A lift of mass 200 kg lifts three people of mass 50 kg each through a
distance of 45 m.
Water from a hydroelectric power station reservoir is taken from a reservoir
(artificial lake) at a height of 800 m above sea level to turbines (engines) in the
power station itself. The power station is at sea level. The reservoir holds 200 million
(2 x 108) litres of water. If a litre of water has a mass of 1 kg, how much gravitational
potential energy is stored in the water in the reservoir?

GPE = ?
GPE = mgh = 2x 108 x 10 x 800 = 16 x 10 11 J
4. (a) State how to calculate the kinetic energy stored by a moving object.
(b) Work out the kinetic energy of the following:
i a man of mass 80 kg running at 9 m/s
ii an air rifle pellet of mass 0.2 g travelling at 50 m/s
iii a ball of mass 60 g travelling at 24 m/s.

KE = ½ mv2
5. A catapult fires a stone of mass 0.04 kg vertically upwards. If the stone has
an initial kinetic energy of 48 J, how high will it travel before it starts to fall
back to the ground?
h=?
KE = GPE
6. If a coin is dropped from a height of 80 m, how fast will it be travelling when it
hits the ground? State any assumptions you may need to make.

GPE = KE

7. Define power and state its unit.

8 A person with a mass of 40 kg runs upstairs in 12 s. The stairs have 20 steps
and the height of each step is 20 cm.
a) How much does the person weigh, in newtons?
b) What is the total height that the person has climbed?
c) Calculate how much work is done in climbing the stairs.
d) What is the power output of the person running up the stairs?
9. A drag car, of mass 500 kg, accelerates from rest to a speed of 144 km/h in 5
s.
a) What is its final speed in: i m/h (metres per hour) ii m/s?
b) What is the increase in KE of the drag car?
c) What is the average power developed by the drag car's engine?
 2022_January_P1

The kinetic store increases.

The gravitational store increases.

Gravitational force

V=2pr/T

7.7 (km/s)
Metal bars increase in temperature when facing towards Sun / decrease in temperature when facing away from
Sun.
When they faced at the Sun, black bar increases temperature faster than white bar.
(because) black is a better absorber of radiation than white/ heat energy, IR for radiation.

(so) black bar reaches a higher temperature than white bar; MP5.
(when pointed away from the Sun,) black bar decreases temperature faster than white bar;
(because) black is a better emitter of radiation than white /heat, IR for radiation

There is no convection/conduction in heat transfer (outside the spacecraft);

(because) there are no particles outside the spacecraft
 2023_May/4ph1-1pr

GPE = mgh
h = 0.8… (m)
 3.2

Weight
29%
GPE = mgh
h = 0.8… (m)
2023_January_1p
Types of energy……

Kinetic
Heat GPE

Sound Elastic PE

Light Chemical

Nuclear Electrical
...
 Chemical energy

o Chemical energy Food and fuels, like oil, gas, coal and wood, are concentrated
stores of chemical energy

o The energy of food is released by chemical reactions in our bodies, and during
the transfer to other forms we are able to do useful jobs.

o Fuels cause energy transfers when they are burnt in an engine or a

boiler. Batteries are compact sources of chemical energy, which in use
is transferred to electrical energy
 Potential energy
❑ A body above the Earth’s surface, like water in a mountain reservoir, has
potential energy (p.e.) stored in the form of gravitational potential
energy.

❑ Work has to be done to compress or stretch a spring or elastic material and

energy is transferred to potential energy; the p.e. is stored in the form of
strain energy (or elastic potential energy).
 Kinetic energy

Any moving body has kinetic energy (k.e.) and the

faster it moves, the more k.e.
 Electrical energy

Electrical energy is produced by energy transfers at power

stations and in batteries. It is the most common form of
energy used in homes and industry because of the ease of
transmission and transfer to other forms.
 Heat energy

This is also called thermal or internal energy. It is

transferred by conduction, convection, or
radiation

Some heat energy are unwanted and they are waste (eg; the heat from engine, light bulb)
 Sound energy

Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance

to vibrate — the energy is transferred through the substance in
a wave

Some sound energy are unwanted and they are waste (eg; the sound from engine)
 Nuclear energy

The steam (or

water / wind)
turns a turbine

Nuclear fission involves splitting atoms of

nuclear fuel (eg, Uranium) releases a lot of The generator
heat energy. converts the
Water is used as a coolant to take away this
movement of the
heat energy, which is used to produce steam turbine (kinetic
to drive a turbine, turning the generator. energy) into
electricity.
Energy Stores

Energy pathways:

Mechanically: by a force moving something.

Electrically: by a current.

By heating due to temperature difference

By radiation (Light and sound)

Principle of conservation of energy
Usually, some energy is used
up doing work against
friction and air resistance →
lost as heat.
Energy transfer
We can also use a Sankey diagram to show energy transfer

A Sankey diagram makes it easier to see how much input

energy is being usefully employed compared with how much
is being wasted. The thicker the arrow, the more energy it
represents.

USEFUL SOUND ENERGY

ENERGY
USEFUL LIGHT ENERGY
INPUT

WASTED HEAT ENERGY

Car driving
Light bulb
 Turn on a torch

Input Output
Stored chemical electrical energy in Light + heat in lamp
energy in the battery circuit waste

Light
energy
Chemical
energy

Heat
energy
 lighting a candle

Input Output
Stored chemical Light + heat
energy in candle
waste

Light
energy
Chemical
energy

Heat
energy
 Shooting

Input Output
Stored chemical Elastic energy (Elastic p.e)of K.e + sound and heat
energy from muscle string with air friction
waste

KE
energy
Chemical
energy Sound
energy
Heat
energy
Efficiency of energy transfers
Efficiency of energy transfers
Stored chemical energy in the battery => electrical energy in the circuit => heat and
light in the lamp filament

Stored chemical energy in candle => heat and light as the candle burns

Kinetic energy of moving hands => heat energy + sound energy

 Elastic potential energy
Stored energy in the stretched elastic of the trampoline => kinetic energy of the
trampolinist moving upwards => gravitational potential energy (as the trampolinist
slows to a halt at the top of the bounce).
 gravitational

kinetic
kinetic

elastic
6 J of energy is converted to heat in the ball and the ground and to sound.
2023_May/4ph1-1pr
2023_January_1p
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school

Thermal energy is transferred into the

DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school
DR Kyaw (Cherry Land ) Physics worksheet
Helix international school