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Unit-6 Ed

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13 views79 pages

Unit-6 Ed

Uploaded by

Nitesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter -6

Scalar control or constant V/f


control of induction motor
Prepared by: MUNAZZA SHAIKH
EE, AIET
Closed loop speed control of I.M
Speed Control of Induction Motor

Stator V control
Scalar control
Constant V/f
control

Direct FOC
Field oriented
control (FOC)
Indirect FOC
Vector Control
Direct self control
(DSC)
Direct Torque
control
SVM (Space vector
modulation)
Types of Inverters

Types of inverters

Voltage source inverters Current source inverters


Types of Inverters

Types of inverters (on the basis of type of output)

Square wave
Inverters

Quasi square wave Inverters

PWM inverters

Sine wave
Inverter
Three phase bridge Inverter
It consists of 6 transistors with T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, 6 anti-parallel diodes like D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, 3 load
terminals, one DC source, and one large DC linked capacitor, and a thyristor is connected along with
commutation circuit. The three outputs like “ABC”, where “A” is connected to T1 & T4, “B” is connected to T3 and
T6, and “C” is connected to T5 and T2. These ABCs are in-turn connected to a 3 phase balanced load.

A balanced load consists of 2 main components a source and a load, where a balanced source implies phase
and magnitude are equal and are phase-shifted by 120 degrees. According to the KCL principle, the balanced
load implies all the load impedances in all the 3 phases are equal in magnitude and phase. The thyristors T1, T3,
T5 supply current to the load or act as forwarding path, whereas thyristors T6, T4, T2 carry the current back to
the source and acts like return path, as shown below.
Three phase bridge Inverter
A voltage source inverter can operate in any of 2 conduction mood, i.e,

•180 degree and


•120degree conduction mood.

180 DEGREES CONDUCTION MODE

Let us consider the scenario of 180-degree conduction mode in a three-phase inverter. The three-phase inverter
is represented in 180-degree conduction mode because both switches S1 and S2 conduct at 180 degrees.
Whereas in a full-bridge voltage source inverter all the 4 switches S1, S2, S3, S4 conducts at 180 degrees.
Considering the circuit diagram shown below, the switch T1 and T4 are connected to a phase, out of which T1
and T4 conduct at 180 degrees each, where the total duration is given as 180 + 180 = 360. If both the switches
conduct together it may lead to a short circuit. From the graph shown below
Three phase bridge Inverter
from the graph we can observe that

• T1 conducts from 0 to 180


• T4 conducts from 180 to 360
• For a balanced output, A phase and B phase must have a phase shift of 120 That is when angle A is 0, angle
B should be 120 and angle C should be -240.
• Therefore, T3 will start conducting from 120 to 300. After this phase, T6 starts conducting from 300 to 360. T6
also conducting from 0 to 120
• T5 starts conducting after 240 to 360 and also conducts from 0 to 60
• T2 conducts from 60 to 240.
• From the above graph, we can conclude that at a time 3SCR switches are conducting.
Case1:

From 0 to 60
T1, T6, and
T5 conduct,
out of which
T1 and T5
carry the
current into
the load, and
T6 carries the
current out of
the load.
Case2:

From 60 to 120, the


devices T1, T6, T2
conducts, out of
which T1 carries
the current into the
load, and T2 and T6
carry the current out
of the load.
Case 3:

From 120 to 180,


the devices T1,
T3, T2 conducts,
out of which
T1and T3 carry
the current into
the load, and T2
carries the
current out of the
load.
Case4:

From 180 to
240, the
devices T4,
T3, T2
conducts, out
of which T3
carries the
current into the
load and T4
and T2 carries
the current out
of the load.
Step 5: T4,T3, T5 are ON
Step 6: T4, T6, T5 are ON

Line to line voltage graph


after 6 steps looks like this.
120 Degree Conduction
Step 5 and 6
Sinusoidal Modulation
Sinusoidal PWM is a typical PWM technique. Sinusoidal PWM technique is a popular method of controlling the
output of inverters. This method is easy to implement and control. Also it is compatible with almost all the
modern digital applications.
In this technique a high frequency triangular carrier wave is compared with the sinusoidal reference wave which
determines the switching instant. When the modulating signal is a sinusoidal of amplitude Vm, and the
amplitude of triangular carrier wave is Vc, then the ratio m=Vm/Vc is known as the Modulation index. By
controlling the modulation index we can control the amplitude of applied output voltage. A three phase Sine-
PWM inverter requires a balanced set of three sinusoidal modulating
In this PWM technique, the sinusoidal AC voltage reference is compared with the high-frequency triangular
carrier wave in real time to determine switching states for each pole in the inverter. After comparing, the
switching states for each pole can be determined based on the following rule:

•Voltage reference > Triangular carrier


: upper switch is turned on (pole voltage= v/2)
Sinusoidal Modulation

• Voltage reference < Triangular carrier


: lower switch is turned on (pole voltage= v/2)

In the carrier-based PWM techniques (SPWM), the desired voltage reference waveform is
referred to as modulating wave. In addition, a wave which is modulated with the
modulating wave is referred to as carrier wave or carrier.

• An inverter produces an AC output voltage from a DC input by using switching circuits


to simulate a sine wave by producing one or more square pulses of voltage per half
cycle. If the widths of the pulses are adjusted as a means of regulating the output
voltage, the output is said to be pulse width modulated.
• PWM offers better harmonic control of the output than 6 step inverter.
Space vector Modulation
• Space vector modulation (SVM) is an algorithm for the control of pulse-width modulation (PWM). It is used
for the creation of alternating current (AC) waveforms; most commonly to drive 3 phase AC powered
motors at varying speeds.
• Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is a technique used in the final step of field oriented control
(FOC) to determine the pulse-width modulated signals for the inverter switches in order to generate the
desired 3-phase voltages to the motor.
• Voltage is delivered to the motor by a three-phase inverter with six transistors (two on each leg of the
output). Each of the three outputs can be in one of two states (top transistor closed and bottom transistor
open, or vice-versa), giving eight (23) total states for the output. These are referred to as base vectors.
• The eight base vectors are plotted on a hexagonal star diagram. Each vector makes up a spoke of the star,
with 60 degrees phase difference between adjacent vectors. The two vectors (V0 and V7) that contain
outputs which are either all plus or all minus are referred to as null vectors and are plotted at the center
(origin) of the star.

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