Assignment 2

Holman, J. P., “Heat Transfer”, McGraw Hill, 1997, 10th edition [8.29 pg-467]

1. A 50-cm-square vertical plate is maintained at a constant surface temperature of 127°C

on both sides and placed in a large chamber containing air at 1.7 atm and 27°C. The walls
of the large chamber are maintained at 22°C and the surface of the vertical plate is
blackened on both sides so that its emissivity is 1.0. Calculate the total heat lost by both
sides of the vertical plate, expressed in watts.
ANS:
Model the heat transfer of vertical plate as a network as shown in the following figure:

In the above network diagram, the vertical plate is denoted as 1, the air is denoted as 2,
the wall is denoted as 3.
Apply the analysis on one side of vertical plane.
Since the air is assumed large, the shape factor of vertical plane to air is determined as:

And since the wall is assumed large, the shape factor of vertical plane to the wall is
determined as:

Change the temperature of plate, into Kelvin unit.

The temperature of plate is determined as .

Change the temperature of air, into Kelvin unit.
The temperature of air is determined as .
Change the temperature of wall, into Kelvin unit.

The temperature of wall is determined as .

Calculate the black body energy of plate, by using the following equation:

Here, is Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

Substitute for and for .

Therefore, the black body energy of plate, is determined as .

Calculate the black body energy of air, by using the following equation:

Substitute for and for .

Therefore, the black body energy of air, is determined as .

Calculate the black body energy of wall, by using the following equation:

Substitute for and for .

Therefore, The black body energy of wall, is determined as .

Calculate the equivalent resistance between plate and air, by using the following
relation.
Substitute for , for , and for .

Thus, the equivalent resistance between plate and air, is determined as .

Calculate the equivalent resistance between plate and wall, by using the following
relation.

Substitute for , for , and for .

Thus, the equivalent resistance between plate and wall, is determined as .

The total heat lost by one side of the vertical plate is determined by using the following
equation:

Substitute for , for , for

, for , and for .

Multiply by 2 to get the total heat lost by all side of the vertical plate.

Therefore, the total heat loss by all side of the vertical plate, is determined

as .
Bird Stewart and Lightfoot, “Transport Phenomena”, John Wiley & Sons 2nd Edition,[2A.3 pg
62]
2. A horizontal annulus, 27 ft in length, has an inner radius of 0.495 in. and an outer radius
of 1.1 in. A 60% aqueous solution of sucrose (C12H22011) is to be pumped through the
annulus at 20°C. At this temperature the solution density is 80.3 lb/ft3 and the viscosity is
136.8 lb,/ft hr. What is the volume flow rate when the impressed pressure difference is
5.39 psi?
 Holman, J. P., “Heat Transfer”, McGraw Hill, 1997, 10th edition [2.22 pg-63]
3. A 1.0-mm-diameter wire is maintained at a temperature of 400◦C and exposed to a
convection environment at 40◦C with h = 120 W/m2 ◦C. Calculate the thermal
conductivity that will just cause an insulation thickness of 0.2 mm to produce a “critical
radius.” How much of this insulation must be added to reduce the heat transfer by 75
percent from that which would be experienced by the bare wire?
ANS:

Calculate the thermal conductivity of the wire when it is insulated as follows:

……(1)
Here the critical radius of insulation is , radius of wire is convective heat transfer
coefficient of the wire is and the thickness of the insulation is
Substitute for , for and for in equation (1) to

obtain the value of as follows:

Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the wire is,

Calculate the heat transfer per meter through the bare wire as follows:

……(2)
Here, the diameter of the wire is , inside temperature of the wire is and outside
temperature of the wire is
Substitute for , for , for and for in

equation (2) to obtain the value of as follows:

 Calculate the heat transfer rate per meter length through the insulated wire as
follows:
……(3)

Substitute for in equation (3) to obtain the value of as follows:

Calculate the new critical radius as follows:

……(4)
Substitute for , for , for , for
and for , for and for in equation (4).

On manipulating the equation, the value of is .

Therefore, the new critical radius is

Holman, J. P., “Heat Transfer”, McGraw Hill, 1997, 10th edition [2.33 pg-64]
4. A circumferential fin of rectangular profile is constructed of stainless steel with k = 43
W/m · ◦C and a thickness of 1.0 mm. The fin is installed on a tube having a diameter of
3.0 cm and the outer radius of the fin is 4.0 cm. The inner tube is maintained at 250◦C
and the assembly is exposed to a convection environment having T∞ = 35◦C and h = 45
W/m2 · ◦C. Calculate the heat lost by the fin.
ANS:

Calculate the corrected length of the fin as follows:

Here the length of the fin is and thickness of the fin

Substitute for and for in the above equation to obtain the value

of as follows:
Calculate the corrected radius of the circumferential fin as follows:

Substitute for and for in the above equation to obtain the

value of as follows:

Calculate the profile area of the fin as follows:

Substitute for , for and for in the above equation

to obtain the value of as follows:

Calculate the value of dimensionless number as follows:

Here the convective heat transfer coefficient is and conductive heat transfer
coefficient is
Substitute for , for , for ,

for in the above equation to obtain the value of as follows:

From the graph of efficiency of the circumferential fins of the rectangular profile
the value of the fin efficiency is 0.59 for the given dimensionless number 0.8063.

Calculate the heat lost through the fin as follows:

Here the temperature of the inner surface of the fin is and the temperature of the
surrounding is
 Substitute 0.59 for , for , for , for ,

for and for in the above equation to obtain the value of as follows:

Thus the heat lost through the fin is .

Holman, J. P., “Heat Transfer”, McGraw Hill, 1997, 10th edition [6.69, pg-319]

5. A small sphere having a diameter of 6 mm has an electric heating coil inside, which
maintains the outer surface temperature at 220°C. The sphere is exposed to an airstream
at 1 atm and 20°C with a velocity of 20 m/s. Calculate the heating rate which must be
supplied to the sphere.
ANS:
Determine the mean temperature of fluid by using the following equation:

Here the temperature of the surface of the sphere is and the temperature of the air
is
Substitute for and for

Calculate the Reynolds number for the flow of the fluid by using the following
equation:

…… (1)
Here the velocity of the airstream is , diameter of the sphere is , density of the air
is and the kinematic viscosity of the air is
Obtain the properties of air at from the table A-5 Properties of air at atmospheric
pressure, the value of is .
 Substitute for , for and for in the equation
(1)

Calculate the heat transfer coefficient through the sphere by using following
equation:

…… (2)
Here the conductive heat transfer coefficient of the sphere is
Obtain the properties of air at from the table A-5 Properties of air at atmospheric
pressure, the value of is .

Substitute 5319 for , for and for in the equation (2)

Calculate the heat transfer of through the sphere by using following equation:

Substitute for , for , for and for

Thus, the heat transfer of through the sphere is

Problems from the book by Fox and McDonald, “Introduction to fluid dynamics”, John Wiley
& Sons, 2008, 8th edition
6.
ANS:
Step 1/6
(a)
Write the following relation to calculate the head (energy/mass) supplied by the pump.

…… (1)

Here, is the power supplied to the fluid by the pump, is the mass flow rate of the fluid
(water), is the pressure, is the density of water, is the kinetic energy coefficient, is the
velocity, is the datum height, and the suffix letters 3 and 2 represent the discharge side and
suction side of the pump.
Assumptions:

1) Points 2 and 3 are at the same reference level,

2)
3) Incompressible flow
Step 2/6
Few terms will be cancelled out in equation (1) by considering the above assumptions.
The equation changes as follows:

Substitute for 450 kPa for , and 150 kPa for .

Step 3/6

Convert the head supplied by the pump from into meters of flowing fluid using the
following relation:

Here, is the acceleration due to gravity and is the head supplied by the pump in meters of
flowing fluid.

Substitute for and for

Therefore, the head supplied by the pump is .
Step 4/6
(b)
Write the Bernoulli’s energy equation in terms of energy per unit weight (or in terms of meters
of flowing fluid) between points (2) and (4).

…… (2)

Here, is the pressure, is the density, is the acceleration due to gravity, is the kinetic
energy coefficient, is the velocity, is the datum height, the suffix letter 3 represents the
discharge side of the pump, and suffix letter 4 represents the point of free discharge, and is the
total head loss per unit mass.

From the assumptions is same at 3 and 4 which can be cancelled out.

The equation (2) now reduces as,

Step 5/6

It is given free discharge at point 4, thus .

Substitute 0 for , (or 450 kPa) for 0 for 35 m for for

and for
Step 6/6

Convert the total head loss from to meters of flowing fluid.

Here, is the acceleration due to gravity and is the total head loss in meters of flowing fluid.

Substitute for and for

Therefore, total head loss between pump and the point of free discharge is

7.
ANS:
The head loss equation is given by,

The above equation re-written as

…… (1)
Here,

is pressure at section-1

is the density of water

is the kinetic energy coefficient at section-1

is the velocity at section-1

is the gravity

is the depth at section-1

is pressure at section-2

is the kinetic energy coefficient at section-2

is the velocity at section-2

 is the depth at section-2

is the head losses due to friction

is the losses sudden changes in cross section

Step 2/6
Calculations of areas,
Area at section-1,

Substitute, the diameter

Area at section-2,

Substitute, the diameter

Step 3/6
Calculation for velocities
From the properties table of minor loss for Re-entrant pipe,

The loss co-efficient

Since the flow rate, which is very essential for solving this problem is not given, assume

From the continuity equation at section-1

Substitute, and

From the continuity equation at section-1

Substitute, and

Step 4/6
Calculation of pressure head,
The differential pressure head,

Here. is the head loss

Substitute acceleration due to gravity

Calculation of potential head

As the datum height is same at section-1 and at section-2 with reference to the base,

Therefore,
Step 5/6

As the flow is frictionless,

Therefore, head losses due to friction

Head losses due to sudden changes,

Substitute, Discharge, and constant,

Step 6/6

As the flow is smooth, so

Substitute , , , , , an
d

Therefore, the head loss between the section-1 and section-2 is

8
Consider the section-1 at the surface of the water and section-2 at the inlet of the pump.
Write the head loss equation.

…… (1)

Here, is the pressure, is the density of the water, is the velocity, is the kinetic energy
correction factor, g is the acceleration due to gravity, z is the height of the pipe, is the
frictional head loss, and is the minor head loss.
Assume,
Substitute 1 for and , for , and 0 for in equation (1).

Step 3/12

Substitute for .

…… (2)
Step 4/12
Obtain the frictional head loss.

…… (3)
Here, f is the Darcy friction factor, L is the length of the pipe, D is the diameter of the pipe.

Obtain the minor loss due to entrance and two elbow bends.

…… (4)

Here, is the loss coefficient for entrance and is the total resistance for elbow bends.
Substitute equation (3) and (4) in equation (2).
 …… (5)
Step 5/12
From table 8.2 “Minor loss coefficients for pipe entrances for reentrant type”,

The loss coefficient,

From table 8.4 “Representative dimensionless equivalent lengths”

For standard
From table 8.1 “Roughness for pipes of common engineering materials”,

For commercial steel or wrought iron is,

From table A.8 “Properties of water”,

Kinematic viscosity is,

In equation (2) diameter, D and velocity, V are unknown.

Assume the values of D to fit

Let
Calculate the velocity.

Substitute 0.02 m for D and for Q.

Substituting the values in equation,

Hence the flow is turbulent.
Step 6/12
Friction factor for turbulent flow

…… (6)

Find by using equation solve or by trail and error method.

Let

Step 7/12

Let
Let

Step 8/12
From equation (5).

Let

Step 9/12
From equation (6),
Let

Let

Step 10/12
From equation (5).

Let
From (6), find .
Step 11/12

Let

Let
Step 12/12
From equation (5),

Therefore, the smallest standard commercial steel pipe is,

Problem from the book by Holman, J. P., “Heat Transfer”, McGraw Hill, 1997, 10th edition
9

Determine the mean temperature across heat exchanger by using following equation:

Here, the entry temperature of the water is , exit temperature of the water is , the entry
temperature of the polymer is and exit temperature of the polymer is

Substitute, for , for , for and for

Determine the heat transfer through the heat exchanger by using following equation:

Here, the mass flow rate of the water through the exchanger is and specific heat of the water
is

Substitute, for , for , for , and for

Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient by using following equation:

Here, the area of the heat exchanger is

Substitute, for , for and for

Therefore, the overall heat transfer coefficient is

10
Draw a figure representing the change in temperature of cooling water flowing through the heat
exchanger to condense steam as shown below:

Use the following expression to determine the value of logarithmic mean temperature

difference :

Here, and are the initial and final temperatures of condensing steam, and are the
initial and final temperatures of cooling water, respectively.

Substitute for , for , for and for .

Calculate the rate of heat lost by steam from the following relation:

Here, is mass flow rate and is latent heat of vaporisation.

Substitute for and for .

The heat gained by water is equal to the heat lost by steam. So, use the following expression for

heat transfer between water and steam as follows:

Here, is overall heat transfer coefficient and is surface area of heat exchanger.
Re-arrange above expression to obtain the following relation:

Substitute for , a for and for .

Thus, the required area of the double-pipe heat exchanger is .