Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.

L5:Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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L5:Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Definition of the Exponential Function

Definition: The exponential function with a positive base b > 1 is defined as:

y = f (x) = b x

Domain: The domain of the exponential function is R, the set of all real numbers.
Range: The range of the exponential function is the set of all positive real numbers.
Point on Graph: The point (0, 1) is always on the graph, as b 0 = 1 for any b > 1.
Behavior: The exponential function is increasing; as x increases, the graph rises.
Asymptote: For large negative x, the function approaches zero, never touching the
x-axis.

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L5:Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Common and Natural Exponential Functions

The exponential function with base 10 is called the common exponential function.
Using e as the base, we get an important exponential function:

y = ex

This is called the natural exponential function.

This function’s inverse has significant applications, as explored in further sections.

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Definition of Logarithm

Definition 4: Let b > 1 be a real number. Then the logarithm of a to the base b is
defined as x if:
bx = a
The logarithm of a to the base b is denoted by logb a. Therefore, we have:

logb a = x if and only if bx = a

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Properties of the Logarithmic Function

(1) We cannot define the logarithm of non-positive numbers, so the domain of the log
function is R+ .
(2) The range of the log function is the set of all real numbers.
(3) The point (1, 0) is always on the graph of the log function.
(4) The log function is always increasing, i.e., as x moves from left to right, the graph
rises.
(5) For very near-zero values, log x can be made arbitrarily large negative, but it never
meets the y-axis.

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Properties of Logarithms - Property 1

Standard Change of Base Rule: To obtain logb p in terms of loga p, we write:
loga p
logb p =
loga b
Derivation:
b x = p ⇒ x = logb p
Take logarithms base a on both sides:
loga p
x=
loga b
Thus,
loga p
logb p =
loga b
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Properties of Logarithms - Property 2

logb (pq) = logb p + logb q

1Let logb p = x and logb q = y . Then b x = p and b y = q.

2 Now, pq = b x · b y = b x+y ⇒ logb (pq) = x + y = logb p + logb q.
If p = q, then:
logb p 2 = 2 logb p
Generalizing this, for any n:
logb p n = n logb p
Example:
x
logb = logb x − logb y
y
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Theorem 5*

1 The derivative of e x with respect to x is e x , i.e.,

d
(e x ) = e x .
dx
2 The derivative of log x with respect to x is x1 , i.e.,

d 1
(log x) = .
dx x

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Example 26
Differentiate the following with respect to x:
1 e −x

2 sin(log x), x > 0

3 cos−1 (e x )

4 e cos x

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Let y = e −x . Using the chain rule, we have

dy d
= e −x · (−x) = −e −x .
dx dx
Let y = sin(log x). Using the chain rule, we have
dy d cos(log x)
= cos(log x) · (log x) = .
dx dx x
Let y = cos−1 (e x ). Using the chain rule, we have
dy 1 d x ex
= −p · (e ) = − √ .
dx 1 − (e x )2 dx 1 − e 2x
Let y = e cos x . Using the chain rule, we have
dy
= e cos x · (− sin x) = −(sin x)e cos x .
dx
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Exercise 5.4
Differentiate the following with respect to x:
ex −1
1. sin x 2. e sin x

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Differentiate the following with respect to x:

3. e x
2
4. sin tan−1 e x

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Differentiate the following with respect to x:

5. log(cos e x ) 6. e x + e 2x + · · · + e nx

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Differentiate the following with respect to x:

√
7. x x , x > 0 8. log(log x), x > 1

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Differentiate the following with respect to x:

cos x
9. log x , x > 0 10. cos(log x + e x ), x > 0

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Differentiating Functions of the Form y = [u(x)]v (x)

y = f (x) = [u(x)]v (x) .

By taking the logarithm (to base e), the expression may be rewritten as:
log y = v (x) log[u(x)].
Using the chain rule, we can differentiate to get:
1 dy 1
= v (x) · · u ′ (x) + v ′ (x) · log[u(x)],
y dx u(x)
which implies that:
 
dy v (x) ′ ′
=y · u (x) + v (x) · log[u(x)] .
dx u(x)
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Note on Logarithmic Differentiation

The main point to note in this method is that f (x) and u(x) must always be positive,
as otherwise their logarithms are not defined.
This process of differentiation is known as logarithmic differentiation.

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

q
(x−3)(x 2 +4)
27 Differentiate y = 3x 2 +4x+5
with respect to x.
Solution: Let s
(x − 3)(x 2 + 4)
y= .
3x 2 + 4x + 5
Taking logarithm on both sides, we have
1 
log y = log(x − 3) + log(x 2 + 4) − log(3x 2 + 4x + 5) .
2
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
 
1 dy 1 1 2x 6x + 4
= + − .
y dx 2 x − 3 x 2 + 4 3x 2 + 4x + 5
s  
dy 1 (x − 3)(x 2 + 4) 1 2x 6x + 4
= + − .
dx 2 3x 2 + 4x + 5 x − 3 x 2 + 4 3x 2 + 4x + 5
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

28

Differentiate y = ax with respect to x, where a is a positive constant.

Solution: Let y = ax . Then
log y = x log a.
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we have
1 dy
= log a.
y dx
Therefore,
dy
= y log a = ax log a.
dx

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Example 29: Differentiate y = x sin x with respect to x, where x > 0

Solution: Let y = x sin x .
Taking the logarithm on both sides, we have

log y = sin x · log x.

Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get

1 dy 1
= sin x · + log x · cos x.
y dx x
 
dy sin x
= x sin x + log x · cos x .
dx x
dy
= x sin x−1 sin x + x sin x log x cos x.
dx
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

dy
Example 30 Find dx if y x + x y + x x = ab

Given y x + x y + x x = ab .
Let u = y x , v = x y , and w = x x .
So, u + v + w = ax .

du dv dw
+ + =0 (1)
dx dx dx

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

du
Step 2: Calculating dx

u = yx
Taking logarithm on both sides,

log u = x log y
Differentiating w.r.t. x,
1 du 1 dy
= + log y
u dx y dx
 
du x x dy
⇒ =y + log y (2)
dx y dx

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

dv
Step 3: Calculating dx

v = xy
Taking logarithm on both sides,

log v = y log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x,
1 dv y dy
= + log x ·
v dx x dx
 
dv y y dy
⇒ =x + log x (3)
dx x dx

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

dw
Step 4: Calculating dx

w = xx
Taking logarithm on both sides,

log w = x log x
Differentiating w.r.t. x,
1 dw
= log x + 1
w dx
dw
⇒ = x x (1 + log x) (4)
dx

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Step 5: Final Equation

From (1), (2), (3), and (4), we have:

   
x x dy y y dy
y + log y + x + log x + x x (1 + log x) = 0
y dx x dx

Simplifying, we get:

dy y x log y + x y yx + x x (1 + log x)
=−
dx x · y x−1 + x y −1 + x x log x

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EXERCISE 5.5

Differentiate the following with respect to x : q

(x−1)(x−2)
1. cos x · cos 2x · cos 3x 2. (x−3)(x−4)(x−5)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

3. (log x)cos x 4. x x − 2sin x

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

1 x 1
5. (x + 3)2 · (x + 4)3 · (x + 5)4 6. x + x + x (1+ x )

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√
7. (log x)x + x log x 8. (sin x)x + sinx x

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

x 2 +1
9. x sin x + (sin x)cos x 10. x cos x + x 2 −1

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

1
11. (x cos x)x + (x sin x) x

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Exercises 12 to 15
dy
Find dx for the following functions
12. xy + yx = 1
13. y x = x y
14. (cos x)y = (cos y )x
15. xy = e (x−y )

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

Q16
Find the derivative of the function given by

f (x) = (1 + x)(1 + x 2 )(1 + x 4 )(1 + x 8 )

and hence find f ′ (1)

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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.4 Logarithmic Differentiation EXERCISE 5.5

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