MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI.
Micro Project -Report
ON
Protection schemes for the 20HP motor
Guided By:-
PROF:- PATHAN ALTAMASH
Submitted By:-
Shaikh Salman
Pathan Umar
Mohammad Umar
Devendra Kalal

Department of Electrical Engineering

JAMIA POLYTECHNIC
AKKALKUWA DIST.NANDURBAR
Akkalkuwa (425415)
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms.…………………..…………………….

With enrollment No ………………………………..has successfully
Completed ……………...micro project as in the enclosed ‘portfolio’
During his/her tenure of completing the diploma programme in
……………………………………………………………….…from
………………………………………………………………………
Institute with institute code ……………..

Place :…………………………. Enrollment No………………………….

Date : …………………………. Exam. Seat No………………………....

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Prof. :- PATHAN ALTAMASH Prof. S.V. Ali Prof. S.V. Ali
 MICROPROJECT - PROPOSAL

Title: Protection schemes for the 20HP motor

1.0 Aim/benefits of micro project

Micro projects focused on protection schemes for 20HP motors offer several significant
benefits, enhancing both operational efficiency and safety. Here are the key advantage

1. Enhanced Safety
Protection schemes are designed to prevent motor damage due to overloads, short circuits,
or phase imbalances. By implementing these schemes, the risk of electrical fires and
equipment failures is significantly reduced, ensuring a safer working environment

2. Improved Reliability
A well-designed protection scheme ensures consistent motor performance by quickly
detecting faults and responding appropriately. This reliability reduces downtime, allowing
for smoother operations and increased productivity.

3. Cost Efficiency
While there may be initial costs associated with installing protection systems, the long-term
savings from reduced maintenance, fewer repairs, and prolonged motor life outweigh these
expenses. Preventing failures mitigates the need for costly emergency interventions.

4. Energy Efficiency
Protection schemes can help optimize motor performance, leading to energy savings. By
preventing overloading and ensuring the motor operates within its designed parameters,
businesses can lower their energy consumption, contributing to overall operational
efficiency.

5. Compliance with Standards

Implementing effective protection measures helps ensure compliance with industry safety
standards and regulations. This can be crucial for organizations seeking certifications or
aiming to meet safety audits, thereby enhancing their reputation and operational legitimacy.

6. Data Monitoring and Analysis

Modern protection schemes often incorporate monitoring technology that provides data on
motor performance. This information can be invaluable for predictive maintenance,
allowing organizations to address potential issues before they escalate.
 2.0 CO’S ADDRESSED BY THE MICROPROJECT:

a) Use the relevant 20HP induction motor for different load conditions.
b) Use suitable 20HP induction motors in different applications.
c) Use suitable Fractional 20HP motors for different applications.

3.0 Proposed methodology

 We first search about 20HP induction motor on internet.

 We search on different websites and found information about the 20HP induction
motor.
 We went to the market and search about the 20HP induction motor and its internal
parts.
 We Know about its cost efficiency and voltage regulations etc.
 We went to the market and inquired about 20HP induction motors from different
companies.
 Using this site we obtained information about Induction motor.
o https://www.tutorialspoint.com
o https://www.indiamart.com
o www.goggle.com
o www.wikipidia.com
We have made this report after visiting this site and the market and investigating.
 4.0 Action plan

Sr. Detail of activity Planned Planned Name of

No. Started date Final date Responsible
team
member
1 Formation of group 15/07/2024 30/07/2024 All
2 Selection of title 30/07/2024 14/08/2024 All

3 Submission of proposal 14/08/2024 29/08/2024 All

4 Literature review 29/08/2024 13/09/2024 All

5 Connection 13/09/2024 30/09/2024 All

6 Testing 30/09/2024 28/10/2024 All

7 Submission of micro project 28/10/2024 04/11/2024 All

5.0 Resources required

Sr.no Name of material specification Qty. remarks

1 HP laptop 01

2 Internet Connection 01

3 Websites 07

4 News Article 05

5 Electricals Machine 01

6 Different Shops 05

7
6.0 Team members

Roll Student name Marks out of Marks out of Total out of

No. 06 04 10

1 Shaikh Salman

2 Pathan Umar

3 Mohammad Umar

4 Devendra Kalal

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Prof. :- PATHAN ALTAMASH Prof. S.V. Ali Prof. S.V. Ali
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The most Beneficial and the most merciful.it is with deepest serve gratitude of the Al-mighty
that gives me strength and ability to complete this micro project.
First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to Express my special thanks to HOD,
AND PRINCIPAL, S.V. ALI . I also would like to take this opportunity to Express my
special thanks to my project guide. PATHAN ALTAMASH SIR, who had guide me for
the guidance, assistance, advise, kindness and also being helpful to guide me all the way
through The development and progress of my micro project. Above all the most needed, he
provides me unflinching encouragement and support in various ways.

My appreciation also goes to my friend for their advice, supervisions, and crucial
contribution, and cooperation during the completion of my micro project. Thank you for
lending hands during progress of this micro project. Finally, I also would like to express
my exceptional thanks to my beloved parents for their support and unending prayers and
helps me directly or indirectly in successful finishing of my micro project.

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. :- PATHAN ALTAMASH
 Micro Project – report

Title: Protection schemes for the 20HP motor

1.0 Rationale :-
When designing protection schemes for a 20HP motor, several key factors should be
considered to ensure its safe and efficient operation. Here’s a rationale outlining the
essential protection measures

Prevents damage due to excessive current caused by mechanical overload or blocked

rotor conditions Implementation: Use thermal overload relays or electronic overload
relays that can detect prolonged overload conditions and disconnect the motor.

Protects the motor and associated equipment from damage caused by short circuits.
Implementation: Use circuit breakers or fuses rated appropriately for the motor's full-
load current to quickly interrupt the circuit.

Prevents operation under phase loss conditions, which can lead to overheating and
damage. Implementation: Install phase failure relays that monitor the voltage of each
phase and disconnect the motor if a phase is lost.

2.0 Aim/benefits of micro project

Protection schemes are designed to prevent motor damage due to overloads, short circuits,
or phase imbalances. By implementing these schemes, the risk of electrical fires and
equipment failures is significantly reduced, ensuring a safer working environment.

A well-designed protection scheme ensures consistent motor performance by quickly

detecting faults and responding appropriately. This reliability reduces downtime, allowing
for smoother operations and increased productivity.
While there may be initial costs associated with installing protection systems, the long-term
savings from reduced maintenance, fewer repairs, and prolonged motor life outweigh these
expenses. Preventing failures mitigates the need for costly emergency interventions.

Protection schemes can help optimize motor performance, leading to energy savings. By
preventing overloading and ensuring the motor operates within its designed parameters,
businesses can lower their energy consumption, contributing to overall operational
efficiency.
3.0 CO’S ADDRESSED BY THE MICROPROJECT:

a) Use the relevant 20HP induction motor for different load conditions.
b) Use suitable 20HP induction motors in different applications.
c) Use suitable Fractional 20HP motors for different applications.
4.0 Literature review:-
Motor Protection Scheme

The various types of the protective relays are available for protecting the motor from
faults. These relays sense the abnormal operating condition and make the circuit breaker
to trip. The motors provide protection against faults in windings and associated circuits,
excessive overload and short circuits, under voltages, phase unbalances and single
phasing, phase reversal and switching over voltages.

1. Overcurrent Protection – This is the basic type of protection that is employed for
short circuit protection of stator windings. The fuses and direct acting elements
employ for the protection of the stator winding. The motor is mainly grouped into
two categories, i.e., non-essential services motor and essential services motor.
The non-essential service motor provides both inverse time and instantaneous phase
ground overcurrent relays for automatic tripping. The inverse phase relays are
adjusted to pick up at about 3.5 to 4 times rated motor current, but to have enough
time delay so as not to operate during the motor starting period.
For essential service motors, the inverse time phase overcurrent relays are usually
not employed. The reason for this is to trip the motor breaker circuit automatically
because the tripping of the motor requires a complete shutdown of a generator or
other devices with the motor is associated.
2. Stator Overheating of Motor –
The overheating of a motor is mainly due to continuous overloading, stalled rotors
or unbalance stator current. For complete protection, the three phase motor should
have an overload element in each phase.
For non-essential service motor protection, either long time over current relay
protection or direct acting tripping are used to disconnect a motor from its sources
of supply in the event of overload. If the rating of the motor is higher than 1000 kW
than single relay operating with resistance detector is used instead of inverse time
over current relay.

3. Rotor overheating protection –

The rotor overheating protection is more likely to occur in wound rotor motors.The
increase in rotor current is reflected on stator current and the stator over current
protection thereby act.
The settings of the stator over current relay generally of the order of 1.6 times full
load current. This is enough to detect the rotor faults

4. Undervoltage Protection –
The motor draw excessive current when operated on under voltage and so under
voltage protection can be provided by overload devices or temperature sensitive
devices.

5. Unbalance and Single Phasing Protection –

The unbalanced three phase supply causes the negative sequence current to flow in
the motor which may cause overheating of the stator and rotor winding of the motor.
The unbalanced condition provided to a motor should be such as to avoid the
continuous unbalanced condition.

6. Reverse Phase Protection –

The phase reversal is dangerous in some cases, such as in elevators, cranes, hoists,
trams, etc. In such cases, the reverse phase protection must be provided. The phase
reversal relay is based on the electromagnetic principle consists of a disc motor
driven by the magnetic system.
For correct phase sequence, the disc experiences a torque in a positive direction and
therefore keep the auxiliary contact closed. In the occurrence of phase reversal, the
torque acting on the disc reverse and the disc start rotating in the opposite direction
and hence open the auxiliary contact. Thus the magnetic coil of a starter can be de-
energized, or circuit breaker can be tripped.
 How to Select Motor Protection Devices

The selection of motor protection devices depends on several factors, such as:
 The type and size of the motor
 The characteristics and ratings of the motor
 The type and severity of possible faults
 The requirements of the NEC and other standards
 The cost and availability of the devices

What is a Motor Fault

A motor fault is defined as a condition that causes a motor to malfunction or stop working.
Motor faults are classified into two main categories:

External faults: These are faults that originate from the power supply network or the load
connected to the motor. Some examples of external faults are:Unbalanced supply voltages:
This occurs when the three-phase voltages are not equal in magnitude or phase angle. This
can cause negative sequence currents in the motor, which produce additional losses,
heating, and torque pulsations.

Under-voltage: This occurs when the supply voltage drops below the rated value of the
motor. This can cause reduced torque, increased current, and overheating of the motor.
Reverse-phase sequence: This occurs when the order of the supply phases is reversed. This
can cause reverse rotation of the motor, which can damage the load or the motor itself.
Loss of synchronism: This occurs when a synchronous motor loses its magnetic lock with
the supply frequency. This can cause excessive slip, hunting, and instability of the motor.
Internal faults: These are faults that originate from the motor or the driven plant. Some
examples of internal faults are:
Bearing failure: This occurs when the bearings that support the motor shaft wear out or seize
due to friction, lubrication problems, or mechanical stress. This can cause noise, vibration,
shaft misalignment, and stalling of the motor.
Overheating: This occurs when the temperature of the motor exceeds its thermal limit due
to overloading, insufficient cooling, ambient conditions, or insulation breakdown. This can
cause deterioration of the insulation, winding damage, and reduced efficiency of the motor.
Winding failure: This occurs when the windings of the motor are short-circuited or open-
circuit due to insulation breakdown, mechanical stress, or external faults. This can cause
sparks, smoke, fire, and loss of torque in the motor.
Earth fault: This occurs when a phase conductor of the motor comes in contact with a
grounded part of the circuit or equipment. This can cause high fault currents, damage to the
insulation and equipment, and potential shock hazards.
 Induction Motor

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is the most commonly used motor in various
applications. Because these motors always run at a slower speed than synchronous speed.
Synchronous speed can be defined as, the speed of the magnetic field which is rotating in
the stator. Induction motors are classified into two types based on the sort of input supply
such as single-phase induction motor and three-phase induction motors. Induction motors
are classified into four types namely; split-phase induction motor, capacitor start induction
motor, capacitor start capacitor run induction motor and shaded pole induction motor. And
also based on the type of rotor three-phase induction motors are classified into two types
such as wound type, slip ring motor squirrel cage motor.

In a DC motor, supply is required to be given for the rotor winding as well as the stator
winding. But in this motor, only an AC supply is fed with the stator winding.
 Induction Motor Protection System Circuit and It’s Working

The main goal of this project is to design an induction motor protection system for guarding
the motors against any faults happening from single phasing and over-voltage conditions.

The induction motor is an essential device in various industrial applications. These motors
work on 3-phase supply and a standard temperature to keep the loads at preferred conditions.
But; if any phase goes lost or there is a growth in the temperature of the windings it harms
the motor. Thus, the proposed system helps to give protection to the motors in the industries
by eliminating the power to the electric motor immediately if any of the phases misses out
of the 3-phases, or if the motor’s temperature exceeds the threshold value.
The proposed system uses a 3-phase power supply, where 3 single-phase transformers are
allied to it. The project has a set of the operational amplifier which is used as comparators
for relating input voltages. A thermistor is used to sense the temperature of the induction
motor by connecting with the body of the induction motor. This motor is functioned by
switching the main relay, which is worked by another set of relays by detecting single
phasing & over-temperature conditions.
 Types of Protection Devices

These are the types of various protection devices

 Circuit Breaker
 Fuse
 PolySwitch
 RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker)
 Inrush Current Limiter
 Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)
 Gas Discharge Tube (GDT)

Circuit Breaker

 Circuit breakers protect circuits from overloads and short circuits.

 These devices combine electrical and mechanical components together.
 Unusual current flow is sensed by a variety of detection mechanisms, such as
electronic trip units or bimetallic strips.
 Circuit breakers trip to interrupt the circuit upon detection, shielding the equipment
from harm.
 Both mechanical and electrical processes are involved in tripping mechanisms.
 Circuit breakers can be reset after tripping, unlike fuses.
 The ability to reset a device lowers downtime and replacement costs for blown fuses.
 Generally, circuit breakers increase the dependability and safety of electrical systems
by offering effective, reusable protection.

Fuse

 Fuses are important safety components in electrical circuits preventing overcurrent

situations.
 They consist of a thin metal wire or strip serving as a sacrifice.
 The wire melts when there is too much current flowing through it because of
increased resistance.
 This melting closes the circuit, stopping the current flow and preventing damage.
 Fuses are one-time use items that need to be replaced after blowing.
 In order to restore power and resume regular operation, replacement is required.
 Fuse usage can result in downtime even though they provide simple and affordable
 PolySwitch

 Resettable fuses or PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) devices provide automatic

reset functionality following the resolution of a fault condition.
 Consists of a polymer element with embedded conductive particles.
 The polymer keeps its resistance low during regular operation, enabling current flow.
 Heat produced during overcurrent events leads to the separation and migration of the
conductive particles, increasing the resistance of the device.
 Elevated resistance restricts the flow of current, safeguarding linked elements.
 After the fault condition is resolved, the device cools down and the conductive
particles reorganize to their initial state.
 By doing this, the device’s low resistance state is restored, permitting regular current
flow.
 The requirement for manual intervention is eliminated by automatic resetting.

Conclusion

Motor protection is a vital aspect of electrical engineering that ensures the safety and
efficiency of electric motors and their circuits. Motor protection devices are selected based
on the type and size of the motor, the type and severity of possible faults, the requirements
of the NEC and other standards, and the cost and availability of the devices. Motor
protection devices include fuses, circuit breakers, overload relays, differential protection
relays, and reverse rotation protection relays. Motor protection devices monitor and
control parameters such as current, voltage, temperature, speed, and torque to prevent or
minimize damage to the motor and its circuit in case of a fault or abnormal condition.
 The advantages of motor protection scheme

 Motor horsepower rating and type

 Supply characteristics such as voltage, phases, method of grounding, and available
short-circuit current
 Vibration, torque, and other mechanical limits
 Nature of the process
 Environment of motor, associated switching device
 Hot and cold permissible locked-rotor time and permissible accelerating time
 Time versus current curve when starting the motor
 Frequency of starting

Disadvantages of Motor protection scheme

 The setup and maintenance of security devices can be expensive.

 If a protection device needs to be changed after it has been activated, operations
might be delayed.
 Installing and repairing protective devices may require specialized knowledge.
 Operations may be hampered and inconveniences caused by protection devices that
trip unnecessarily.
 Multiple devices are required to guarantee complete safety, since one protective tool
is unable to handle every potential risk..

Motor Protection Relays are Important for Industrial Applications

 5.0 Actual methodology followed:-

Protection schemes for a 20HP motor typically involve various methods to ensure safe and
reliable operation. Here are some common methodologies:

 Overload Protection

Thermal Overload Relays: These devices detect excessive current that can cause
overheating. They can be set to trip the motor when current exceeds its rated value for a
certain time.
Electronic Overload Relays: More precise and can offer features like adjustable trip
settings and phase failure detection.

 2. Short-Circuit Protection
Circuit Breakers: Used to protect against short circuits, these devices will trip and
disconnect power when a fault occurs.
Fuse Protection: Fuses can also be used to protect against overload and short-circuit
conditions.

 3. Phase Failure Protection

Phase Sequence Relays: These devices monitor the phase sequence and ensure that all
phases are present. They trip the motor if a phase loss is detected.

 4. Ground Fault Protection

Ground Fault Relays: Detect leakage currents to ground and trip the motor if an unsafe
level is reached, protecting against electrical shock and equipment damage.

 5. Temperature Monitoring
Thermocouples or RTDs: These sensors can be installed to monitor motor temperature,
providing alarms or tripping in case of overheating.

 Vibration Monitoring
Vibration Sensors: These can detect abnormal vibrations that may indicate mechanical
issues, leading to preventative actions.

 Control Systems
Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs): If applicable, VFDs can provide not only speed
control but also built-in protection features against overcurrent, overheating, and phase
loss.
 Surge Protection
Surge Protectors: These devices protect the motor from voltage spikes caused by lightning
or switching operations.

 9. Regular Maintenance and Inspection

Scheduled maintenance ensures that protection devices are functioning correctly and that
the motor is in good condition.

Implementation Considerations
Selectivity and Coordination: Ensure that protection devices are properly coordinated to
minimize disruption during faults.
Testing and Commissioning: Regular testing of protection systems to confirm operational
readiness is crucial.

By integrating these methodologies, you can create a comprehensive protection scheme

for a 20HP motor that enhances its reliability and safety in operation.

6 .0 Actual resources used

Sr.no Name of material specification Qty. remarks

1 HP laptop 01

2 Internet Connection 01

3 Websites 01

4 News Article 07

5 Electricals Machine 03

6 Different Shops 05
 7.0 Output of the micro project

Creating a micro project on protection schemes for a 20 HP motor involves several key
components. Here’s an outline of the project, including the objectives, types of protection,
and potential implementations.

Micro Project: Protection Schemes for a 20 HP Motor

1. Introduction

Overview of motor protection importance. Brief description of a 20 HP motor and its

applications

.2. Objectives

To identify potential risks and faults in motor operation. To explore various protection
schemes suitable for a 20 HP motor. To propose a practical implementation of protection
mechanisms

3. Types of Protection Schemes

Overload Protection:

Device: Thermal overload relay.

Function: Disconnects the motor if current exceeds rated value for a specified time.

Short Circuit Protection:

Device: Circuit breakers or fuses.

Function: Protects against excessive current due to faults.

Phase Failure Protection:

Device: Phase failure relay.

Function: Detects loss of any phase and disconnects the motor.

4. Implementation of Protection Schemes

Wiring Diagrams:

Provide schematic diagrams for the protection devices integrated with the motor.

Control Logic: Explain the control logic used in relays and circuit breakers for motor
protection

Testing Procedures: Outline methods for testing the effectiveness of the protection
schemes.

5. Conclusion

Summarize the importance of proper protection schemes. Discuss potential improvements

and future considerations in motor protection.

6. References

Include textbooks, articles, and standards relevant to motor protection.

Expected Outcomes

A comprehensive understanding of the various protection methods for a 20 HP motor.

Ability to design a protection scheme that enhances motor reliability and safety.

This project can be expanded with diagrams, real-life case studies, or software simulations
if required.
8.0 Skill developed / learning outcome of this micro project

The micro project on protection schemes for a 20 HP motor offers several valuable skills
and learning outcomes:

1. Understanding of Motor Operations:

 Students gain a foundational knowledge of electric motors, including how they

operate and the importance of their applications in various industries.

2. Identification of Faults:

 By studying potential risks, students learn to identify common electrical faults such
as overloads, short circuits, and phase imbalances. This knowledge is crucial for
ensuring operational efficiency and safety.

3. Application of Protection Devices:

 The project enables students to explore various protection devices, such as thermal
overload relays, circuit breakers, and voltage relays. Understanding how these
devices function and their appropriate applications is essential for effective motor
protection.

4. Design Skills:

 Students develop skills in creating wiring diagrams and control schematics for
integrating protection devices with motors. This design experience is beneficial for
future engineering projects.

5. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:

 Analyzing different protection schemes fosters critical thinking. Students learn to

assess various scenarios and choose the most effective protection measures based on
specific motor applications.

7. Practical Implementation:
 Engaging in practical implementation provides hands-on experience. Students learn
testing procedures to evaluate the effectiveness of their protection schemes,
reinforcing theoretical knowledge with real-world applications.
8. Research and Documentation:
 The project encourages students to research relevant standards and best practices,
enhancing their ability to document technical information clearly and concisely.

9. Teamwork and Communication:

 If conducted in groups, the project promotes collaboration and communication
skills, vital for professional environments.

Overall, this micro project equips students with a comprehensive skill set, blending
theoretical understanding with practical application, which is essential for careers in

9.0 application of this micro project

Reference

→ Link

1- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWyzPdyCAzU
2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IC-PWxteirl
3- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2hYUu8IPYO
4- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKbyFpoNZ
5- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2MXK9oj
6- http://www.nptel.ac.in
7- http://www.wikipedia.com
8- http://www.electricaltechnology.org