A

MICROPROJECT REPORT ON

“USE FILTER TO GET REGULTED DC”

FOR THE DIPLOMA IN AL & ML ENGINEERING AND

MACHINE LEARNING

SUBMITTED BY

Pawar Vaishnavi Janardhan 2211520353

Peharkar Chandrakant Somnath 2211520354
Pund Priyanka bandu 2211520356
Rathod Chanchal Amol 2211520357
Saddhe Trupti Narayan 2211520358

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mrs. P. K. PATIL

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE

LEARNING
CSMSS COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC, CHH. SAMBHAJI NAGAR
. MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.

1
 ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students are successfully completed project in
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING of Institute CSMSS
College of Polytechnic (code: 1152) have completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in
subject Basic Electronics for the academic year 2022-2023 as prescribed in the
curriculum.

Place: CHH.SAMBHAJI NAGAR

Date:

Sr. No. Name of Student Enrollment No.

Pawar Vaishnavi Janardhan

1 2211520353

Peharkar Chandrakant Somnath

2 2211520354

Pund Priyanka Bandu

3 2211520356

Rathod Chanchal Amol

4 2211520357

Saddhe Trupti Narayan

5 2211520358

Mrs.P.K.Patil Mrs.S.R.Borakhade Mr.G.B.Dongre

(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) (PRINCIPLE)

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our thanks to the people who have helped us most throughout
our project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the principal of CSMSS
College of
Polytechnic Dr. G B Dongre for being always with us as a motivator. We are thankful to the
H.O.D. Mrs. S. R. Borakhade of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE
LEARNING Department for his kind support. We are grateful to our Project Guide Mrs. P.K.
Patil for nonstop support and continuous motivation for the project. His help made us possible
to complete our project with all accurate information. Special thanks go to our friends who
helped us in completing the project, where they all exchanged their own interesting ideas. We
wish to thanks our parents for their personal support or attention who inspired us to go our
own way. Finally, we would like to thank God who made all things possible for us till the end.

SR.NO Name of Student sign

1 Pawar Vaishnavi Janardhan

2 Peharkar Chandrakant Somnath

3 Pund Priyanka Bandu

4 Rathod Chanchal Amol

5 Saddhe Trupti Narayan

3
 INDEX

Sr.No Content Page No.

1 Micro-project Proposal 4-7

2 Rationale 8

3 Abstract 8

4 Aims/Benefits of the micro-project 8

5 Course Outcome Achieved 9

6 Literature Review 9

7 Actual Procedure Followed 10-12

8 Output Of The Project 12

9 Skill developed/learning outcomes of micro-project 13

10 Application of microproject 13

13
11 Conclusion

12 References 14

4
1. Micro-project Proposal

Title: “Use Filter To Get Regulated DC”

AIMS/ BENEFITS OF THE MICROPROJECT–

AIM: Detailed study of use filter to get regulated DC Our project “Unmanned Ground Vehicle” is
built to undertake missions like border patrol, surveillance and in active combat both as a standalone
unit (automatic) as well as in co-ordination with human soldiers (manual). It is a prototype
illustrating the ever-expanding need for sophisticated technology and precision driven vehicles
catering to the present day needs for a first line of defense. A person from a remote place can
comfortably control the motion of the robot wirelessly and in situations where manual control is not
prudent, the vehicle is capable of reaching the pre-programmed destination on its own. This defense
system of ours has two units- one is the control unit (to control mobility) and the other is the motion
tracking unit. Both these units have two modes- Automatic and Manual.

BENEFIT:

Mini projects for engineering students gives an edge over the race of recruitment to work hard to
ensure a good career. The importance of making mini-projects cannot be over stressed, experts say.
In spite of employment practices in recent times, students are progressively taking up mini-projects
to pad up their skill-set, they add where students have been placed in their third year before the
finalyear project. By doing electronics mini projects, students can gain practical knowledge. In spite
of theory concept you acquire, various industries also need to know your capacity to complete
projects using your specific initiative. So, we recommend students do mini engineering projects in
their four years of engineering and try to present as many white papers as possible in the engineering
third year. The following steps are the most important reasons why students should give more
importance to mini projects.

COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED –

• Identify electronic components in electronic circuits.

• Use filter to get regulated DC in different applications.
• Interpret the working of junction transistor in the electronic circuits.
• Interpret the working of unipolar devices in the electronic circuits.
• Use sensors and transducers.

5
1) PROPOSED METHODOLOGY–

 First of all we collect the title of the micro project from our teacher.
 After the title decision we move to the next step i.e. analysis and information gathering of the
project.
 We develop a blueprint of our project.

ACTION PLANS–

Sr. Details of Activities Planned Planned Name of

No. Start Date Finish Date Responsible
Team
Member

1 Decide subject for micro-project. All

2 Preparation and submission of All

Abstract.

3 Collection of data. All

4 Discussion and outline of Content. All

5 Formulation of content. All

6 Editing of Content. All

7 Final submission of Micro-Project. All

6
RESOURCES REQUIRED–

Specifications Quantity Remarks

Sr. Name of Resource/
No. Material

1 Computer RAMminimum2GB, 1
i3i5preferable

2 Operating System Windows 11 1

3 Software Microsoft Word 1

4 Internet Google -

5 Book BL Theria 1

NAMES OF TEAM MEMBER WITH ROLL NO:

Sr. No. Name of Student Roll No.

1 Vaishnavi Pawar Janardhan

47

2 Chandrakant Peharkar
48

3 Priyanka Pund Bandu

50

4 Chanchal Rathod Amol

51

5 Trupti Saddhe Narayan

52

Mrs. P.K. PATIL

(Subject Teacher)

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 2. RATIONALE

In today's world most of the consumer appliances are based on electronic circuits and devices. The
foundation for working of computer or any of its peripherals are based on electronics. This course
has been designed to develop skills to understand and test simple electronic components and circuits.
After studying this course students will develop an insight to identify, build and troubleshoot simple
electronic circuits

3. ABSTRACT

A center tapped full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier that uses a center tapped transformer and to
convert the complete AC signal into DC signal.

4. AIMS/BENEFITS OF THE MICROPROJECT

 Micro-Project aim

• Detailed assessment
• Great source of Information
• Increase knowledge

 Benefits of project:

• The advantages of filter with DC motor include the following:

• These filters are more responsible than passive filters

• No resonance issues
• It can eliminate any harmonics
• Used for voltage regulation
• Used for reactive power compensation
• It provides reliable operation
• It can be designed to provide some passband gain

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5. COURSE OUTCOMES ACHIEVED

• To represent the physical processes as partial differential equations and solve both
homogenous and non-homogeneous equations.
• To solve Fourier series concept to many applications in engineering. To solve boundary
value problems
• involving heat equation and wave equation.
• To solve definite integrals by using Fourier Transform techniques. Construct Z-
transform and find inverse Z-transform techniques for discrete systems.
• To solve difference equations using Z - transforms.

6. LITERATURE REVIEW

This invention relates to a motor control system for a brushless DC motor having an inverter
responsively coupled to the motor control system and in power transmitting relationship to the motor.
The motor control system includes a motor rotor speed detecting unit that provides a pulsed waveform
signal proportional to rotor speed. This pulsed waveform signal is delivered to the inverter to thereby
cause an inverter fundamental current waveform output to the motor to be switched at a rate
proportional to said rotor speed. In addition, the fundamental current waveform is also pulsing width
modulated at a rate proportional to the rotor speed. A fundamental current waveform phase advance
circuit is controllingly coupled to the inverter. The phase advance circuit is coupled to receive the
pulsed waveform signal from the motor rotor speed detecting unit and phase advance the pulsed
waveform signal as a predetermined function of motor speed to thereby cause the fundamental
current waveform to be advanced and thereby compensate for fundamental current waveform lag due
to motor winding reactance which allows the motor to operate at higher speeds than the motor is
rated while providing optimal torque and therefore

Characteristic of use filter to get regulated DC

The rectifier circuit output voltage is a one-way voltage and cannot be used directly on the electronic
circuit. Therefore, it is possible to filter the output voltage, eliminate the AC component in the voltage,
and use it to the electronic circuit after DC. In the filter circuit, a device that has special impedance
characteristics of AC is mainly used, such as a capacitor, inductor. This article will analyze the various
forms of filtering circuits.

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 1. Characteristics of one-way pulsatile DC voltage

Figure 1 Decomposition of unidirectional plasticity voltage

Fig. 1 (a) shows a one-way pulsatile DC voltage waveform. It can be seen from the figure that
the directionality of the voltage is consistent, but is fluctuating in the voltage amplitude, that is,
on the time axis, the voltage exhibits a periodic change, so it is pulsation.
However, according to the principle of waveform decomposition, this voltage can be broken
down into an alternating current voltage different from a set of frequencies, as shown in FIG. 1
(b). In Fig. 1 (b), the dashed portion is the DC component in the one-way pulse DC voltage UO,
and the solid portion is an alternating component in UO.
2. Capacitive filter principle
According to the above analysis, the one-way pulsatile DC voltage can be decomposed into the
AC and DC two parts. In the filter circuit of the power supply circuit, the characteristics and
energy storage characteristics of the "compact communication" of the capacitor can be filtered
off the alternating current component in the voltage using the characteristics of the inductance
"separating traffic". Figure 2 shows the schematic of the capacitive filter.

Figure 2 Capacitive filter principle

Figure 2 (a) is an output circuit of a rectifier circuit. The output of the AC voltage after the
rectifier circuit is a unidirectional pulsating DC or Uo in the circuit.
Figure 2 (b) is a capacitive filter circuit. Since capacitor C1 is equivalent to an open circuit
for DC, the DC voltage output from the rectifier circuit cannot pass through C1 to the
ground but is only added to the load RL. For the AC component output from the rectifier
circuit, the AC component flows through C1 to the ground because of the larger capacity
1
 and smaller capacitive resistance of C1, and cannot be added to the load RL. In this way, the
required DC voltage +U is removed from the one-way pulsating DC through the filtering of
capacitor C1.
The larger the capacity of the filter capacitor C1, the smaller the capacitive resistance of the
AC component, the smaller the alternate component remaining on the load RL, the better the
filter effect.
3. Inductive filter principle

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of inductive filtering

Figure 3 shows the schematic of the inductor filter. Since the inductance L1 pairs the direct
current corresponds to the path, the DC voltage output by the rectifier circuit is directly
applied to the load RL.
For the alternating current ingredient output from the rectifier circuit, the amount of
inductance of L1 is large, the sensing resistance is large, and the alternating constant occurs,
the alternating power is prevented from flowing to the load RL. Thus, the desired DC
voltage + u is taken from the one-way plastic DC power by the filtering of inductance L1.
The larger the inductor amount of the filter inductor L1, the larger the sensing resistance of
the AC component, the smaller the alternating gene remaining on the load RL, the better the
filter effect, but the DC resistance will increase.

Applications of use filter to get regulated DC

A power ripple filter commonly used in the elevator industry to reduce acoustic noise in DC
hoist motors is shown in Figure 1. Reactor Lc holds off ripple voltage coming from the 6-SCR
power converter, reducing the overall amount of ripple current. That which remains is diverted
to flow through the shunt capacitor leg, bypassing the motor armature. The reduction of ripple
voltage at the motor is easily measured by monitoring the AC content of voltage at the motor
armature terminals, before and after the filter is placed in the circuit. The mathematics tell us
that the reactance of inductor (Lc) and capacitor (C) combine with that of the motor armature
(Lm) to form a two-pole low pass filter. Tuning of the filter is not overly critical, but if the
resonant frequency is too low it will interfere with operation of motor torque, velocity and
position controls. In order for the filter to pass DC and low frequency currents on to the motor,
but yet sharply attenuate those at 360 Hz, it has been determined that the frequency response of
the filter should have a resonant peak at approximately 100 Hz and that the response amplitude
of the resonant peak, known as the “Q”, should be about 1.4. It is the “Q” that affects the
sharpness of cut-off of higher frequencies. But if the “Q” is too high, there will be high
circulating current in the L and C components causing catastrophic over voltage or heat damage.
A damping resistor, Rd, is placed in series with the capacitor to control the “Q”, and thereby
limit current and voltage amplitudes at the resonant frequency. MOTA power ripple filter

1
commonly used in the elevator industry to reduce acoustic noise in DC hoist motors is shown in
Figure 1. Reactor Lc holds off ripple voltage coming from the 6-SCR power converter, reducing
the overall amount of ripple current. That which remains is diverted to flow through the shunt
capacitor leg, bypassing the motor armature. The reduction of ripple voltage at the motor is
easily measured by monitoring the AC content of voltage at the motor armature terminals,
before and after the filter is placed in the circuit. The mathematics tell us that the reactance of
inductor (Lc) and capacitor (C) combine with that of the motor armature (Lm) to form a
twopole low pass filter. Tuning of the filter is not overly critical, but if the resonant frequency is
too low it will interfere with operation of motor torque, velocity and position controls. In order
for the filter to pass DC and low frequency currents on to the motor, but yet sharply attenuate
those at 360 Hz, it has been determined that the frequency response of the filter should have a
resonant peak at approximately 100 Hz and that the response amplitude of the resonant peak,
known as the “Q”, should be about 1.4. It is the “Q” that affects the sharpness of cut-off of
higher frequencies. But if the “Q” is too high, there will be high circulating current in the L and
C components causing catastrophic over voltage or heat damage. A damping resistor, Rd, is
placed in series with the capacitor to control the “Q”, and thereby limit current and voltage
amplitudes at the resonant frequency. MOT

Disadvantages of Zener diode:

• These filters are more responsible than passive filters

• No resonance issues
• It can eliminate any harmonics
• Used for voltage regulation
• Used for reactive power compensation
• It provides reliable operation
• It can be designed to provide some passband gain
• No loading problem
• Active filter using OP-AMP does not load the input load
• It does not exhibit any insertion loss
• It also allows for isolation control of input and output impedance
• The component used in the active filter is the smaller size as compared to passive filter

7. Output of The Project

The output from the regulated power supply may be alternating or unidirectional, but is nearly
always DC (direct current).
1
8. ACTUAL PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

• Selected the topic for microproject.

• Collect the information about microproject.
• Prepare the report on topic.

9. Skill developed/learning outcomes of micro-project

• The DC output voltage and DC load current values are twice than those of a
half wave rectifier.
• The ripple factor is much less than that of half wave rectifier.

10. Application of micro project

• The conversion between high AC to low DC can be done by using this type
of rectifiers.
• The efficiency is high in these circuits make it capable of using it as a basic
component in the power supply units.
• In the criteria of powering on the devices like LED’s or it may be motors this
type of rectifiers are preferred.

11. Conclusion

Output voltage with a capacitor filter 4. Conclusion Low power devices require a
regulated input for their proper functioning. Energy harvesting is preferred over batteries
due to the low voltage requirements but the output of energy harvesting system is so
small that it needs to be regulated to usable level. Rectifiers are used to fulfil this job
usually. Although these circuits rectify the output but it contains AC ripples that can
interlude the operation of the device, so a solution has been proposed to cope against this
problem. The output becomes more regulated if a capacitor is connected in parallel to
the load resistor. The larger the value of capacitor, the more regulated output is. This
paper compared the contemporary rectifier approaches in terms of output voltage, output
power and the ripple factor. All above mentioned parameters have been plotted and
compared. The ripple factor for each case has been calculated using analytical approach
as well. Results show that the last circuit with bootstrapping capacitors performs best in
terms of achieving all the intended parameters.
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12. References

1. centre tap full wave Conclusion - Search (bing.com)

2. Page not found - Electronic Circuits and Diagrams-Electronic Projects and Design
(circuitstoday.com)