RESEARCH PROPOSAL

STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION USING TWITTER (X) ACCOUNT AUTO-BASE

ENGLISHFESS TO IMPROVE GRAMMAR COMPREHENSION

PERSEPSI SISWA MENGGUNAKAN AKUN TWITTER (X) AUTO-BASE

ENGLISHFESS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN TATA BAHASA

MIFTAHUL JANNAH SYAFAR

200502501082

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR

2023
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................. i

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1
A. Background ........................................................................................................ 1
B. Problem Statement ............................................................................................. 8
C. Objective of the Research .................................................................................. 8
D. Significance of the Research .............................................................................. 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 10
A. Pertinent Ideas .................................................................................................. 10
1. Definition of Social Media ........................................................................... 10
2. The Role of Social Media in Learning ......................................................... 14
3. Definition of X (Twitter) Application .......................................................... 15
4. Twitter as a Learning and Teaching Medium............................................... 19
5. Students’ Perception ..................................................................................... 21
6. Definition of Grammar ................................................................................. 24
B. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 33
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................... 35
A. Research Design ............................................................................................... 35
B. Participants ....................................................................................................... 37
C. Data Collection................................................................................................. 38
1. Research Instrument ..................................................................................... 38
2. Research Procedure ...................................................................................... 40
D. Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 44
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................. 48

i
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

In the era of globalization and increasing dependence on cross-cultural

communication, English language skills have become an important asset in

various aspects of life. English language lessons are increasingly necessary in

the modern education system to prepare future generations to face increasingly

complex global challenges. The ability to communicate effectively in English

has become an essential skill, especially with increasing international mobility,

technological developments, and global integration in various aspects of life.

There is no doubt that English has effectively become a widely used language

in the field of science and technology (Rao, 2019) in the sense that Scientists

from all over the world can use available scientific materials to talk to scientists

from other regions, wherever they are.

In building good communication, there is a need to understand the four

English language skills such as writing, reading, speaking and listening which

are the core of language learning. These four aspects are interrelated and form

a comprehensive foundation for language acquisition. Apart from these four

skills, it is necessary to master spelling, vocabulary and basic grammar to

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achieve skills that have quite an important role. Correct and effective use of

English requires a good understanding of grammar. A good understanding of

grammar will help communication be clearer, more accurate and efficient.

Alternatively, in other contexts, grammar presents general guidelines for using

language in spoken and written form, allowing us to understand each other more

easily (Shakir & Jabbar, 2021).

Knowing grammar will also help avoid speaking mistakes that cause

English to sound strange to native speakers. It is important to understand

grammar as something that can help every speaker, like a friend, rather than

something difficult that cannot be controlled. Understanding the grammar of a

language makes it possible to understand things on your own without the need

to look for a teacher or read books. Grammar is very important, and they must

understand it in order to communicate more effectively or to explain that

grammar is the best language for them so that their English sounds like their

native language. However, there are many studies that show that grammar is

not important in communication, but many of them do not discuss it properly

or only discuss it in general terms, and not much focus has been given to

language use strategies.

However, language learning methods must also develop along with

changing times. Methods that are more adaptive, dynamic, and in line with the

learning styles of today's digital generation are becoming more relevant.

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Therefore, nowadays, learning activities are no longer teacher-oriented. Based

on the research results (Al Jahromi, 2020), second language teachers no longer

depend on teaching in the usual way; however, teachers must use learning

technology innovatively and creatively. One form of ICT (Information and

Communication Technology) is the use of social media. Social media continues

to change people's lives in various ways. ICT refers to the use of computer-

based technology and internet networks in the process of creating, storing,

displaying and sharing information (Arif, 2019). With the widespread

distribution of various social networking sites on the Internet, academics from

various sectors have begun to focus their attention and explain the significance

and impact of social media on various aspects of life, including social and

educational elements. Currently, many social media platforms influence

communication and information transmission (Rieger & Klimmt, 2018).

In Indonesia, social interaction is considered one of its primary needs.

With the prevalence of social media in everyday life, it significantly aids people

in one aspect of education; individuals use it to obtain and share information

with each other in the field of English learning. Social media can be utilized for

learning English in the classroom (Anwas, et al., 2020). As one of the largest

social media platforms, the X application (twitter) is a Social Networking Site

(SNS) that is available via various devices, including mobile and non-mobile

devices. On July 22, 2023, Elon Musk officially changed the name of the
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Twitter application to the X application after acquiring it from Parag Agrawal,

the previous CEO of Twitter. In the time span following Twitter's acquisition,

researcher temporarily compiled this research.

X is an application that dominates written text with a maximum length of

280 characters in each post. The process of exchanging information is usually

carried out in the form of replying to each other's posts. To share further

information, users create threads consisting of a collection of interconnected

posts. X is not only used to communicate with each other but as a medium for

learning English. As technology advances, Twitter has seen advances in terms

of available functionality and external applications that Twitter users can

connect with (Aljasysyarin, 2022). There are several X users whose accounts

have a very large number of followers which are used as a medium for asking

questions, providing statements or conveying information, which are called

automatic base accounts which are managed by one or more admins. An auto-

base account is an account that allows you to search for, obtain information,

and discuss problems with individuals who have the same background and

interests (Adelia & Christin, 2022). Through direct messages sent anonymously

by his followers who are called menfess (mention confession). Based on

Syafitri (2022), every question or statement sent by a follower in a direct

message has provisions for using certain codes in the form of emoticons,

keywords or hashtags which will then be uploaded in the form of a tweet

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snippet. Autobase accounts are very diverse, starting from the @convomf,

@tanyakanrl, @tanyarl accounts, which are autobase accounts that contain

problems or questions related to the real lives of their followers which are

usually uploaded to the autobase account. , auto-base account for students

@collegemenfess and other auto-base accounts that have their own discussion

topics based on category.

In this context, social media plays a major role in facilitating English

language learning. One of the X accounts that is quite popular in this regard is

Englishfess. In this research process, an auto-base account was carried out

which has 779 thousand followers and has made 69.2 thousand posts on the

account created in February 2021. This reflects the high interest and active

participation of users in interacting with the content presented by the account.

Thus, the X Englishfess account is an interesting platform to study in the

context of research on the effectiveness of improving grammatical

understanding. User X can use this account to ask about concerns regarding the

English language, make jokes, or discuss English-related topics. With a focus

on grammar learning, this account can be an interesting resource for individuals

who want to deepen their understanding of grammar without feeling burdened

by formal learning.

Even though the potential is very possible, there has been no in-depth

research that measures the extent to which using the X Englishfess account can
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be effective in improving grammatical understanding. However, the author

found a research journal that discussed the Englishfess auto-base account

written by David Geba Abi Anandi (2023) entitled "Englishfess Auto-Base

Twitter Account as an English Learning Community", in the research it was

stated that learning was via the Englishfess account is a safe place for its

followers and they are free to ask and answer every post uploaded to the

account. The advantage is in terms of accessibility because you don't need good

internet to access the Twitter application, it can be an escape for learning

English. However, the author suggests in his research that accounts should only

be used as an additional source in learning, not as the main source. Then the

research journal written by Zoe Marlowe is entitled "Using Social Media to add

Interest and Improvement to English Grammar Lessons: Twitter Tuesday", the

purpose of this journal article is to determine the use of social media, especially

Twitter as a technique for improving English grammar learning for students

EFL. This research included a “Twitter Tuesday” session in which students

generated grammatically accurate phrases to broadcast on Twitter. According

to research, the use of social media in grammar lectures can improve students'

English skills while increasing their enjoyment their dreams and motivations.

This article also reviews studies on the use of social media in language teaching

and learning, emphasizing the beneficial effects on engagement, cooperation,

and self-efficacy. Overall, this article discusses the advantages and prospects of

adding social media to a language learning context.

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The results of the research presented previously show that X, with its

speed and accessibility, is able to provide information quickly and easily

accessible to users from various backgrounds. However, in the context of

research on the effectiveness of increasing grammatical understanding, there

are several shortcomings that need to be considered. So far, there has been no

research that carefully examines the extent to which positive perceptions of

account X (Twitter) are associated with increased students' grammatical

understanding. Therefore, there is an urgent need to fill this research gap and

conduct more in-depth research to understand the real impact of using X

accounts such as Englishfess in improving students' grammatical understanding

and to what extent this can translate into effective learning. resources in formal

educational environments.

In other words, there is significant potential in the use of social media and

autobase accounts for educational purposes, especially as allies in efforts to

improve students' grammatical understanding. However, it is important to note

that in-depth research and analysis supporting the effectiveness of using these

platforms in English learning contexts still needs to be conducted to better

understand their impact. Therefore, the author conducted research on Student

Perceptions Using Twitter (X) Account Auto-Base Englishfess to Improve

Grammar Understanding. This research is important to research, teachers need

to know students' views on the use of the X (Twitter) Autobase account in

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improving grammar understanding, because some students say grammar is very

difficult to understand because many parts are difficult to differentiate and

understand. For this reason, this research was conducted to share information

regarding students' views on the use of the auto-base X (Twitter) account

Englishfess in improving grammar understanding.

B. Problem Statement

From the discussion of the research background, the researcher can identify

of the problem as follows:

1. What is the impact of using the Twitter account Englishfess on students'

understanding of grammar at the high school level?

2. How does students’ perceive of the use Twitter account Englishfess relate to

improve grammatical understanding?

C. Objective of the Research

1. To find out the impact of using the X (Twitter) account Englishfess on

students' grammar understanding at high school level

2. To determine students’ perceive of the use X (Twitter) account Englishfess

in relation to increase grammar understanding

D. Significance of the Research

Based on the problem formulation and research objectives, the author

hopes that the research can be useful in the field of education, especially in
 9

learning English in improving understanding of grammar by utilizing

technology, both theoretically and practically.

1. Theoritically

This research can contribute to educational literature, especially

the use of social media such as studying social interactions and

knowledge construction in the context of social media. It is hoped that

the research results can inspire further research in the same field, thereby

deepening understanding of the use of the Englishfess auto-base

account.

2. Practically

Practically, the author hopes that this research can help students

provide useful information to stakeholders including teachers and other

researcher in the hope that teachers can gain valuable insight into the

effectiveness of using social media, especially Auto-base X (twitter)

accounts in grammar learning, research This can help in understanding

students’ perspectives, preferences and experiences regarding the use of

auto-base X (twitter) accounts in educational contexts. This can help

teachers better adapt their approaches to students’ needs, and can

contribute to the development of educational technology by exploring

how auto-base X (twitter) accounts can be effectively integrated into

grammar learning.
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Pertinent Ideas

1. Definition of Social Media

Social media is an internet platform or service that allows individuals,

groups, or organizations to engage, exchange content, and communicate.

Users can use social media to create personal profiles or business pages, as

well as publish and share text, photos, videos and other information with

people in their networks. A type of electronic communication, such as social

networks and microblogging websites, allows users to form online

communities for spreading thoughts, opinions, personal messages, and

various types of content, including videos (Merriam-Webster, 2023).

Similarly, according to Scott (2015) states that individuals can use social

media to exchange opinions, content, thoughts, and connections online.

Social media is different from traditional mass media in that any individual

may create, comment on, and contribute to the content on social media.

Social media may consist of text, music, video, images, and communities

(Scott, 2015). Social media is used as a complete reference for how people

connect with each other virtually online, people usually interact via social

networks on a website such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Quora,

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LinkedIn, and others (Duong, 2020). Therefore, nowadays it has become a

network media that is used to disseminate data to all its users.

a. Characteristics of social media

As a key phenomenon of the digital era, social media has altered

the way people interact, communicate, and exchange information. We

are no longer just passive consumers of information; we are also active

participants in the creation of internet material. The following are the

characteristics of social media.

1) Web address

A web address is a form of address or location on the internet

that is used for identifying and getting to a website. Users can use

this web address to share their posts with the public.

2) Web space

Refers to the space or storage that is provided by a web hosting

service provider for the storage of files and data required to run a

website on the internet. Storage for files that consist of web pages,

images, videos, databases, and any other items required for the

website to work effectively is included.

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3) User profile

Each social media user has a profile page that comprises

information about themselves, an avatar photo, and a list of

connections or friends. These profiles enable users to recognise and

connect with other platform users.

4) Interaction between users

In the context of social media, user interaction relates to the

relationship-building, communication, and collaborative activities

which occur between linked users on a social media platform. This

includes behaviours like comments, responses, sharing material,

private messaging, and joining groups or communities, which allow

people to engage and share their experiences directly online.

5) Groups and Communities

Users of social media are frequently able to join groups or

communities with similar interests or aims. This promotes interaction

and conversation within a certain group.

b. Types of social media

In research Duong (2020), Sort social media by their primary

function. They describe social media as a collection of platforms such

as social networking sites, blogs, discussion forums, video sharing,

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content sharing, social bookmarking, podcasts, and wikis. This

classification technique is utilized to present forms of social media since

it is more applicable to the author's research direction in the context of

Information and Library Sciences, particularly for developing digital

services.

1) Social networking sites

Online systems that allow users to build personal profiles,

connect with others, engage, and exchange information such as text,

photographs, and videos are known as social networking sites.

directly proportional to research (Aichner, Grünfelder, Maurer, &

Jegeni , 2021) Social networking sites are web-based tools that

enable users to create a public or semi-public profile inside a

circumscribed system, establish a list of other users with whom they

have a connection, and browse and navigate their list of connections

as well as those produced by others within the system. Examples of

social networking sites include X, Facebook, Instagram, and Quora.

2) Blog, Microblog

A blog is a website that serves as a platform for creating,

publishing, and sharing written, visual, or video material. Blogs are

often organized in reverse chronological order, with the most recent

entries showing at the top. Blogs are used to exchange ideas, stories,
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points of view, or expertise on a variety of topics. Bloggers often

enable readers to make comments, allowing the author and audience

to engage. Blogs are commonly used for personal, professional, or

commercial objectives.

2. The Role of Social Media in Learning

Social media is becoming an indispensible element of daily life, and

its incorporation into education has grown more natural than ever, owing to

how accustomed many students are to them. The following research from

Ansari & Khan (2020) identifies several advantages of using social media in

the world of pedagogy. Can make it easier for students to access learning

content, video clips, send note files easily so that it is easy to obtain relevant

information.

a. Students can interact and communicate with colleagues, tutors and

friends.

b. Learning may take place outside of the classroom with the help of social

media. Students might follow certain social media accounts or

participate in online debates and webinars regarding schooling. It

promotes life-long learning.

c. Teachers can utilize social media sites to provide timetables for classes,

assignments, and other vital information.

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d. Social media may also be used to assess student achievement by

facilitating data collecting and analysis. This can assist teachers in

tailoring learning to the requirements of their students.

Social media has several applications in education, ranging from

posting notifications to giving live lectures, among other things. Given how

used many pupils are to them, their incorporation into education has grown

more natural than previously. Several research have been undertaken to

investigate the use and utility of social media and mobile devices in the

transfer of resources and the enhancement of collaborative learning.

Furthermore, when it comes to using social media for educational reasons,

the key motivator that drives individuals to utilize it is an efficient and

speedy mode of communication technology ( Akçayır, 2017).

3. Definition of X (Twitter) Application

Twitter is a system that allows users to transmit and receive

information via their website, mobile apps, or SMS messaging (Sunday,

2021). As one of the largest social media platforms, X (Twitter) is a Social

Networking Site (SNS) that is available via various devices, including

mobile and non-mobile devices. Twitter is an application that dominates

written text with a maximum length of 280 characters in each tweet. The

process of exchanging information is usually carried out in the form of

replying to each other's posts, and to share further information, users create
 16

threads consisting of a collection of interconnected tweets. Based on the

number of Twitter users in 2023 it will reach 373 million while in 2021 it

will reach 322.4 million users, in Indonesia alone there will be 24 million

users in January 2023 (Annur, 2023).

a. History of X (Twitter)

Many technology-based organizations can build applications

that satisfy people's communication demands in this era of

increasingly complex technical breakthroughs. Particularly since the

advent of web 2.0, which enables internet users to connect in both

ways. Twitter is one of the social networking sites that has enabled

individuals connect with one another. Obvious Corp, based in San

Francisco, California, created this social networking platform. Jack

Dorsey, Noah Glass, Bizz Stone, and Evan Williams founded Twitter

in March 2006 and debuted it in July of the same year (Kusuma,

2009). Since its launch in 2006, Twitter has experienced rapid

development. This service has quickly become popular in the world

with 372.9 million registered users worldwide as of April 2023 and

collecting approximately 58 million tweets per day (Annur, 2023).

Elon Musk then revealed his desire to purchase Twitter on April 14,

2022. After a lengthy legal battle that concluded this week in a trial

in Delaware Chancery Court, Tesla's CEO agreed to pay $44 billion

 17

for Twitter in April. From the phenomenon that occurred, Elon Musk

officially changed the name of the Twitter application which initially

had a blue bird logo because according to him this application was

increasingly experiencing a financial decline so Elon Musk took the

initiative to rebrand the application which had been around for 17

years to become the letter X logo with a blue and black background

like the outside space. This rebranding also creates many new

features in the application that are more sophisticated so that users

can get many benefits.

b. Twitter features

Twitter's users are increasing because its features are becoming

more sophisticated, here is a description of some of X features.

1) Share information

In this feature, In this feature, users can use X

applications as a medium of information by sharing tweets,

then hashtags to categorize content and make it easy for users

to find, mentions to mention the user’s name or tag the

account to start a conversation or to attract attention to certain

posts. X features are also incredibly useful and unique. With

once you press to share the content with a large audience,

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there are retweet and like functions. Similarly, there is a quiet

option that allows users to filter posts or irritating topics that

they do not want to view. X (Twitter) also has a trending

topics function that allows users to easily access the most

recent news that is being widely discussed at the time. These

characteristics set Twitter apart from other social media

platforms and make it even more unique.

2) Business tools

X (Twitter) has been established for 17 years, the

application system is increasingly developing not only as a

tool for searching or sharing information but also as a

business platform, for example many X users take advantage

of it by selling both services, food and boards. Since being

adopted by Elon Musk, Twitter has undergone many changes,

one of which is the presence of Twitter Blue, where users can

use more sophisticated features and can even make money

from these features. One of the conditions is that users must

subscribe to the Twitter Blue feature, which is USD 11

/month and can create post of up to 4000 characters.

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3) Auto-base

One of X (Twitter) biggest advantages is its auto-base

feature, this feature is not an official feature of X, which was

initially only accounts with a lot of followers. This base

account is used manually and the time has been determined

by the admin, the admin receives the message and then posts

it, but as time goes by, automatic bot providers start to appear.

The advantage of this bot is that it can automatically post via

messages sent via direct message, this is where the auto-base

account or what can be called an auto-menfess account

appears.

4. Twitter as a Learning and Teaching Medium

X (Twitter) as a learning and teaching medium, provides a dynamic

and quick platform for knowledge exchange, collaboration, and the

establishment of learning communities. Formal and informal learning makes

X a scientific communication tool. Teachers, scientists, students from

various levels use the network function to connect and engage with their staff

and the public in sharing clear knowledge about scientific disciplines and

related information based on students' teaching interests and academic goals

(Holmberg & Thelwall, 2014) in (Veletsianos & Kimmons, 2016).

According to Ronto, Bhatti, & Chau (2020) Twitter may be used to educate
 20

media and information literacy, as well as digital and global citizenship.

Students are able to learn how to express themselves and contribute to

constructive cultural change on Twitter and elsewhere online while

remaining safe and wise. Students can connect directly with all Twitter users

in the world to share lesson information as well as with teachers. Therefore,

Twitter is used to create communities or study groups based on their interest

(Malik, Schrum, & Johri, 2019). Not only that, Twitter is also often used as

a study tool to offer students with the most up-to-date information on current

events. If students are researching a topic, Twitter may be used to identify

experts in that field and then follow them to acquire the most up-to-date

information (Rosell-Aguilar, 2018).

Based on the explanation above, it can be seen that there are various

benefits of Twitter as a learning and teaching medium. Likewise in the

research results Espinoza-Celi & Pintado (2020) suggests using Twitter as

an instructional tool, students may acquire complicated vocabulary, new

grammar structures, and enhance their writing abilities. Also in research

results Andriani, Romadhon, & Setiawan (2015) revealed that Twitter was

an effective tool in improving students' skills in pre-test testing with a

percentage of 54.63% then in post-test testing it was 85.19% in the sense that

the pedagogical impact of Twitter had increased. significant impact on

understanding grammar structures in students' writing activities.

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5. Students’ Perception
Perception is a mental process that involves or interprets information

through the five senses or by thinking about something (Qiong, 2017).

Likewise, with it is a process that begins with the use of the five senses to

receive a stimulus, then organizes and interprets it so that it understands

what is perceived. Receiving, organizing, interpreting, and giving meaning

to sensory information are all aspects of the perception process. Individuals

may have distinct perceptions based on factors such as prior experiences,

beliefs, and physical or emotional states at any particular time. So student

perception refers to the awareness of the students themselves, in the

narrative Anca Popovici explains that it is important to consider student

perceptions in developing academic programs in each agency, if there is no

development of the agency program it will be stuck running without any

progress. The researcher would want to concentrate on three aspects of

students' perceptions based on Robbins theory. These are acceptance,

comprehension, and evaluation.

In research by Robbins (2002) in Aprianto (2017) Positive and

negative perception are the two types of perception. Positive perception is a

personal evaluation about a certain thing that is positive or as predicted.

Positive perception results from an individual's contentment with a certain

thing, which becomes his source perception, as well as his own knowledge
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and experience with the object experienced. Examples in real life of

positive perceptions of students who find it difficult to learn grammar at

school, but the student can overcome it by studying hard with the help of

the teacher and his friends. Negative perception is defined as the way a

person observes or interprets a situation, person, or object by focusing on

the negative elements. This might include developing a negative, cynical,

or critical attitude regarding anything. In general situations, negative

perception is viewing general situations or events with a skeptical or

pessimistic attitude, for example, feeling that the student will definitely fail

in learning English without seeing the chances of success.

a. Factors of Perception

Rakhmat (2005) in Fuadi, Arifin, & Kuswarno (2017) said that

perception is determined by personal and situational perception,

those are:

1) Functional factors are derived from requirements, experience,

and other elements that are included in personal factors.

2) Structural factors are caused by the type of physical stimuli and

the neurological consequences they have on the individual

nervous system.
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There are several factors that can influence student perceptions

according to Toha in (Fuadi, Arifin, & Kuswarno, 2017). The

explanation as follows:

1) Internal factors include feelings, attitudes, wants, or hopes,

attention (concentration), the process of learning, physical

state, mental problems, values, and needs.

2) External Factors include family background, gained

information, knowledge, intensity, size, resistance, repetition

and motion, new and familiar items, or object alienation.

Furthermore, Davis (1989) noted that perceived utility and

perceived ease of use are two external elements that impact

someone's view. The degree to which a person feels that

employing a given system will improve his or her job

performance is described as perceived usefulness. Whereas

perceived ease of use relates to how much effort a person feels

it would take to utilize a given technology.

b. Process of perception

The processes of perception formation according to Walgito

(1981) in Fuadi, Arifin, & Kuswarno (2017), can be explained as

follows:
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1) The first stage, known as the natural or physical processes, is

the procedure of capturing a stimulus by the sense organs of

human.

2) The physiological process, or the second step, involves the

transmission of sensations received by receptors (sense organs)

via sensory nerves.

3) The third step is known as the process stage. The emergence of

individual awareness about the stimulus received receptor is a

psychological process.

4) The fourth step is the outcome of the perceptual process, which

takes the shape of reactions and behavior.

6. Definition of Grammar
In order to strengthen communication, there is a need for

understanding in speaking, one of which is understanding grammar.

Grammar is a set of rules used in language to arrange words and sentences

correctly so that they can be communicated clearly and effectively. Covers

concepts with nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions,

conjunctions, articles, pronouns, and interjections. Understanding grammar

helps build language structures that readers or listeners can understand and

follow.
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Grammar is the basic structure of a language that every native

speaker understands instinctively, it is the systematic description of a

language's properties, such as phonology (sound), morphology (word

creation system), syntax (word arrangement patterns), and semantics

(meaning (Encyclopaedia, 2023). Meanwhile, another opinion from

Saengboon, Panyaatisin, & Toomaneejinda (2022) grammar is a set of rules

that control how words and smaller morphemes combine to make

sentences. Grammar can be prescriptive (giving rules for acceptable usage),

descriptive (which describes how a language should be used), or generative

(offering instructions for the development of an endless number of

sentences in a language). Grammar consists of several important elements,

here are some of them:

a. Noun: A noun is a word used to indicate a person, place, thing, or

idea. Examples: dog, chair, teacher.

b. Verb: A verb expresses an action or state. Examples: sit, run, play.

c. Adjectives: Adjectives provide additional information about nouns.

Examples: elegant, handsome, long.

d. Adverbs: Adverbs provide additional information about a verb,

adjective, or other adverb. Examples: beautiful, very, well.

e. Pronouns: Pronouns are used to replace nouns. Examples: me, you,

us, them, her, him, it.

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f. Preposition: A preposition shows the relationship between words in

a sentence and is usually followed by a noun. Examples: with, at,

from, into, during.

g. Conjunction: Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or

clauses. Examples: for, and, nor, or, so.

h. Article: Articles (definite "the" or indefinite a, or, an) are used to

indicate clarity or ambiguity of a noun.

i. Interjection: Conjunctions express emotions or reactions. Example:

“Ouch!” “Wow!” “Gosh!” “Oops!”.

Based on the definition and several important elements explained

above, researcher can explain in detail the types of tenses and grammatical

rules.

a. Kinds of Grammar

There are many types of grammar that have developed in the

study of language and linguistics, and each type provides unique

insights into the structure and use of language. To explore this

diversity, researcher try to focus on a deeper understanding of

several key types of grammar that cover different aspects of

language, from grammatical rules to communicative conventions.

As follows:
 27

1) Descriptive Grammar: Analyze and explain the language

structure used by native speakers without providing

specific norms or rules.

2) Prescriptive Grammar: Establishes certain rules or norms

for the use of language that is considered correct or 'good'

form. These are often guidelines for language use that are

considered standard.

3) Generative Grammar: Details the grammatical structure of

a language by producing formal rules that can produce or

recognize valid sentences in that language.

4) Transformational Grammar: Investigates language

structure by emphasizing transformations or changes in

sentences that produce different structures but maintain

meaning.

5) Structural Grammar: Views language as a system

consisting of certain elements that are interconnected and

form a certain structure.

6) Systemic Functional Grammar: Emphasizes the

relationship between language structure and its

communicative function in a social context.

 28

7) Cognitive Grammar: Investigates the way in which

language is reflected in cognitive processes and how

meaning is constructed in the mind.

8) Transformational-Generative Grammar: A combination of

transformational and generative grammar developed by

Noam Chomsky, emphasizing the human ability to

produce unlimited grammatical structures.

9) Lexical Functional Grammar: Emphasizes the role of the

lexicon or vocabulary in forming grammatical structures.

10) Dependency Grammar: Emphasizes the relationship of

dependency or dependency between words in a sentence.

b. The Concept of Tenses

In English, tenses play a crucial role in conveying

information about when an event occurred, and a deep

understanding of the various tenses is key to constructing

sentences correctly and understanding the time context involved.

Understanding tenses is very important because of its ability to

convey time information, create consistency in communication,

and avoid misunderstandings, and play a crucial role in

constructing accurate and contextual sentences in language.

 29

Tenses are in the domain of grammar, namely syntax or

grammar. Understanding tenses requires an understanding of how

time is communicated in a phrase as well as how verbs change

form to reflect that time. Therefore, tenses are often studied in the

context of the syntactic structure of sentences, where verb

placement and the use of different tenses are the main emphasis.

According to Suri (2020) tenses are very important to understand

because they are verb forms that vary depending on when an

action occurs.

Suri (2020) further explained several reasons why tenses are

so important to study, including.

1) Recognize when an action is in progress (present, past, and

future)

2) Make communicating easier, when conversing in English,

it is impossible to avoid using tenses. The message will not

be communicated if grammar is not used correctly.

Example:

I was speaking English

I will be speaking English

 30

Even if they don't appear the same, if these two statements

are written or pronounced incorrectly, they have distinct

meanings.

3) Grammar formal writing is essential for academic or

formal writing that consists of scientific papers,

newspapers, research reports, official government letters,

or corporate correspondence.

c. The Type of Tenses

Several verbs are often employed to indicate temporal

connections.

1) Simple Present Tenses

Simple Present Tense is a kind of time used to represent

recurring happenings or habits, generic facts, or general

truths. This tense is frequently used to discuss everyday

activities, routines, or consistent circumstances.

S + V1 + s/es

Example:

(+) She reads books every night

(-) She does not read books every night

(?) Does she read books every night?

 31

2) The Past Tenses

In English, the past tense is a type of time that is used

to refer to events, happenings, or conditions that occurred

in the past. The use of previous Tense allows speakers or

writers to develop tales or express previous experiences by

conveying information about time that has gone.

S + V2 + O

Example:

(+) She visited Paris last summer

(-) She did not visit Paris last summer

(?) Did she visit Paris last summer?

3) The Future Tenses

Future tenses are a type of time in English that is

used to allude to future events or occurrences. The use of

Future Tenses assists speakers and writers in conveying

plans, hopes, forecasts, or activities that will take place

after the time of speaking.

S + Will/Shall + V1+ O

Example:
 32

(+) I will finish the project by tomorrow

(-) I will not finish the project by tomorrow.

(?) Will you finish the project by tomorrow?

4) The Presents Continuous Tense

In English, the Present Continuous Tense is a kind

of time that is used to indicate activities or occurrences that

are ongoing or occurring at the moment of discussion or in

the surrounding time period. This format is frequently used

to emphasize activities that are occurring during a specific

or temporary period.

S + am/is/are + V-ing+ O

Example:

(+) She is reading a book

(-) She isn’t reading book

(?) is She reading a book?

5) The Present Perfect Tense

In English, the Present Perfect Tense is a kind of

time used to convey acts or events that occurred in the past

and have a relationship or influence on the current

discourse or situation. Present Perfect Tense conveys a

 33

general feeling of time and is frequently used to relate the

past to the present.

S + have/has + V3+ O

Example:

(+) I have spoken English

(-) I have not spoken English

(?) have I spoken English?

B. Conceptual Framework

Using the Englishfess auto-base

Students’ participation

Frequency of use

Students' perceptions of increasing

understanding of grammar

Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for this research creates a picture of the

relationship between the use of the Twitter account Englishfess as the main

driver and students’ understanding of grammar as the final result. Use of the
 34

Twitter account Englishfess as an independent variable that reflects student

interaction with the Twitter account as a learning tool. When students

interacted with the Twitter account, two important elements emerged: student

participation and frequency of account use. These two factors can strengthen

the influence of using a Twitter account on students’ grammatical

understanding. Ultimately, the result of this conceptual framework is students’

perceptions, which reflect their views on the extent to which the Twitter account

Englishfess is effective in improving their understanding of grammar. Through

this conceptual framework, research seeks to describe the complex dynamics of

the interaction of these variables in the context of language learning.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

When researcher conduct a study, one of the most crucial aspects is

organizing the research plan. The framework employed to organize, conduct,

and collect data in a study is referred to as the research design. It serves as a

guide detailing how the research will be carried out, what will be studied, and

how data will be gathered and processed. The overall outcomes of the research,

including the validity and generalizability of findings, are significantly

influenced by the research design. The objective of the research is to uncover

truths about something to be investigated using various methods. Research is a

technique of collecting and analyzing data to enhance the researcher’s

understanding of a problem or theme (John, 2014).

Research design shows how the research structure can function as an

anchor for all elements of a research project or research strategy (Akhtar, 2016).

All other components of a study, such as variables, hypotheses, experiments,

technique, and statistical analysis, are also defined by research design (creswell

et all., 2018). This research uses a qualitative approach. The aim of qualitative

research is to understand the processes, experiences and meanings attributed to

35
 36

an individual. It involves the collection and analysis of empirical data,

emphasizing interpretation and understanding, and focusing on specific

contexts and subjective meanings. The iterative process of making new

distinctions and improving understanding within the scientific community

distinguishes qualitative research (Aspers & Corte, 2019).

According to the Rahardjo & Gudnanto (2011) cases study is a way used

to better understand persons by using an integrated and complete approach.

This is done so that researcher may gather and get an in-depth insight of the

individual being researched, as well as the challenges they experience, in order

to fix them and help the individual develop better. Case studies are useful in

many scientific areas because they assist researcher answer the questions "how"

and "why" an event or phenomenon happened. Case studies are distinguished

by their capacity to give in-depth insights, allowing researcher to investigate

the underlying dynamics of a case and find elements that impact outcomes or

changes in a specific setting.

The data that the researcher will collect through investigating several

followers of the Englishfess Twitter account and analyzing the content of the

tweets produced by this account. The researcher will observe interactions

between the Twitter account Englishfess and its followers, including responses,

questions, and student participation in various activities related to

understanding grammar. Researcher will involve a number of followers of the

 37

Twitter account Englishfess in in-depth interviews. These interviews will

provide an opportunity for students to talk in more detail about their

experiences, their understanding of the content shared, and the immediate

impact they felt in improving grammar skills. With this qualitative approach,

this research aims to investigate in depth and detail students' perceptions of the

use of the Auto-Base Twitter account Englishfess as a means to improve their

understanding of grammar.

B. Participants

According to Azwar (2017), participant is a part of the population and

must share features with the community. Furthermore, Sugiyono (2013) states

that participants are a subset of the population in terms of size and

characteristics. According to Azwar (2017), participants are part of the

population and must share features with the community. Then added by

Sugiyono (2013) that participants are part of the population in terms of size and

characteristics. This research will use research subjects with a purposive

sampling technique, namely selecting samples based on certain criteria that are

directly related to the research. For example, choosing children who are active

on social media and want to improve their grammar knowledge. More

specifically, the participants will involve high school level students who

actively follow the account and have experience in using the content.

Researcher will only select 5 participants who meet the following criteria:
 38

a. 16-18 years

b.Follow the Englishfess account

c. Have been involved in menfess posts related to grammar on the

Englishfess account at least 10 times in the last 2 months.

The researcher will select participants based on their level of activity and

involvement in online interactions related to English grammar. Participant

selection will be carried out by ensuring the representation of a range of

variations, encompassing individuals who will frequently interact as well as

those who will be more passive, aiming to obtain a comprehensive perspective.

Thus, this study aims to gain in-depth insight into how the use of the Auto-Base

X account Englishfess influences high school students' understanding of

grammar and how the level of engagement in its content may contribute to their

perception of this tool as a means of learning English.

C. Data Collection

The method used to collect research data is called data collection

techniques. A comprehensive explanation regarding this matter will be divided

into two parts, namely instruments and procedures for collecting research data.

1. Research Instrument

In theory, conducting research requires collecting measurements,

therefore proper measuring tools are needed. In research, measuring

 39

instruments are usually called research instruments. Qualitative research,

as a human instrument, serves to identify the objective of study, choose

informants as data sources, assess data quality, analyze data, interpret data,

and develop conclusions based on their results (Alhamid & Anufia, 2019).

As according to Sugiyono (2012) and Clark & Veale (2018) aside from the

researcher as the primary instrument, this research makes use of a variety

of other tools, such as a syllabus, lesson plans, sheets, a mix of observation,

interview instructions, and documentation. However, their role is restricted

to aiding the researcher's duty as a vital instrument since attention and

interpretative thinking are essential in qualitative research because the

researcher is the primary data gathering and analysis instrument.

Therefore, the research instrument for this study includes the

researcher as the main instrument in data collection and analysis. The

involvement of researcher as human qualitative instruments provides a

deeper dimension in identifying objectives, evaluating data, and drawing

conclusions based on research findings. This is in line with the view that in

qualitative research, researcher are not only data collectors, but also

interpreters who play a role in providing meaning to the context studied

(Alhamid & Anufia, 2019). Thus, researcher in this research will play a

major role and analyze documents as a research instrument on the Twitter

account Englishfess. The researcher gathered the materials in this study that
 40

are connected to the literature being analyzed through interviews and

Englishfess tweets.

2. Research Procedure

The researcher will utilize the following steps to acquire data:

a. The researcher sent an auto-menfess message to the Englishfess

account to look for participants who met several criteria that had been

required by the researcher.

b. Confirm participants' readiness for interviews via X Twitter's voice

note in direct message feature

c. Confirm participant interview answers

d. Transcribe participants' answers into research

e. Collect documentation in the form of screenshots of evidence of

participant involvement in each tweet related to grammar in the

Englishfess account and screenshoot chat researcher and participants

f. Repeat the interview if there are still details you want to clarify

D. Data Analysis

According to Miles and Huberman (1994, p. 10), analysis is made up of

three simultaneous activities: reduction of data, display of data, and conclusion

drawing/verification. Three of them will be addressed in further detail below:

 41

a. Reduction of Data

According to Miles and Huberman (1994, p. 10), data reduction is

the process of choosing, concentrating, simplifying, abstracting, and

changing data from written-up field notes or transcriptions. As data

gathering progresses, further episodes of data reduction occur (writing

summaries, coding, plucking out themes, clustering, partitioning, and

drafting memos). The analysis includes data reduction. Researcher can

use data reduction to eliminate redundant information and arrange data

so that final findings can be reached and validated.

b. Display of Data

A display is a well-organized, condensed collection of facts that

allows for conclusion drawing and action. Miles and Huberman (1994,

p. 11). They think that improved data visualization, which includes

various forms of matrices, images, networks, and charts, is the

fundamental tool for reliable qualitative analysis. Everything is

intended to integrate information that is organized in a cohesive and

easily accessible manner. As a result, an analyst can observe what is

going on and decide whether to make the proper conclusions or continue

with the analysis based on the suggestions made by the presentation as

something that could be beneficial.

 42

c. Conclusion Drawing/verification

Conclusion is merely half of a Gemini arrangement. As the analyst

moves forward, the conclusions are also confirmed. Researcher came to

a quick conclusion while collecting data. Of course, drawing

conclusions cannot be done hastily; it must return to the data to be

validated. The final findings are reached not just during the data

collecting process, but must also be confirmed in order to be genuinely

accountable.

Qualitative data analysis is a versatile approach that may be used to a

variety of methodologies, theoretical views, research traditions, and domains

(Lochmiller & Lester, 2017). In data analysis, researcher organized several

procedures as follows: The data collected by interviews will be the main source

of information. First, participant demographic data will be presented to provide

an overview of the sample of students involved in this study. The results of

interviews with a number of students will be used to explore individual

perceptions and experiences. Interviews will include more detailed questions

about Twitter account usage, perceived benefits, and student input about

potential improvements. The findings of this data analysis will reveal if the use

of the Twitter account Englishfess is useful in increasing students' grammatical

knowledge. These findings will be understood and related to the applicable

theoretical framework and research goals. The ramifications of this research's

 43

findings will be discussed in the "Discussion" portion of this research proposal,

and will help to create an understanding of the function of social media in

grammar instruction.
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 APPENDIX

This list of interview questions serves to gain a deeper understanding of students’

perceptions of the use of the Auto-Base on grammar and to explore the effectiveness,

accuracy of information, and the impact of interactions with these accounts on

students’ understanding of grammar in research entitled “Students’ Perceptions of

Using the Auto-Base X (Twitter) Account Englishfess to Improve Grammar

Understanding”. A list of questions:

1. What is your experience in using the Twitter account Englishfess to learn

English grammar? What have you learned or discovered from interacting with

the account?

2. How often and to what extent do you participate in interactions or activities

posted by the Englishfess account? Has this had an impact on your

understanding of English grammar?

3. How do you assess the menfess posted by the Twitter account Englishfess in

relation to English grammar? Does the material presented help your

understanding?

4. Have you noticed any changes or improvements in your grammar

understanding after using the Englishfess account? If so, in what ways?

5. What is your perception of your learning motivation related to using the Twitter

account Englishfess? Does this affect the way you study?

48
6. Do you respond positively or negatively to interactions and content found on

the Englishfess account? Is there anything in particular that you really like or

dislike?

7. How does the frequency of using the Twitter account Englishfess affect your

participation in learning activities? Does involvement in this account affect

your learning activity?

8. Are there any challenges or obstacles you face in using social media, especially

in the context of learning English grammar through the Englishfess account?

9. To what extent does your involvement in general social media platforms

influence your perception of the effectiveness of using the Englishfess account

as a learning tool?

10. Do you have any particular suggestions or recommendations for improving the

use of the Twitter account Englishfess as a means of learning English grammar?

Are there certain features or types of content that you think will help with

learning?

49