1. The following text is adapted from Jhumpa Lahirl’s 2003 novel The Namesake.

Gogol is an
elementary school student in Massachusetts.
In art class, his favorite hour of the week, he carves his name with paper clips into the bottoms
of clay cups and bowls. He pastes uncooked pasta to cardboard and leaves his signatures in fat
brush strokes below paintings.
As used in the text, what do the words “caves” and “leaves” both most nearly mean?
A. Marks
B. Passes
C. Turns
D. Follows

2. The sloping the roofs and picturesque façade of Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmello in
Carmet, California, are enduring symbols of the Spanish contribution to Californian architecture.
Elements of this style have been reproduced throughout the state- the design of Santa Clara
University in Santa Clara, for example, is considered to _____ the style of the Spanish missions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. Renovate
B. Imitate
C. Neglect
D. Reject

3. In a garden, ______ the spread of unwelcome weeds such as a nutgrass can be difficult because
weeds usually spread easily and quickly become unmanageable, making it hard to remove them
completely.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. retrieving
B. saving
C. halting
D. pretending

4. Certain features are almost always included in the designs of mosques, like the minaret (or tower),
which is considered to be a _______ of mosque architecture. Even mosques that exhibit elements of
multiple architectural styles, such as the Shah Jahan Mosque, which incorporates elements from the
Mughal, Safavid, and Timurid styles, will also include several of these standard features.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. Hallmark
B. Rejection
C. Motivation
D. Duplicate

5. Benjamin Prudhomme and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution- a phenomenon that
occurs when the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively separate lineages- can
result from a genetic mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile, Patricia J. Winkopp and
colleagues have investigated how convergence occurs through different genetic mechanisms, but the
relative prevalence of convergence through shared and different genetic processes is still poorly
 understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A Green II and Cassandra G. Extavour to evaluate
both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper.

Which choice best states the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?

A. It provides examples of how a phenomenon was studied by scientists in the field before Green and
Extrados’s study.
B. It gives a basic description of a phenomenon that is central to the discussion that follows.
C. It clarifies a concept that the author implies was unclear in the studies mentioned in the text.
D. It introduces a method of scientific analysis that is discussed in greater detail later in the test.

6. In Ojibwe, an Indigenous language from the Great lakes region of what are now the United States
and Canada, wasa a means “far,” whereas wa wasa means “far apart”. This phenomenon, in which
an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is
related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element “wa” in wasa gets
repeated in wa-wasa. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Ojibwe.
Which choice best described the overall structure of the text?
A. It describes the relationship between Ojibwe and several other languages, raises a question about the
nature of that relationship, and then answers that question.
B. It identifies the most frequently occurring words in Ojibwe, explains why it is difficult to translate
those words into English, and then provides examples of languages other than English into which
those words can be translated.
C. It presents some specific words in Ojibwe, describes the general linguistic phenomenon exemplified
by those words, and then states that this phenomenon occurs frequently in Ojibwe.
D. It explains the phenomenon of reduplication, discusses why reduplication has been controversial
among scholars, and then argues that an analysis of Ojibwe could help resolve that controversy.

7. Text 1
Uisdean Nicholson and his team have discovered evidence in seismic data of a 40- kilometer-wide
subsurface crater beneath nearly a kilometer of water off the coast of West Africa that is consistent
with a 400-meter-wide asteroid striking the seafloor. This structure, which the team named Nadir,
exhibit all the telltale signs of a high-velocity impact crater: an elevated rim, a circular shape; a
terraced floor, and a pronounced area of uplift at its center.
Text 2
Both carbonate dissolution and subsurface salt withdrawal can cause craterlike depressions without
the need for a high-velocity impact. However, carbonate dissolution is very unlikely to have occurred
in the vicinity of Nadir, and although subsurface salt withdrawal could have plausibly occurred in
this area and would result in a depression with a terraced floor or a circular shape. It would not
exhibit the area of central uplift seen at Nadir.

Which choice best describes a difference between the approach of Text 1 and the approach of Text 2?

A. Text 1 dispassionately describes Nicholson and colleagues’ findings and conclusions, whereas Text
2 attempts to convey the researchers’ excitement on discovering Nadir.
B. Text 1 focuses on features Nadir lacks, whereas Text 2 indicates features it shares with other
geological depressions.
C. Text 1 discusses a single plausible cause of Nadir, whereas Text 2 evaluates two possible causes.
D. Text 1 emphasizes the evidence supporting an asteroid impact as the cause of Nadir, whereas Text
2 argues against that explanation.
 8. The following text is from Julia Alvarez’s 2000 novel In the Name of Salome. The narrator and her
sister, daughters of a famous poet, are being tutored by Alejandra Roman.
Our tutor, Alejandra Roman, brought his younger brother, Miguel, to class one day. By now I
was eighteen and had learned everything. Alejandro had to teach me, so I was glad for a new
face. Miguel was an aspiring poet, and he had heard from his brother that the Urelfia girls
were none other than the daughters of Nicolas Urena, and they were smart as clockwork.
Miguel was hoping not only to meet us but to make the acquaintance of the poet himself at
Mama’s house.
Based on the text , why does Miguel accompany his brother to the sister’s house one day?
A. Miguel has learned all his brother can teach him and now desires to be taught by the sisters.
B. Miguel has not received formal instruction in poetry and wants to ask the sisters’ famous father to be
his mentor.
C. Miguel wants to recite his poems to the sisters and inquire about their perspectives on his work.
D. Miguel anticipates having the opportunity to be introduced to both the sisters and their father.

9. Motivated to sell as many paintings as possible. Alfred Hair, an influential figure among the
landscape artists known as the Florida Highwaymen, pioneered ‘fast painting,” which in part
involved working across multiple canvasses at once. That many of Hair’s acolytes, including Issac
Knight , imitated the technique accounts in part for the impressionistic qualities that are now
synonymous with the group’s shared aesthetic. But not all Highwaymen fully embraced this
approach; for instance, though Willie Reagan was also prolific, his paintings were executed with
greater attention to detail.
What does the text most strongly suggest about paintings by Knight?
A. Because of the manner in which they were created, they likely have visual qualities that are regarded
as more typical of Florida Highwaymen paintings than the qualities in works by Reagan are.
B. Although it is evident that Knight adopted some of Hair’s preferred techniques, Knight’s works are
less derivative of works by Hair than is typically acknowledged.
C. The lack of precision with which they were executed suggests that they are inferior to works by either
Hair or Reagan.
D. Knight’s reliance on the technique of fast painting likely accounts for his works being more
aesthetically interesting than works by Reagan are.

10. Vancouver has high pedestrian traffic, but other cities cannot increase their pedestrian traffic simply
by replicating a single feature of Vancouver_ eg. its high number of pedestrian amenities - that is
associated with walkability. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, many factors influence people’s
decision making about whether to walk: some studies have shown the importance of demographic
characteristics, others have shown the importance of average commuting distance, and so on, and it is
clear that none of these factors in isolation fully explains pedestrian habits in a given city.
Based on the text, the author would most likely agree with which statement about Vancouver’s “high
number of pedestrian amenities”?
A. It may increase walkability in Vancouver but is known to reduce walkability in other cities.
B. It is better understood as an effect of the high level of pedestrian traffic in Vancouver than as a cause
of that pedestrian traffic.
C. It affects walking decisions in Vancouver less than demographic characteristics and average
commuting distance do.
D. It should be understood as just one of several factors that influence pedestrian activity in Vancouver.
 11. Numbers of the 23 Non-native Tree Species Reported and the Insect and Fungus Threats to Them
Country Trees Fungi Insects

Great Britain 18 290 120

Hungary 1 18 13

Switzerland 11 43 78

Elisabeth Potzelsberger and colleagues gathered data on 23 non-native tree species grown in
Europe. They analyzed reports from Great Britain, Switzerland, and Hungary about the number of
these species grown in those countries as well as the numbers of insect and fungus species that
damage that damage those trees. The researchers concluded that Great Britain had a greater
number of damaging fungus species than either of the other countries did.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Potzelsberger and colleague conclusion?
A. Hungary reported 18 damaging fungus species but only 13 damaging insect species.
B. Great Britain reported 290 damaging fungus species, whereas Switzerland reported 78 damaging
insect species.
C. Great Britain reported 290 damaging fungus species, which is more than either Switzerland or
Hungary reported.
D. Switzerland and Hungary reported 11 and 1 damaging fungus species, respectively, which is far
fewer than Great Britain reported.
12. Poems is an 1895 collection of poetry by Frances E W. Harper. In one of Harper’s poems, the
speaker criticize activist who champion humanitarian causes in other countries while overlooking
local concerns, saying, _________.
Which quotation from Poems most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “ Men may read down the poor and lowly. /May crush them in anger and hate, / But surely the mills
of God’s justice /Will grind out the grist of their fate.” ( from “ An Appeal to My Countrywomen”)
B. “ When ye plead for the wrecked and fallen. / The exile from far-distance shores. / Remember that
men are still wasting/ Life’s crimson around your own doors.” ( from “ An Appeal to My
Countrywomen”)
C. “ God bless our native land./Land of the newly free. / Oh may she ever stand/ For truth and lierty.”
(From “ God Bless Our Native Land”)
D. “Let me make the songs for the people. /Songs for the old and young; / Songs to stir like a battle-cry
/ Wherever they are sung.” (from “Song for the People”)
13.
 Many plants have leaves that are larger on one side of their long central axis than the other, a
phenomenon known as asymmetrical orientation. University of California. Berkeley biologist Clera
Martinez and colleagues examined several species of grapevines and closely related pants, which have
leaves that grow in pairs, to see if both leaves in a pair tend to be oriented toward the same side (that is ,
have more tissue on the same side) or not. They found that opposite side orientation was much more
common than same side orientation; in the Amur grape, for example, approximately ______
Which choice most effectively uses data form the graph to complete the example?
A. 150 leaf pairs show opposite- side orientation, whereas approximately 60 pairs show same-side
orientation.
B. 110 leaf pairs show opposite-side orientation, whereas approximately 45 pairs show same-side
orientation.
C. 650 leaf pairs show opposite-side orientation, whereas no pairs show same-side orientation.
D. 110 leaf pairs show opposite side orientation, whereas no pairs show same-side orientation.
14. Mooseberry (Viburnum edule) plants are native to Alaska, where harsh conditions have historically
impeded potential invasive species. As the boreal climate has warmed in recent decades, however,
common knotgrass ( Polygonum aviculare) plants have established themselves in Alaska. It has
been suggested that warming induced delays in the onset of subfreezing temperatures in autumn can
benefit invasives more than native species: to evaluate this possibility , biologist Christa Mulder and
Katie Spellman tracked V.edule and P.aviculare , along with other native and invasive species ,over
several years,concluding that invasives are advantaged by delays in subfreezing temperature onset
in Alaska.
What finding, if true, would most directly support Mulder and Spellman’s conclusion?
A. Although V.edule and P. aviculare both tended to produce leaves later into autumn in years with late
subfreezing temperature onset, the extension was much greater for P.aviculare than for V.edule.
B. Although significant interannual variations in subfreezing temperature onset were observed during
the study, neither P.aviculare nor V.edule showed any significant interannual variation in the
cessation of leaf production.
C. Although V.edule and P. aviculare tended to stop producing leaves at about the same time in years
with historically typical temperature patterns, P.aviculare stopped producing leaves sooner than
V.edule did in years with late subfreezing temperature onset.
D. Although V.edule and Pl.aviculare both tended to produce more leaves overall in years with late
subfreezing temperature onset than they did in years with historically typical temperature patterns ,
the years with late subfreezing temperature onset also had early growing season onset in spring.
15. Northeasten Kansas’s Jefferson Country is among the most rural counties in the United
States: the US Census Bureau classified it as 98.8% rural in 2010. Researchers studying populations
of counties like Jefferson often struggle to recruit and retain participants. Melisssa Valerio and
colleagues tested whether a method called snowball sampling could improve recruitment and
retention. Working in two rural counties, the researchers identified a small number of people who
had the characteristics desired for a proposed study and asked them to recruit additional participants
from their social networks. Valerio and colleagues found that participants recruited via snowball
sampling showed a much higher retention rate than did people recruited by strangers, suggesting
that___________.
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. being recruited to participate in a study by someone with whom one is socially connected may impart
a feeling of obligation to persist with participation in the study.
B. People with relatively small social networks are inherently less likely to be recruited to participate in
a study via snowball sampling than are people with relatively large social network.
 C. snowball sampling is more likely to improve retention rate among rural participants than among
nonrural participants.
D. social networks can become large enough that two people can share a network but nevertheless
regard each other as strangers.
16. Miniature Self Portrait (1556) is one of dozens of remaining works by Sofonisba Anguissola.
Currently , her painting _________ at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, where visitors can view
the Italian Renaissance artist’s work on display.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. will have hung
B. hangs
C. hung
D. was hanging
17. The human foot contains a variety of skeletal muscles , each playing an important role in the foot’s
healthy movement. The extensor digitorum brevis, which is attached to the calcaneus, _________
responsibility for extending the middle toes.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. bearing
B. to bear
C. bears
D. having borne
18. Louisiana resident Oscar James Dunn, one of the nearly two thousand African Americans elected to
public office during the decade that followed the Civil War, ____________ his term as lieutenant
governor in 1868.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. to begin
B. having begun
C. beginning
D. Began
19. The giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) known as D-23, located in the United States, was one
of the oldest known trees in the world, at 3,075 years old. With over three millennia of climate data in its
tree __________ single tree like this, claims dendrochronologist Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of
the world.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. rings. A
B. rings: a
C. rings and a
D. rings, a
20. After finding information about Blanche Kelso Bruce, who represented Mississippi in the United
States Senate, the student discovered biographical sketches of two other Black Americans who
served in _______ Ralph Harold Metcalfe of Illinois and Alton R. Waldon Jr. of New York.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. Congress:
 B. Congress;
C. Congress.
D. Congress

21. John Thomson employed the pseudonym “Gracchus”—the name of an ancient Roman politician—
in political essays he wrote in 1795, a choice that accomplished far more than simply concealing his
authorship. _____ it wasn’t an arbitrary pen name but rather a complex rhetorical strategy through
which Thomson aligned his political views with the venerated republican ideals of the ancient world,
thereby bolstering the authority of his writing.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Indeed,
B. Conversely,
C. In addition,
D. However,

22. In Annie Dillard’s Pilgrim at Tinker Creek_ where, early on , the author marvels at a single
goldfish’s delicate fins but later winces when imagining a horde of goldfish laying and eating their
own eggs_ nature’s mesmerizing intricacy and pitiless harshness prove inextricably linked for
Dillard, like “ two branches of the same creek.”

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A.Ultimately
B. To that end,
C. Hence,
D. Moreover,

23. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
- The Galapagos penguin is a species of bird that can be found on the Galapagos Island of Florenana.
- It has an average weight of 2.5 kilograms.
- The grey warbler finch is a species of bird that can be found on the Galapagos Island of Floreana.
-It has an average weight of 9 grams.
The students want to emphasize a similarity between the Galapagos penguin and the grey warbler finch.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. On average, the Galapagos penguin weighs 2.5 kilograms, while the grey warbler finch weighs 9
grams.
B. The grey warbler finch, which weighs 9 grams on average , can be found on the Galapagos Island of
Floreana.
C. The grey warbler finch and the Galapagos penguin can both be found on the Galapagos Island of
Floreana.
D. The Galapagos Island of Floreana is home to several bird species , one of which is the Galapagos
pengyin.

24. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten- point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on
their ability to scratch other minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible
scratches on them.
 • Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible
scratches on them.
• The mineral fluorite has a Mohs scale number 4.
• The mineral orthoclase has a Mohs scale number of 6.
• The mineral corundum has a Mohs scale number of 9.

The students wants to emphasize orthoclase’s Mohs scale number. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. In the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, corundum (9) is ranked higher than fluorite (4).
B. Orthoclase has a Mohs scale number of 6, which means that it is harder than fluorite (4) but
softer than corundum (9).
C. Orthoclase, fluorite , and corundum can be ordered by their ability to leave visible scratches
on other minerals.
D. Corundum, which has a Mohs scale number of 9 , can scratch both fluorite and orthoclase.

25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Zora Neale Hurston was an acclaimed writer.

• Her first published work of fiction was a short story.
• It was called “John Redding Goes to Sea.”
• It first appeared in Stylus in 1921.

The students want to identify the title of Zora Neale Hurston’s first published short story. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Zora Neale Hurston’s first published work of fiction appeared in 1921.

B. Zora Neale Hurston’s first published short story was called “John Redding Goes to Sea.”
C. In 1921, a short story by Zora Neale Hurston appeared in Stylus.
D. Acclaimed writer Zora Neale Hurston’s first published work of fiction was a short story.

26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Body positions are a fundamental aspect of dance.

• In Vaganova method ballet, there is a position for the dancer’s arms called first position.
• In the position, both arms are rounded to roughly align the fingers with the navel.
• In Royal Academy of Dance ballet, there is a position for the dancer’s arms called demi-second
position.
• In this position, both arms are out to the sides but angled downward.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two positions. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. First position in Vaganova method ballet and demi-second position in Royal Academy of Dance ballet
are both positions for the dancer’s arms.
B. Both first position and demi-second position are positions in Royal Academy of Dance ballet.
C. In first position, both arms are rounded to roughly align the fingers with the navel, in contrast to demi-
seconde position, where both arms are out to the sides but angled downward.
D. In Vaganova method ballet, there are a number of positions, including first position.

27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Save Me is a 2018 sculpture by American artist Olivia Steele.

• It is a pink neon sign that spells out the title phrase.
 • Neon sings became popular with advertisers in the 1920s and began to decline in popularity in the
1960s.
• Neon signs became popular with artists in the 1960s and continue to be popular today.
• Writer Sarah Archer says, “(Neon sings) must be made by hand because there’s no cost effective
way to mass-produce them.”

The student wants to connect the sculpture to the history of neon in art. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information form the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Neon signs like Save Me are popular with advertisement and artists alike, though they must,
as Archer notes, be made by hand, as they cannot be easily mass-produced.
B. With Save Me , Steele joins the decades long lineage of artist who have helped make neon a
popular artistic medium since the 1960s.
C. Continuing from the 1920s to today, neon lighting has been a popular material, both as an
advertising tool and an artistic medium.
D. The pink neon sing Save Me nods to the rich history of a material whose artistic popularity
has long been in decline.