Introduction to

Probability & Statistics

(MT-252)

FORMULAS

Course Teacher: Sir Ali Zulqarnain

Compiled by: Muhammad Alyan Jamal (IM-097)

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1. Arithmetic Mean (µ, x̅):
 For Population of size N(X1, X2…):

∑𝑵
𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑿𝑵
𝝁= =
𝑵 𝑵
 For Sample of size n(X1, X2…):
∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏
𝝁= =
𝒏 𝒏
 For a Frequency Distribution: (UNGROUPED DATA)
𝒇𝟏 𝑿𝟏 + 𝒇𝟐 𝑿𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒇𝒌 𝑿𝒌 ∑𝒌𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝒇𝒊
̅=
𝑿 =
𝒇𝟏 + 𝒇𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒇𝒌 ∑𝒌𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊

2. Median (ũ, x):

𝒏+𝟏
Median Position = (
𝟐
) 𝒕𝒉 Position

3. Weighted Mean:
∑𝑘𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 𝑋𝑖
𝜇𝑤 , 𝑋̅𝑤 = 𝑘
∑𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖

4. CGPA:
∑ 𝑊𝑋 Where Wx = GPs, W= Credit Hours
𝐶𝐺𝑃𝐴 =
∑𝑊

5. Range:
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

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6. Variance:
 For Population: Where µ = Population Mean
N = Population Size
∑𝑁
2𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇)
2
Xi = ith value of variable X
𝜎 =
𝑁
 For Sample:
2
∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅)2 ̅ = Sample Mean
Where 𝑿
𝑠 =
𝑛−1 n = Sample Size
OR Xi = ith value of variable X
𝟐
𝟐
𝒏 ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 𝟐 − (∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝑿𝒊 )
𝒔 =
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)
 Population Variance In case of Frequency Distribution:
∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑋𝑖 − 𝜇)
2 ∑𝑘
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖
𝜎 = 2
Where , 𝜇 = ∑𝑘
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
OR

2 ∑𝑘
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖
2 ∑𝑘 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖 2
𝜎 = − ( 𝑖=1 )
∑𝑘𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 ∑𝑘 𝑓
𝑖=1 𝑖
 Sample Variance In case of Frequency Distribution:
𝟐
𝟐
𝒏 ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 𝟐 − (∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊 𝑿𝒊 )
𝒔 =
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)

7. Z-Score:
𝑍 = (𝑋 − 𝜇)/𝜎

8. ̅ ):
Mean Deviation (About Mean 𝑿
∑𝑛𝑖=1|𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅|
𝑀𝐷𝑋̅ =
𝑛

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9. Mean Deviation (from a frequency
Distribution):
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 |𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̅|
𝑀𝐷𝑋̅ =
∑𝑘
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖

̃ ):
10. Mean Deviation (About Median 𝑿
∑𝑛𝑖=1|𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̃|
𝑀𝐷𝑋̃ =
𝑛

11. Mean Deviation (from a frequency

Distribution):
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 |𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋̃|
𝑀𝐷𝑋̃ =
∑𝑘
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖

12. Median from Frequency

Distribution for Grouped Data:
ℎ ∑𝑘𝑖 𝑓
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 , 𝑥̃ = 𝑙 + ( − 𝑐. 𝑓. )
𝑓 2

Where,
l= Lower boundary of median class
h= Width of median class
f= Frequency of median class
∑ 𝑓= Total frequency =n
c.f. = Cumulative frequency preceding the Median Class

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13. Quartiles:
 1st Quartile:
𝒏+𝟏
𝑸𝟏 = ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟒
 2nd Quartile (Median Position):
𝒏+𝟏
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟒
 3rd Quartile:
𝒏+𝟏
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟑 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟒
In Case of Discrete Frequency Distribution, UNGROUPED Data:
 1st Quartile:
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑸𝟏 = ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟒
 2nd Quartile (Median Position):
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟒
 3rd Quartile:
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟑 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟒
In Case of Continuous Frequency Distribution, GROUPED Data:
 1st Quartile:
𝒉 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑸𝟏 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟒
 2nd Quartile (Median Position):
𝒉 𝟐 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑸𝟐 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟒

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 3rd Quartile:
𝒉 𝟑 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟒

14. Deciles:
 1st Decile:
𝒏+𝟏
𝑫𝟏 = ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎
 2nd Decile:
𝒏+𝟏
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟐 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎
 9th Decile:
𝒏+𝟏
𝑫𝟗 = 𝟗 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎
In Case of Discrete Frequency Distribution, UNGROUPED Data:
 1st Decile:
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑫𝟏 = ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎
 2nd Decile:
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟐 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎
 9th Decile:
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑫𝟗 = 𝟗 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎
In Case of Continuous Frequency Distribution, GROUPED Data:
 1st Decile:
𝒉 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑫𝟏 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟏𝟎
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 2nd Decile:
𝒉 𝟐 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑫𝟐 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟏𝟎
 9th Decile:
𝒉 𝟑 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑫𝟗 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟏𝟎

15. Percentiles:
 1st Percentile:
𝒏+𝟏
𝑷𝟏 = ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 2nd Percentile:
𝒏+𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 99th Percentile:
𝒏+𝟏
𝑷𝟗𝟗 = 𝟗𝟗 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎𝟎
In Case of Discrete Frequency Distribution, UNGROUPED Data:
 1st Percentile:
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑷𝟏 = ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 2nd Percentile:
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎𝟎
 99th Percentile:
∑𝒇 + 𝟏
𝑷𝟗𝟗 = 𝟗𝟗 ( ) 𝒕𝒉 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝟏𝟎𝟎
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 In Case of Continuous Frequency Distribution, GROUPED Data:
 1st Percentile:
𝒉 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑷𝟏 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎
 2nd Percentile:
𝒉 𝟐 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑷𝟐 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎
 99th Percentile:
𝒉 𝟗𝟗 ∑𝒌𝒊 𝒇
𝑷𝟗𝟗 =𝒍+ ( − 𝒄. 𝒇. )
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎

16. Interquartile Range:

Interquartile Range = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1

17. Quartiles Deviation:

𝑄𝐷 = (𝑄3 − 𝑄1 )/2

18. Co-efficient of Range:

𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐶. 𝑜𝑓. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ( ) ∗ 100
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 + 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑥𝑚 − 𝑥𝑜
=( ) ∗ 100
𝑥𝑚 + 𝑥𝑜

19. Co-efficient of Quartile Deviation:

𝑄3 − 𝑄1
𝐶. 𝑜𝑓 . 𝑄𝐷 = ( ) ∗ 100
𝑄3 + 𝑄1

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20. Co-efficient of Mean Deviation
(about Mean & Median):
𝑀𝐷 𝑋̅
𝐶. 𝑜𝑓 . 𝑀𝐷 (𝑋̅) = ( ) ∗ 100
𝑋̅
𝑀𝐷 𝑋̃
̃
𝐶. 𝑜𝑓 . 𝑀𝐷 (𝑋) = ( ) ∗ 100
𝑋̃

21. Co-efficient of Variation:

𝜎 𝝈
𝐶. 𝑜𝑓. 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝐶𝑉 = ∗ 100 Where ̅ is Co-efficient
𝑋̅ 𝑿
of Standard Deviation